This document provides information on using detergents to solubilize membrane proteins while preserving their biological activity. It explains that detergents mimic the lipid bilayer environment by forming micelles that incorporate membrane proteins. The critical micelle concentration is an important parameter for selecting detergents, as it determines the concentration at which micelles begin to form. Guidelines are provided for choosing an appropriate detergent based on factors like previous literature, solubility, downstream applications, and preserving biological activity. The document also categorizes different types of detergents and their main features.
Liposomes are microscopic phospholipid bubbles with a bilayered membrane structure that can be used to deliver drugs. Developments over the past 50 years have led to their use in clinical applications. Modifications like PEG coating and attaching ligands allow for long-circulating liposomes and targeted delivery to specific cells. New ligands under investigation include antibodies, folate, transferrin, and growth factors to target receptors overexpressed on tumor cells. pH-sensitive liposomes are also an area of focus to release drugs intracellularly.
NANOSYSTEMS - Vesicles, Liposomes, Polymeric micelles & DendrimersGirish Kumar K
This document provides an introduction to nanomedicine and various nanosystems used for drug delivery, including vesicles, liposomes, polymeric micelles, and dendrimers. It describes how liposomes are bilayered vesicles that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs for targeted delivery. Polymeric micelles are spherical aggregates of amphiphilic polymers that self-assemble, with hydrophobic cores used to solubilize drugs. Dendrimers are highly branched nanocarriers with interior branches and functional surface groups that can be used to encapsulate or conjugate drugs for delivery. These nanosystems provide advantages like increased drug solubility, stability, and targeting efficacy for applications in disease therapy.
This document discusses methods for preparing polymeric nanoparticles. There are two main types of polymers used: natural hydrophilic polymers like proteins and polysaccharides, and synthetic lipophilic polymers that are either pre-polymerized or polymerized during preparation. The main preparation methods are amphiphilic macromolecule cross-linking using heat or chemical cross-linkers, polymerization-based methods involving emulsion, dispersion, or interfacial condensation polymerization, and polymer precipitation methods using solvent extraction/evaporation, solvent displacement, or salting out. Common techniques include single or double emulsion followed by solvent evaporation to create drug-loaded nanoparticles.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of phospholipid bilayers that can encapsulate aqueous solutions. They can be used to deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules by encapsulating them within the aqueous interior or embedding them within the phospholipid membrane respectively. Liposomes offer several advantages for drug delivery such as protecting drugs, altering pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and promoting targeted drug delivery. However, liposomal drug formulations also present challenges including high production costs, stability issues, and the potential for new side effects. Ongoing research continues to aim to optimize liposome design and composition to improve drug encapsulation and release properties.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles made of lipid bilayers that can encapsulate aqueous materials. They vary in size from 20nm to several microns. Liposomes can selectively deliver drugs to tissues and cells, increasing drug efficacy while reducing toxicity. They improve drug solubility, stability, and pharmacokinetics by encapsulating drugs in their aqueous core. Various preparation techniques including thin-film hydration, extrusion, and solvent injection are used to produce liposomes of defined size and lamellarity for drug delivery applications including cancer chemotherapy, gene delivery, and dermatology.
This document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles. It begins by defining targeted drug delivery and nanoparticles. Nanoparticles range in size from 10-1000 nm and can dissolve, entrap, encapsulate, or attach drugs. Common polymers used are gelatin, albumin, PLGA, and PLA. Preparation techniques include solvent evaporation, nanoprecipitation, and ionic gelation. Applications include enhancing drug delivery to the brain by overcoming the blood brain barrier and reducing antibiotic resistance by combining drugs with nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have also shown promise for targeted cancer treatment.
This document discusses microspheres and microcapsules. It defines microspheres as solid spherical particles ranging from 1-1000μm that can be matrix systems with drug dispersed throughout or reservoir systems with drug enclosed. The document describes various types of microspheres including bioadhesive, magnetic, floating, and radioactive. It also discusses common polymers used and various preparation techniques such as spray drying, solvent evaporation, and polymerization. Finally, the document outlines methods for evaluating properties of microspheres like particle size, drug loading, and in vitro drug release.
The document discusses several techniques for separating and characterizing biopolymers:
Chromatography techniques like liquid column chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and size exclusion chromatography are used to separate biopolymer mixtures. Gel electrophoresis separates biopolymers like proteins and nucleic acids based on their size and charge. NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography are structural techniques that provide atomic-level structural information about biopolymers like proteins in solution or crystalline state.
