Chromosomes Types
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This document discusses types of chromosomes and karyotypes. There are four basic types of chromosomes: telocentric, acrocentric, sub-metacentric, and metacentric. A karyotype is a pictorial arrangement of chromosomes according to their size and shape. It involves preparing photographs of chromosomes during cell division and arranging them in order. Karyotypes can be used to detect chromosomal abnormalities and determine genetic risks.
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Chromosome Structure & Function
This presentation is provided information about Chromosome structure, its types and function of Chromosome
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and protein found in cells. They contain genes and other sequences that control functions. Chromosomes come in two types - prokaryotic chromosomes are usually circular DNA molecules while eukaryotic chromosomes contain linear DNA molecules organized into multiple structures. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, histone proteins, and other non-histone proteins. The DNA is tightly coiled and packaged into nucleosomes, which further coil to form higher-order structures. Centromeres and telomeres play important roles in cell division and chromosome stability. Chromosome number and structure can vary between species and provide insights into evolution.
Variation of chromosomes
I tried to show different chromosomal abberations which can cause different abnormalities in different organisms.
Chromosome and its structure
This document discusses chromosomes and their structure. Some key points:
- Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus that contain DNA. They can be seen during cell division.
- Chromosomes come in different shapes depending on the location of the centromere. They also have two arms labeled p and q.
- Humans have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells. The number varies between species but is consistent within a species.
- Chromosomes contain DNA that is tightly packaged and organized through proteins like histones to fit inside the nucleus. Nucleosomes and chromatin compaction allow for the dense packing of DNA.
Meiosis
The document provides an overview of meiosis cell division. It defines meiosis as a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes. Meiosis occurs in two stages, Meiosis I and Meiosis II, and has four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, resulting in genetic variation. This reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid. Meiosis II then divides the haploid cells into four haploid daughter cells.
Mendel,s law of segregation( monohybrid cross)
Mendel's law of segregation describes how contrasting traits segregate in a monohybrid cross over two generations. In the F1 generation, the traits remain together, but in the F2 generation they segregate such that each gamete receives one of the two alleles. Mendel demonstrated this by crossing true-breeding tall and dwarf pea plants. The F1 generation was uniformly tall, but the F2 generation showed a 3:1 ratio of tall to dwarf plants, with genotypic ratios of 1:2:1 for pure tall:hybrid tall:dwarf.
Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
Giant chromosomes
This ppt explains the different forms of giant chromosomes, polytene and lamp brush chromosomes, its structure and functions. It helps the Genetics, Human genetics and molecular biology, Genetic engineering, Entomology students to learn about the giant chromosomes.
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Chromosome Structure & Function
This presentation is provided information about Chromosome structure, its types and function of Chromosome
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and protein found in cells. They contain genes and other sequences that control functions. Chromosomes come in two types - prokaryotic chromosomes are usually circular DNA molecules while eukaryotic chromosomes contain linear DNA molecules organized into multiple structures. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, histone proteins, and other non-histone proteins. The DNA is tightly coiled and packaged into nucleosomes, which further coil to form higher-order structures. Centromeres and telomeres play important roles in cell division and chromosome stability. Chromosome number and structure can vary between species and provide insights into evolution.
Variation of chromosomes
I tried to show different chromosomal abberations which can cause different abnormalities in different organisms.
Chromosome and its structure
This document discusses chromosomes and their structure. Some key points:
- Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus that contain DNA. They can be seen during cell division.
- Chromosomes come in different shapes depending on the location of the centromere. They also have two arms labeled p and q.
- Humans have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells. The number varies between species but is consistent within a species.
- Chromosomes contain DNA that is tightly packaged and organized through proteins like histones to fit inside the nucleus. Nucleosomes and chromatin compaction allow for the dense packing of DNA.
Meiosis
The document provides an overview of meiosis cell division. It defines meiosis as a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes. Meiosis occurs in two stages, Meiosis I and Meiosis II, and has four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, resulting in genetic variation. This reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid. Meiosis II then divides the haploid cells into four haploid daughter cells.
Mendel,s law of segregation( monohybrid cross)
Mendel's law of segregation describes how contrasting traits segregate in a monohybrid cross over two generations. In the F1 generation, the traits remain together, but in the F2 generation they segregate such that each gamete receives one of the two alleles. Mendel demonstrated this by crossing true-breeding tall and dwarf pea plants. The F1 generation was uniformly tall, but the F2 generation showed a 3:1 ratio of tall to dwarf plants, with genotypic ratios of 1:2:1 for pure tall:hybrid tall:dwarf.
Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
Giant chromosomes
This ppt explains the different forms of giant chromosomes, polytene and lamp brush chromosomes, its structure and functions. It helps the Genetics, Human genetics and molecular biology, Genetic engineering, Entomology students to learn about the giant chromosomes.
Chromosomes structure and function, Dr.Kamelsh shah, PSSHDA, KADI
Chromosomes have a complex hierarchical structure that allows long DNA molecules to fit inside cells. At the most basic level, DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which resemble "beads on a string". Nucleosomes further compact to form higher-order chromatin structures. Chromatin contains both euchromatin, which is loosely packed, and heterochromatin, which is highly condensed. Non-histone proteins also aid in DNA compaction and genetic processes like transcription and replication. Chromatin packaging allows meters of DNA to fit within microscopic nuclei.
Mendelian Laws of Inheritance
This document discusses Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance based on his experiments breeding pea plants. It defines key genetic terms and describes Mendel's three laws: 1) The Law of Dominance states that one allele is dominant over the recessive allele. 2) The Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate and pass to offspring independently during gamete formation. 3) The Law of Independent Assortment states that different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation. Mendel's laws established basic principles of heredity and laid the foundation for genetics.
Presentation on Structure of Chromosomes
Chromosomes are organized structures found in cells that contain DNA and proteins. Each chromosome is made of DNA coiled around histone proteins. Chromosomes are located in the cell nucleus and are passed from parents to offspring. They are named because they can be stained with dyes. In most organisms, chromosomes occur in homologous pairs. The human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes condense and can be observed during cell division. They contain duplicated copies called sister chromatids joined at the centromere. Chemically, chromosomes contain DNA, RNA, histone and non-histone proteins, and metal ions. According to the folded fiber model, each chromosome consists of a single DNA molecule wrapped around proteins and folded into a
History of Genetics Genetics Scope and applications of genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in living organisms. The key concepts are that genes contain DNA sequences that encode specific proteins, and genes are passed from parents to offspring. There are two main areas of genetics - classical genetics which studies inheritance patterns and molecular genetics which examines the structure and function of genes. Some important applications of genetics include improving agriculture, treating genetic diseases, conservation efforts, and genetic engineering. The history of genetics began with Mendel's experiments in the 1860s, was rediscovered in 1900, and has since involved many important discoveries that helped elucidate DNA structure and genetic mechanisms.
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
This theory proposes that hereditary traits are transmitted from one generation to the next through chromosomes and gametes. Gametes contain only one set of chromosomes and fuse during fertilization to restore the paired chromosome condition. Chromosomes are replicated and passed from parents to offspring, behaving in accordance with Mendel's laws of inheritance and explaining the mechanism of inheritance. Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, which can be of the XX-XY, ZZ-ZW, or XX-XO types.
Molecular organization of chromosomes
Chromosomes are organized structures that package DNA and proteins in eukaryotic cells. Bacterial genetic material is concentrated in the nucleoid as a single circular DNA chromosome. Eukaryotic cells contain linear chromosomes housed within the nucleus. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, histone proteins, and non-histone proteins. They contain genes and regulatory elements and vary in structure between species.
CROSSING OVER PPT
Crossing over occurs during meiosis when non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. It generates genetic diversity within populations that can drive evolution. The key steps are synapsis where homologs pair, duplication, exchange of segments between chromatids at chiasmata, and separation. Factors like distance, sex, temperature, chemicals, and radiation can influence crossing over rates. Significance includes proving linear gene arrangement, producing new combinations for evolution, and enabling genetic maps.
Structure of chromosome
Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of cells that contain organized DNA. They come in two types - autosomes which control non-sex characteristics, and sex chromosomes which determine sex. Chromosomes exist in pairs and are made up of DNA, proteins, and RNA. They contain a centromere that joins sister chromatids and a telomere at each end to protect the chromosome. Chromosomes package and protect DNA, carry genetic information to make proteins, and are essential for cell division and reproduction.
Trihybrid crosses
The document describes a trihybrid cross, which involves mating organisms that differ in three specific traits or gene loci. It provides an example of a trihybrid cross between parents P1 and F1, which results in offspring with nine possible phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. The genotypes of the offspring are also presented, showing a 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 ratio. The document notes that trihybrid crosses are more complex than monohybrid or dihybrid crosses but can be calculated by applying Mendel's principles of segregation, independent assortment, and probability.
