This document discusses cancer biomarkers. It defines cancer biomarkers as characteristics that can be objectively measured to indicate pathogenic processes like cancer. Cancer biomarkers are often found in blood and other body fluids. Exosomes, which are vesicles produced by cells for communication, show potential as cancer biomarkers since cancer cells produce exosomes with distinct molecular signatures. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) within exosomes, like MEG3 and CRNDE, can serve as biomarkers since their levels differ between normal and cancer cells. Cancer biomarkers allow early cancer detection, opportunities for early treatment, detection from various body fluids, and more specific treatment.

1. Cancer Biomarker

3. what is cancer ??
cancer can be broadly defined as the
uncontrolled division of the abnormal cells

4. it may be caused by two factors---
external factor and as well as internal factor
It may be caused by uv or any kind of ionised
radiation
and some sort of foods or drugs that includes
carcinogens
Smoking is broadly related with lung cancer
uv is associated with skin cancer .
Bad diet can cause colorectal cancer.

5. According to a study an average smoker's
lungs on average receive 160 thousand
microsieverts worth of radiation par year that
because of radioactive Polonium and the
radioactive Lead in that tobacco they are
smoking so they not only smoking carcinogen
and toxins they also receive very high levels of
radiations......

6. Good news is the reduction of these external
factors can reduce the risk of cancer
The bad news however, no matter what ever
you do the external factors will not come to
zero

7. The internal factors
Apart from its genetic mutation it is
something in which we have no controls .All cells in our
body no matter what type have DNA which contain
all the instructions .
For survival, our cell need to be able to grow and
multiply
and the cell grow and multiply ...so does the DNA .The
process called DNA replication
DNA replication is an error grown process as a dna
replicated errors called mutations quick arise . Now as
an efficient system there are some check point to
correct these errors but every now and then mutation
pass the repairing mechanism and its become a mutant
cell.
Now, not every mutation is harmful however some get
pass and kept quite and have no consequences

8. cancer arises when these mutation occur in critically these regions or
segment of DNA
which is responsible for growth and survival
and that further grow and cause cancer
cancer is known for broad characteristics which makes cancer what it is
..........

9. these are the defining traits of cancer

10. Cancer cell grow rapidly ,( much faster than the normal cells)
they multiply uncontrollably and lose the ability to stop growing . So it hamper in
other tissues growth
they get a continuous food supply so they grow infinitely
though our body has its own defence mechanism cancer cell can easily pass those ...
and at the start that doesn't seem so bad
but when the cell grows farther it becomes a severe cause of death
now which is deadly it doesn't stop there it approaches other organs and grows
there independently....

11. • Cancer is detected late
• Cancer is highly-nuanced
• Which means there are many differences and defects which
contribute the disease and these small difference can play a role in its
aggressiveness and its responsiveness

12. Biomarkers
When our body having a disease even before the the
clinical symptoms occur there are minute changes in
our body works
these can be seen in presence of certain signals
which our body gets into abnormal conditions
these thing is really alike warning systems and we are
mostly familiar with them
For example blood pressure can be a warning for
vascular disease , creatinine can be a biomarker of
kidney dysfunction.

13. What is Biomarkers
• In 1998, the National Institutes of Health Biomarkers Definitions
Working Group defined a biomarker as “a characteristic that is
objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal
biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic
responses to a therapeutic intervention.

15. Cancer Biomarkers
• For cancer we are only beginning
to find out what these
biomarkers are. They are usually
find in blood steam
• The biomarker which have this
potential is named exosome
• Exosomes are the little capsules
produced by our cells for long
distance communication . these
can be present in any kind of
body fluid

17. Cancer cells has these extreme exosomes which
has specific molecular signatures and it can be use
as a biomarkers to predict cancer in a very early
stage

18. What exactly are molecular signatures ??
lncRNA
These RNA molecules has distinct functions in
cancer cells which makes it useful in biomarkers
Example :
MEG3 is present in high level in
normal cell and absent in cancer cell
And CRNDE is present high level in
cancer cell and low level in normal cell

19. What exosomes and biomarkers like lnc RNA offers
??
• It allows the detection of the cancer very early
• It's gives us a window of opportunity to treat the cancer
• It helps us to detect the cancer from almost any kind of body fluid,
even sometimes from a urine sample which will make the cancer
treatment a bit cheaper than it was ..
• It will make the cancer treatment more specific .