Liposomes are microscopic phospholipid bubbles with a bilayered membrane structure that can be used to deliver drugs. Developments over the past 50 years have led to their use in clinical applications. Modifications like PEG coating and attaching ligands allow for long-circulating liposomes and targeted delivery to specific cells. New ligands under investigation include antibodies, folate, transferrin, and growth factors to target receptors overexpressed on tumor cells. pH-sensitive liposomes are also an area of focus to release drugs intracellularly.
NANOSYSTEMS - Vesicles, Liposomes, Polymeric micelles & DendrimersGirish Kumar K
This document provides an introduction to nanomedicine and various nanosystems used for drug delivery, including vesicles, liposomes, polymeric micelles, and dendrimers. It describes how liposomes are bilayered vesicles that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs for targeted delivery. Polymeric micelles are spherical aggregates of amphiphilic polymers that self-assemble, with hydrophobic cores used to solubilize drugs. Dendrimers are highly branched nanocarriers with interior branches and functional surface groups that can be used to encapsulate or conjugate drugs for delivery. These nanosystems provide advantages like increased drug solubility, stability, and targeting efficacy for applications in disease therapy.
This document discusses methods for preparing polymeric nanoparticles. There are two main types of polymers used: natural hydrophilic polymers like proteins and polysaccharides, and synthetic lipophilic polymers that are either pre-polymerized or polymerized during preparation. The main preparation methods are amphiphilic macromolecule cross-linking using heat or chemical cross-linkers, polymerization-based methods involving emulsion, dispersion, or interfacial condensation polymerization, and polymer precipitation methods using solvent extraction/evaporation, solvent displacement, or salting out. Common techniques include single or double emulsion followed by solvent evaporation to create drug-loaded nanoparticles.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of phospholipid bilayers that can encapsulate aqueous solutions. They can be used to deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules by encapsulating them within the aqueous interior or embedding them within the phospholipid membrane respectively. Liposomes offer several advantages for drug delivery such as protecting drugs, altering pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and promoting targeted drug delivery. However, liposomal drug formulations also present challenges including high production costs, stability issues, and the potential for new side effects. Ongoing research continues to aim to optimize liposome design and composition to improve drug encapsulation and release properties.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles made of lipid bilayers that can encapsulate aqueous materials. They vary in size from 20nm to several microns. Liposomes can selectively deliver drugs to tissues and cells, increasing drug efficacy while reducing toxicity. They improve drug solubility, stability, and pharmacokinetics by encapsulating drugs in their aqueous core. Various preparation techniques including thin-film hydration, extrusion, and solvent injection are used to produce liposomes of defined size and lamellarity for drug delivery applications including cancer chemotherapy, gene delivery, and dermatology.
This document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles. It begins by defining targeted drug delivery and nanoparticles. Nanoparticles range in size from 10-1000 nm and can dissolve, entrap, encapsulate, or attach drugs. Common polymers used are gelatin, albumin, PLGA, and PLA. Preparation techniques include solvent evaporation, nanoprecipitation, and ionic gelation. Applications include enhancing drug delivery to the brain by overcoming the blood brain barrier and reducing antibiotic resistance by combining drugs with nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have also shown promise for targeted cancer treatment.
This document discusses microspheres and microcapsules. It defines microspheres as solid spherical particles ranging from 1-1000μm that can be matrix systems with drug dispersed throughout or reservoir systems with drug enclosed. The document describes various types of microspheres including bioadhesive, magnetic, floating, and radioactive. It also discusses common polymers used and various preparation techniques such as spray drying, solvent evaporation, and polymerization. Finally, the document outlines methods for evaluating properties of microspheres like particle size, drug loading, and in vitro drug release.
The document discusses several techniques for separating and characterizing biopolymers:
Chromatography techniques like liquid column chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and size exclusion chromatography are used to separate biopolymer mixtures. Gel electrophoresis separates biopolymers like proteins and nucleic acids based on their size and charge. NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography are structural techniques that provide atomic-level structural information about biopolymers like proteins in solution or crystalline state.
This document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles and liposomes. It provides an introduction to nanoparticles and describes different types including nanospheres and nanoencapsules. It then discusses various natural and synthetic polymers used to prepare nanoparticles, as well as preparation techniques such as solvent evaporation and high-pressure homogenization. The document also briefly introduces solid lipid nanoparticles and describes their advantages. Purification techniques for nanoparticles like dialysis and freeze drying are also mentioned.
Liposomes are concentric bilayered vesicles in which an aqueous core is entirely enclosed by a membranous lipid bilayer mainly composed of natural or synthetic phospholipids.