Presentation on Meiosis
This presentation summarizes the process of meiosis. Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, which have half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over. This results in daughter cells with half the original number of chromosomes. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid gametes total. Through meiosis, genetic variation is generated while maintaining the chromosome number from one generation to the next.
Giant chromosomes-lampbrush & Polytene
Some giant chromosomes are found in few species of insects, these chromosomes have unique morphology & function. this slide discovers few of them.
Pedigree analysis
Pedigree analysis is an important tool for studying inherited diseases in human families. It allows inferences about genotypes and predictions about phenotypes in offspring. A pedigree is presented showing a family with cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive trait. Based on the pedigree, it can be determined that individuals II-3 and III-4 must have the genotype "aa" and their parents must have each contributed an "a" allele. The other individuals could be either genotype AA or Aa.
Gene linkage
Genes located physically close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis. This tendency is known as genetic linkage. There are two types of genetic linkage - complete and incomplete linkage. Complete linkage occurs when two genes are so close that they are never separated by crossing over during meiosis. Incomplete linkage means genes have some tendency to separate due to crossing over, resulting in both parental and recombinant progeny. Genetic linkage is significant for plant breeding as it prevents desirable traits from being easily combined into one variety and maintains linked characteristics over generations.
Chromosome theory of inheritance
The chromosome theory of inheritance states that chromosomes contain genes and are responsible for Mendel's principles of segregation and independent assortment during meiosis. Thomas Hunt Morgan's experiments with fruit flies led to the discovery of sex linkage, where genes on the X chromosome show different inheritance patterns between males and females. Nettie Stevens' analysis of beetle karyotypes revealed that females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y chromosome, establishing the sex chromosome system. Morgan then used this information to propose X-linked inheritance for white eye color in fruit flies, providing support for the chromosome theory of inheritance.
Human Karyotype ( Chromosomes)
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell. It depicts the complete set of chromosomes and can detect abnormalities. The study of whole chromosome sets is called karyology. Chromosomes are arranged in a standard format called a karyogram or idiogram. A karyotype is prepared by culturing cells to induce cell division, arresting mitosis, staining the chromosomes, and analyzing their number, size, shape, and banding pattern under a microscope. This allows detection of chromosomal abnormalities that can indicate genetic disorders.
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FORMS OF DNA
The document discusses different forms of DNA structure that can be adopted based on environmental conditions. The main forms discussed are B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA, C-DNA, D-DNA and E-DNA. B-DNA is the most common form, having a right-handed double helix structure with 10 base pairs per turn. A-DNA and Z-DNA are also double helical but have different structural characteristics than B-DNA such as base pair spacing and groove size. The various forms arise in response to changes in humidity, ionic conditions and DNA sequence composition.
pedigree analysis
Pedigree analysis is an important tool for studying human inherited diseases. Pedigrees make relationships within families easier to visualize, especially in large families. They are used to determine the mode of inheritance, such as dominant, recessive, X-linked, etc. The document then discusses why pedigrees are used for humans instead of other methods due to small family sizes and uncontrolled matings in humans. It provides examples of different modes of inheritance and discusses analyzing dominant and recessive pedigrees to determine genotypes.
Heterochromatin and euchromatin mains
This document discusses the structures and functions of heterochromatin and euchromatin. Heterochromatin is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive, found near centromeres and telomeres. Euchromatin is loosely packed and contains most actively transcribed genes. The basic unit of DNA packing is the nucleosome, which involves DNA wound around histone proteins. Heterochromatin and euchromatin differ in their genetic activity, location within chromosomes, and condensation levels during interphase.
Chromosome structure and packaging of dna
Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and help transmit genetic information from parents to offspring. They exist in the nucleus of cells and vary in number between species. DNA is packaged into chromosomes through histone proteins that allow very long DNA strands to fit inside cells. DNA wraps around histone proteins to form structures called nucleosomes, which contain 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Nucleosomes further compact DNA by forming a beads-on-a-string structure that can coil and fold, allowing the long DNA molecules to fit within cells.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are structures within the nucleus that contain DNA. They become visible during cell division and are the carriers of genetic information. Chromosomes are composed of chromatin fibers that coil and fold, making the chromosomes visible under a light microscope during cell division. Chromosomes vary in size and number between species. They contain DNA that is packaged with histone proteins to form chromatin. The basic repeating unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which contains 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins.
Special type of chromosomes
Chromosomes are known as hereditary vehicles
They are formed of strands of DNA molecules which contain information for the development of different characteristics and performance of various metabolic activities of the cells
The coordination of various function is brought about through the formation of enzymes which are complex protein molecules
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Chromosomes structure and function, Dr.Kamelsh shah, PSSHDA, KADI
Chromosomes have a complex hierarchical structure that allows long DNA molecules to fit inside cells. At the most basic level, DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which resemble "beads on a string". Nucleosomes further compact to form higher-order chromatin structures. Chromatin contains both euchromatin, which is loosely packed, and heterochromatin, which is highly condensed. Non-histone proteins also aid in DNA compaction and genetic processes like transcription and replication. Chromatin packaging allows meters of DNA to fit within microscopic nuclei.
Mendelian Laws of Inheritance
This document discusses Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance based on his experiments breeding pea plants. It defines key genetic terms and describes Mendel's three laws: 1) The Law of Dominance states that one allele is dominant over the recessive allele. 2) The Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate and pass to offspring independently during gamete formation. 3) The Law of Independent Assortment states that different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation. Mendel's laws established basic principles of heredity and laid the foundation for genetics.
Presentation on Structure of Chromosomes
Chromosomes are organized structures found in cells that contain DNA and proteins. Each chromosome is made of DNA coiled around histone proteins. Chromosomes are located in the cell nucleus and are passed from parents to offspring. They are named because they can be stained with dyes. In most organisms, chromosomes occur in homologous pairs. The human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes condense and can be observed during cell division. They contain duplicated copies called sister chromatids joined at the centromere. Chemically, chromosomes contain DNA, RNA, histone and non-histone proteins, and metal ions. According to the folded fiber model, each chromosome consists of a single DNA molecule wrapped around proteins and folded into a
History of Genetics Genetics Scope and applications of genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in living organisms. The key concepts are that genes contain DNA sequences that encode specific proteins, and genes are passed from parents to offspring. There are two main areas of genetics - classical genetics which studies inheritance patterns and molecular genetics which examines the structure and function of genes. Some important applications of genetics include improving agriculture, treating genetic diseases, conservation efforts, and genetic engineering. The history of genetics began with Mendel's experiments in the 1860s, was rediscovered in 1900, and has since involved many important discoveries that helped elucidate DNA structure and genetic mechanisms.
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
This theory proposes that hereditary traits are transmitted from one generation to the next through chromosomes and gametes. Gametes contain only one set of chromosomes and fuse during fertilization to restore the paired chromosome condition. Chromosomes are replicated and passed from parents to offspring, behaving in accordance with Mendel's laws of inheritance and explaining the mechanism of inheritance. Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, which can be of the XX-XY, ZZ-ZW, or XX-XO types.
Molecular organization of chromosomes
Chromosomes are organized structures that package DNA and proteins in eukaryotic cells. Bacterial genetic material is concentrated in the nucleoid as a single circular DNA chromosome. Eukaryotic cells contain linear chromosomes housed within the nucleus. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, histone proteins, and non-histone proteins. They contain genes and regulatory elements and vary in structure between species.
CROSSING OVER PPT
Crossing over occurs during meiosis when non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. It generates genetic diversity within populations that can drive evolution. The key steps are synapsis where homologs pair, duplication, exchange of segments between chromatids at chiasmata, and separation. Factors like distance, sex, temperature, chemicals, and radiation can influence crossing over rates. Significance includes proving linear gene arrangement, producing new combinations for evolution, and enabling genetic maps.
Structure of chromosome
Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of cells that contain organized DNA. They come in two types - autosomes which control non-sex characteristics, and sex chromosomes which determine sex. Chromosomes exist in pairs and are made up of DNA, proteins, and RNA. They contain a centromere that joins sister chromatids and a telomere at each end to protect the chromosome. Chromosomes package and protect DNA, carry genetic information to make proteins, and are essential for cell division and reproduction.
Trihybrid crosses
The document describes a trihybrid cross, which involves mating organisms that differ in three specific traits or gene loci. It provides an example of a trihybrid cross between parents P1 and F1, which results in offspring with nine possible phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. The genotypes of the offspring are also presented, showing a 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 ratio. The document notes that trihybrid crosses are more complex than monohybrid or dihybrid crosses but can be calculated by applying Mendel's principles of segregation, independent assortment, and probability.