Liposomes are spherical microscopic vesicles consisting phospholipids bilayers which enclose aqueous compartments.
The size of a liposome ranges from some 20 nm up to several micrometers.
Liposomes were first produced in England in 1961 by Alec D. Bangham, who was studying phospholipids and blood clotting.
Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV), 25 to 100 nm in size that consist of a single bilayer
Large unilamellar vesicle (LUV), 100 to 500 nm in size that consist of a single bilayer
Multilamellar vesicle (MLV), 200 nm to several microns, that consist of two or more concentric bilayer
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on liposomes and niosomes. It discusses various types of liposomes and methods for preparing liposomes, including solvent dispersion methods like ethanol injection, ether injection, and reverse phase evaporation. Characterization techniques for liposomes like size, shape, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release are also outlined. Finally, the document notes therapeutic applications of liposomes for drug delivery and discusses characterization of liposomes through parameters like vesicle shape, size, surface charge, and drug entrapment efficiency.
This document provides an overview of nanoparticles for drug delivery. It defines nanoparticles as sub-nano sized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers with a size range of 10-1000 nm. The document then classifies nanoparticles and discusses commonly used polymer materials. It describes advantages such as improved drug stability and targeting abilities. Preparation methods like emulsion polymerization and solvent evaporation are summarized. Key characterization techniques and applications for cancer therapy and prolonged circulation are also highlighted.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of lipid bilayers that can encapsulate drugs for delivery. They range in size from 20nm to several micrometers. Liposomes offer advantages over traditional delivery methods such as protecting drugs, prolonging drug effects, and targeting delivery. Drugs are encapsulated within the aqueous core or embedded within the lipid bilayers of liposomes. Several liposomal drug formulations are currently used with improved efficacy and reduced side effects compared to non-liposomal drugs.
This document provides an overview of liposomes. It begins with an introduction describing liposomes as concentric bilayer vesicles composed mainly of phospholipids and cholesterol. It then covers the mechanism of liposome formation, classifications, biological fate, preparation methods, characterization techniques, advantages and disadvantages, and applications. Preparation methods discussed include physical dispersion, solvent dispersion, detergent solubilization, and various size reduction/increase techniques. Characterization includes assessing size, shape, lamellarity, surface charge, drug release, and encapsulation efficiency using tools like microscopy, NMR, and chromatography.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles made of phospholipid bilayers that can encapsulate hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. There are several methods for manufacturing liposomes including mechanical dispersion methods like film hydration and sonication. Film hydration involves dissolving lipids in an organic solvent to form a thin film, removing the solvent, then hydrating the film. The hydrated lipid sheets self-close to form multilamellar vesicles. Several factors must be considered for liposome preparation including lipid selection, phase transition temperature, charge, and cholesterol content. Liposomes can be classified based on size, lamellarity, surface properties, and method of preparation.
This document discusses various types of nanoparticles including their properties, preparation, and applications. It describes carbon-based nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes, solid-lipid nanoparticles, silicon-based nanoparticles, liposomes, nanosomes, and niosomes. Nanoparticles have sizes between 1-100 nanometers and unique optical, magnetic, mechanical, and thermal properties dependent on their size and structure. They are useful for drug and gene delivery, cancer therapy, and other medical applications due to properties like cell specificity and reduced toxicity.
Polymers Used In Pharmaceutical dosage delivery systemsHeenaParveen23
This document discusses characteristics and types of polymers used in drug delivery. It describes ideal polymer characteristics as being chemically inert, mechanically strong, non-toxic, and easily sterilized. The document then covers various polymer classifications including biodegradability, polymerization method (addition, condensation), structure (natural, synthetic), and environmental responsiveness to stimuli like pH, temperature, light. Specific polymer examples are provided for each classification like poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) for biodegradable and polyvinylpyrrolidone for soluble. Mechanisms of drug release from polymers include diffusion, degradation, swelling, and erosion.
The document discusses hydrogels, including their classification, advantages, disadvantages, types, monomers used in synthesis, methods of preparation, characterization, uses, and pharmaceutical applications. Hydrogels are crosslinked polymer networks that can absorb large amounts of water. They are biocompatible and can be used for controlled drug release in applications such as contact lenses, wound dressings, and tissue engineering scaffolds.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of lipid bilayers that can encapsulate aqueous content. They are used as drug delivery systems to improve drug solubility, stability, and targeting. Liposomes are prepared using various methods involving dispersion of lipids in aqueous solution. Key components are phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Characterization evaluates parameters like size, shape, drug entrapment efficiency, and phase behavior. Liposomes offer benefits like increased drug efficacy and stability but also have challenges like short shelf life and high production costs.