Presentation on Meiosis
This presentation summarizes the process of meiosis. Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, which have half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over. This results in daughter cells with half the original number of chromosomes. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid gametes total. Through meiosis, genetic variation is generated while maintaining the chromosome number from one generation to the next.
Giant chromosomes-lampbrush & Polytene
Some giant chromosomes are found in few species of insects, these chromosomes have unique morphology & function. this slide discovers few of them.
Pedigree analysis
Pedigree analysis is an important tool for studying inherited diseases in human families. It allows inferences about genotypes and predictions about phenotypes in offspring. A pedigree is presented showing a family with cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive trait. Based on the pedigree, it can be determined that individuals II-3 and III-4 must have the genotype "aa" and their parents must have each contributed an "a" allele. The other individuals could be either genotype AA or Aa.
Gene linkage
Genes located physically close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis. This tendency is known as genetic linkage. There are two types of genetic linkage - complete and incomplete linkage. Complete linkage occurs when two genes are so close that they are never separated by crossing over during meiosis. Incomplete linkage means genes have some tendency to separate due to crossing over, resulting in both parental and recombinant progeny. Genetic linkage is significant for plant breeding as it prevents desirable traits from being easily combined into one variety and maintains linked characteristics over generations.
Chromosome theory of inheritance
The chromosome theory of inheritance states that chromosomes contain genes and are responsible for Mendel's principles of segregation and independent assortment during meiosis. Thomas Hunt Morgan's experiments with fruit flies led to the discovery of sex linkage, where genes on the X chromosome show different inheritance patterns between males and females. Nettie Stevens' analysis of beetle karyotypes revealed that females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y chromosome, establishing the sex chromosome system. Morgan then used this information to propose X-linked inheritance for white eye color in fruit flies, providing support for the chromosome theory of inheritance.
Human Karyotype ( Chromosomes)
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell. It depicts the complete set of chromosomes and can detect abnormalities. The study of whole chromosome sets is called karyology. Chromosomes are arranged in a standard format called a karyogram or idiogram. A karyotype is prepared by culturing cells to induce cell division, arresting mitosis, staining the chromosomes, and analyzing their number, size, shape, and banding pattern under a microscope. This allows detection of chromosomal abnormalities that can indicate genetic disorders.
Cytoskeleton presentation (introduction structure & function)
The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and microtubules that gives cells their shape and enables cellular movement. It is composed of three main types of protein filaments: intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments. Intermediate filaments provide strength and structure, microtubules help shape the cell and are involved in cell division and transport, and actin filaments enable cell movement and structures like microvilli. Muscle contraction occurs via the sliding of actin and myosin filaments when the myosin crossbridges attach and pull on the actin filaments.
FORMS OF DNA
The document discusses different forms of DNA structure that can be adopted based on environmental conditions. The main forms discussed are B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA, C-DNA, D-DNA and E-DNA. B-DNA is the most common form, having a right-handed double helix structure with 10 base pairs per turn. A-DNA and Z-DNA are also double helical but have different structural characteristics than B-DNA such as base pair spacing and groove size. The various forms arise in response to changes in humidity, ionic conditions and DNA sequence composition.
pedigree analysis
Pedigree analysis is an important tool for studying human inherited diseases. Pedigrees make relationships within families easier to visualize, especially in large families. They are used to determine the mode of inheritance, such as dominant, recessive, X-linked, etc. The document then discusses why pedigrees are used for humans instead of other methods due to small family sizes and uncontrolled matings in humans. It provides examples of different modes of inheritance and discusses analyzing dominant and recessive pedigrees to determine genotypes.
Heterochromatin and euchromatin mains
This document discusses the structures and functions of heterochromatin and euchromatin. Heterochromatin is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive, found near centromeres and telomeres. Euchromatin is loosely packed and contains most actively transcribed genes. The basic unit of DNA packing is the nucleosome, which involves DNA wound around histone proteins. Heterochromatin and euchromatin differ in their genetic activity, location within chromosomes, and condensation levels during interphase.
Chromosome structure and packaging of dna
Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and help transmit genetic information from parents to offspring. They exist in the nucleus of cells and vary in number between species. DNA is packaged into chromosomes through histone proteins that allow very long DNA strands to fit inside cells. DNA wraps around histone proteins to form structures called nucleosomes, which contain 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Nucleosomes further compact DNA by forming a beads-on-a-string structure that can coil and fold, allowing the long DNA molecules to fit within cells.
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Chromosomes
Chromosomes are structures within the nucleus that contain DNA. They become visible during cell division and are the carriers of genetic information. Chromosomes are composed of chromatin fibers that coil and fold, making the chromosomes visible under a light microscope during cell division. Chromosomes vary in size and number between species. They contain DNA that is packaged with histone proteins to form chromatin. The basic repeating unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which contains 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins.
Special type of chromosomes
Chromosomes are known as hereditary vehicles
They are formed of strands of DNA molecules which contain information for the development of different characteristics and performance of various metabolic activities of the cells
The coordination of various function is brought about through the formation of enzymes which are complex protein molecules
Chromosomes
This document summarizes key information about chromosomes. It defines chromosomes as carriers of genetic information visible during cell division. It describes the differences between prokaryote and eukaryote chromosomes. It discusses chromosome number, size, and types (autosomes and sex chromosomes). It explains cell division processes like meiosis and fertilization. It provides examples of human chromosomal abnormalities including both numerical disorders like Down syndrome and structural disorders. It describes chromosome structure and banding patterns used to identify chromosomes. It concludes with references for further reading.
Chromosome
This document discusses key aspects of chromosomes including their definition, history, structure, composition, size, shape, and number. Some main points:
- Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures that contain DNA and protein. They were first observed in 1875 and are best seen during cell division.
- Eukaryotic chromosomes vary in size from 0.5-7μm and can be rod-shaped, J-shaped, or V-shaped depending on centromere position. Each species has a distinct somatic and genetic chromosome number.
- Chromosomes are made up of DNA, RNA, and proteins. DNA provides the genetic code. Histone proteins make up 80% of chromosomal protein while non-
Chromosome structure
1. Viral genomes contain DNA or RNA and are packaged into capsids through assembly processes. Bacterial chromosomes contain genes and other sequences compacted by looping and supercoiling.
2. Eukaryotic chromosomes vary greatly in size and contain genes and other sequences. Their DNA must be highly compacted to fit in the nucleus.
3. Eukaryotic DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which further compact to form chromatin fibers and loop domains anchored to the nuclear matrix. Additional compaction occurs during cell division through condensin and cohesin proteins.
Chromosome structure
This document discusses chromosome structure and organization. It begins by listing components of chromosomes like centromeres, telomeres, and origins of replication. It then describes how genes are organized between centromeres and telomeres in eukaryotes. Genes can be relatively short with few introns in lower eukaryotes, and longer with many introns in higher eukaryotes. The document also discusses the differences between chromosomes and chromatin, homologous chromosome pairs, autosomes and sex chromosomes, and types of heterochromatin and euchromatin.
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Chromosomes
Chromosomes are organized structures of DNA and protein found within cells. They contain DNA bound to proteins and serve to package and control DNA functions. Chromosomes have two key features - centromeres and telomeres. The centromere is the region where sister chromatids are joined and allows for proper chromosome segregation during cell division. Telomeres provide terminal stability to chromosomes and ensure their survival. Both centromeres and telomeres play essential roles in maintaining chromosome and genome integrity.
Cytology chromosomes
Types of chromosomes, basic structural features, chromosomal numbers, chromosomal banding, molecular organization of eukaryotic chromosome, MARS/SARS. Heterochromatin, euchromatin structures; structural organization of centromeric region, components and structure of Kinetochore, difference between mitotic kinetochores and meiotic kinetochores; structural organization of telomeres, proteins involved in heterochromatization of telomeric regions. Structural organization and molecular biology of salivary gland and Lampbrush chromosomes, importance of their study at specific stages of development.
CHROMOSOMES SMG
A general account of chromosomes- morphology, types of chromosomes based on the position of centromere, chemical composition, C - value
Chromosome & Giant Chromosome (Girja Pd. Patel)
The document discusses chromosomes and provides details about their structure and composition. It defines chromosomes as thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins that are found inside the nucleus and are visible during cell division. It describes the key components of chromosomes, including DNA, histones, centromeres, and telomeres. It also summarizes different models of chromosome structure, including the folded fiber model and the nucleosome model, which explains how DNA interacts with histone proteins to form repeating nucleosome units in eukaryotic chromosomes.
Chromosomes structure and morphology
Chromosomes are structures that carry genetic material in the form of DNA. They play an important role in heredity, variation, evolution, and mutation. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes and features like size, centromere position, and banding patterns that make up its unique karyotype. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, proteins, and RNA and can replicate to pass genetic information between generations. They condense and compact DNA through structures like nucleosomes and chromatin to package it efficiently inside cells.
Chromosome structure
Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures that contain DNA. During cell division, chromosomes condense so that their DNA can be properly distributed between daughter cells. The chromosome consists of chromatin fibers containing DNA coiled around histone proteins. Key structures of the chromosome include the centromere, which attaches to spindle fibers, chromatids which are subunits of the chromosome, and telomeres at the chromosome ends. Chromosomal abnormalities can cause genetic disorders through deletions or mutations of parts of chromosomes, such as cri du chat syndrome caused by deletion of chromosome 5p or Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome caused by deletion of chromosome 4p.
CHROMOSOMES
Chromosomes are thread-like structures in the nucleus that contain DNA. They condense during cell division and duplicate their DNA before splitting into two identical copies in each daughter cell. The number and structure of chromosomes provide important genetic information. Key points are that chromosomes contain DNA, duplicate before cell division, and determine species traits through their number and structure.
Morphology of Chromosomes
This document discusses the morphology and structure of chromosomes. It describes that chromosomes appear as rod-shaped structures during cell division and contain features like chromatids, centromeres, telomeres, secondary constrictions, and satellite chromosomes. It provides details on each of these features, including that chromatids are the functional units of chromosomes, centromeres allow for chromosome movement during cell division, telomeres maintain chromosome integrity, and secondary constrictions are associated with nucleolus formation.
Classification of chromosome & karyotyping
Chromosomes condense and become visible during cell division. They carry genes and act as units of inheritance. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. 22 pairs are autosomes and the 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes, which are XX in females and XY in males. Chromosomes are made of DNA, RNA, proteins and can be classified based on features like centromere position. Karyotyping involves capturing chromosome images during cell division and arranging them into a standardized layout called a karyotype based on length, centromere position, etc. This allows identifying normal or abnormal chromosome numbers and structures.
Genetics Series Chromosomes.pptx
Chromosomes are visible structures that contain DNA. They exist in two forms - as chromatin during interphase and as condensed structures during cell division. Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes so they can be seen under a microscope during mitosis and meiosis. Chromosomes contain DNA, are found in cell nuclei, and their number and structure is consistent within each species. During cell division, chromosomes condense further and separate into sister chromatids attached at the centromere.
Structural organization of Chromosome
Chromosomes are made of chromatin fibers containing DNA and proteins. Each chromosome contains two chromatids joined at the centromere. The centromere divides the chromosome into short and long arms. During cell division, the centromere and attached kinetochore allow chromosomes to align and separate. Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at chromosome ends that prevent fusion and shorten with each cell division due to the end replication problem, in which DNA polymerase cannot fully replicate chromosome ends.
Chromosome Highly detailed-1.ppt
Chromosomes are structures within cells that carry genetic information in the form of DNA. They are only visible during cell division. Chromosomes are composed of chromatin fibers that coil and fold, making the chromosomes visible under a light microscope during cell division. The number and size of chromosomes vary between species but provide the basic genetic information. Key parts of chromosomes include the centromere, which divides the chromosome into arms and attaches to spindle fibers during cell division, and the telomeres at the ends, which provide stability.
Chromosome (girja pd. patel)
Chromosomes are thread-like structures found within the nucleus of cells that carry genetic information. They are composed of DNA and proteins, and are only visible during cell division. Chromosomes contain genes and act as the primary physical basis for heredity by passing genetic traits from parents to offspring. The number and appearance of chromosomes are typically constant for each species. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46.
Unit v chromosome str & func
This document discusses the structure and function of chromosomes. Some key points:
1. Chromosomes contain the hereditary material (genes) and carry them during cell division. They were first observed in 1875 and named in 1888.
2. The number of chromosomes is generally constant within a species. Somatic cells contain pairs of homologous chromosomes, while gametes contain half this number.
3. Chromosome size, number, and morphology can vary between species and cell types. Features like the centromere, telomeres, and bands aid identification.
4. Special types of chromosomes exist, like giant polytene chromosomes in salivary glands and lampbrush chromosomes during oocyte development
presentation on chromosome morphology and karyotype
The document discusses the structure and composition of chromosomes. It defines key terms like chromatid, centromere, and telomere. It describes the four classes of chromosomes based on centromere position - metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, and telocentric. The document also discusses heterochromatin, euchromatin, karyotypes, and the chemical composition of chromosomes, including DNA, histones, and non-histone proteins.
1chromosome STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
This document discusses the structure and function of chromosomes. It begins by defining chromosomes and explaining their discovery. It then covers topics like chromosome number, size, morphology, composition, karyotypes, and special types of chromosomes. The key points are:
- Chromosomes are thread-like structures that carry hereditary material and appear during cell division. They were first observed in 1875.
- Chromosome morphology, number, and composition can vary between species and cell types. Features include chromatids, centromeres, and heterochromatin.
- Special chromosome types include giant/polytene chromosomes found in insect tissues, lampbrush chromosomes in animal oocytes, and accessory/B chromosomes found as extras.
Lecture 4.pptx
Chromosomes are structures found within cells that carry genetic information. There are three main types - viral, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic. Eukaryotic chromosomes are found within the cell nucleus and are made of DNA and proteins. They vary in number, size, shape and other characteristics between different species. The cell cycle involves growth and DNA replication during interphase, followed by nuclear division through mitosis and cytoplasmic division through cytokinesis.
Nucleas and chromosome.pptx
The nucleus is the control center of eukaryotic cells that contains DNA. It has a nuclear envelope with pores that regulates transport. The nucleoplasm is a liquid inside the envelope. The nucleolus produces ribosomes. Chromatin contains DNA and proteins. Chromosomes within the nucleus contain DNA and replicate during cell division. The centromere divides each chromosome into two chromatids and determines chromosome shape. The nucleus separates DNA from the cell's metabolic processes and transports materials via the nuclear envelope.
Karyotype 1
Chromosomes are structures within cells that carry genetic information in the form of DNA. They exist in pairs and humans normally have 46 chromosomes total. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, proteins, and are visible during cell division. They compact DNA and carry genes that code for the production of proteins and inheritance of traits. Chromosomes undergo different levels of coiling and condensation within cells and can be classified based on features like centromere placement and size.
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presentation on chromosome morphology and karyotype
presentation on chromosome morphology and karyotype
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When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
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https://ashpc.eu/
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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6:个人职称评审加20分
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Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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Chromosomes Types
- 1. C GENETICSNAME: Rana Farrukh Hamid ROLL NO: 15101560-036 PRESENTATION TOPIC: TYPES OF CHROMOSOMES + KARYOTYPE/IDIOGRAM SUBMIT TO: …………………………..
- 2. TYPES OF CHROMOSOMES There are four basic types of chromosomes seen during anaphase. These are: 1.TELOCENTRIC: –No P arm, centromere is on the end 2. ACROCENTRIC: –very small P arm, centromere is very near to the end 3. SUB-METACENTRIC: –P arm just a little smaller than Q arm; centromere is in the middle 4. METACENTRIC: P and q arms are exactly the same length, centromere is in exact middle of chromosome
- 3. • CHROMOSOME PARTS: • Telomeres: – chromosome tips – Repeats – Important in replication, protect from diffusion with other chromosomes • Centromeres: – Highly condensed, middle region – Also repetitive sequence – Region where spindle fibers attach – Pulling chromatids apart during mitosis – Monocentric and Polycentric • Chromomeres: –during first phase (pachytene) of meiosis – bead like structures called chromomeres. • Satellite chromosomes: – chromosomes that have satellite region and secondary constriction
- 4. KARYOTYPE OR IDIOGRAM • It is the pictorial arrangement of total chromosomes of a cell according to their size during metaphase of cell division. • The diagrammatic representation of a chromosome complement or karyotype is called karyogram or idiogram • PREPERATION OF KARYOTYPE (TECHNIQUE): When nuclei are in metaphase of mitosis it is easy to count and characterize them. A photograph of the entire set of chromosomes can be made and pictures of individual chromosomes can be cut out and pasted in an orderly arrangement. Such a photograph reveals the number, shapes, and sizes of chromosome in a cell which constitutes its karyotype.
- 5. Before arrangement After arrangement
- 6. • A karyotype may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. A perfectly symmetrical karyotype has all metacentric chromosomes of the same size. They are known to be the primitive state from which more advanced asymmetrical karyotype have evolved through structural changes.
- 7. • APPLICATIONS OF KARYOTYPE: • Detection of chromosomal aberrations such as deletion, duplication, and translocation • Loss of chromosome or addition of chromosome • determine the risk of the individual and his future generations with such chromosomal variations