The document discusses niosomes, which are vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol. Niosomes can encapsulate drugs and deliver them to target sites in the body, providing advantages over other drug delivery systems. The document outlines the general characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, structure, preparation methods, and applications of niosomes. It also compares niosomes to liposomes and discusses factors that affect the physicochemical properties of niosomes.
This document discusses nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles range from 10-1000 nm and are composed of polymers carrying drugs. They selectively localize drugs in target tissues while restricting access to non-target tissues. Ideal nanoparticles are biocompatible, stable, have controlled drug release, and are easily prepared. Common preparation methods include cross-linking, polymerization, and precipitation. Nanoparticles can be characterized and their drug release evaluated. Applications include cancer therapy, vaccines, and crossing the blood-brain barrier.
Liposomes are membranous vesicles formed from phospholipid bilayers that can encapsulate water-soluble or insoluble drugs. They have several advantages like flexibility in drug entrapment, biodegradability, controlled drug release, and ability to target drug delivery. However, liposome development at an industrial scale faces challenges due to physiological and chemical instability over time. Liposomes can be classified based on their lamellarity and size. Various methods are used for liposome preparation including physical dispersion techniques and solvent dispersion. Their administration is typically via intravenous injection, with drug release through liposome destabilization, uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system, or sustained release from long-circulating liposomes. Potential applications include
This document discusses niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant vesicles similar in structure to liposomes that can be used for drug delivery. Niosomes are formed by the self-assembly of non-ionic surfactants in aqueous solution, resulting in closed bilayer structures that can encapsulate medications. They offer advantages over traditional drugs such as controlled release and increased drug stability. The document describes various methods for preparing and characterizing niosomes as well as their applications, components, and stability.
Niosomes are novel drug delivery systems composed of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol. They can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Niosomes are prepared using methods like ether injection, film hydration, sonication, and microfluidization. Key factors that affect niosome formation include the surfactant used, addition of cholesterol, and hydration temperature. Niosomes offer advantages over liposomes like improved stability and the ability to entrap both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Niosomes find applications in targeted drug delivery through routes like transdermal, parenteral, oral and for ophthalmic and radiopharmaceutical uses.
This document discusses the use of polymer micelles for targeted drug delivery. Polymer micelles are nano-sized particles composed of amphiphilic block copolymers with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks that can self-assemble in water. They are promising drug carriers as they can solubilize hydrophobic drugs and extend circulation time. Two common preparation methods are direct dissolution and solvent evaporation. Drug release can be triggered by internal factors like pH or temperature changes at the target site. Important parameters for characterization include encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity. Polymer micelles show potential for applications in cancer therapy and other diseases.
The document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles. It describes various methods for preparing nanoparticles, including cross-linking of polymers, emulsion polymerization, and solvent evaporation. Nanoparticles can be engineered using these methods to encapsulate drugs and release them in a targeted manner in the body.
Introduction to Affinity ChromatographyMOHAMMAD ASIM
Affinity chromatography is a separation technique that uses the specific interactions between biomolecules to selectively isolate target molecules from complex mixtures. The interacting partner of the target molecule is immobilized on a chromatographic resin as a ligand. When a sample containing the target molecule flows through the column, the target molecule will reversibly bind to the ligand. By changing the composition of the mobile phase, such as pH or ionic strength, the bound target molecule can then be eluted. Affinity chromatography provides high selectivity and yield due to the specific interactions used, and in some cases allows for single-step isolation of target molecules from samples.
This document provides an overview of Niosomes and Aquasomes as novel drug delivery systems. Niosomes are vesicle systems composed of non-ionic surfactants that can encapsulate medications. They are prepared using methods like ether injection, thin film hydration, sonication, and offer advantages over liposomes. Aquasomes are three-layered, self-assembled nanoparticle structures with a solid inorganic core coated with oligomers and bioactive molecules. Both systems can be characterized and show applications in targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and improving drug stability and efficacy.
This document discusses criteria for selecting detergents for use in biochemistry experiments. It provides an overview of different types of detergents, including their classification based on chemical structure and properties like critical micellar concentration. When choosing a detergent, factors like temperature, pH, ionic strength and potential interference with assays must be considered. Integral membrane proteins often require the presence of detergent to stabilize them outside of the lipid bilayer environment. Nonionic detergents are generally less denaturing than ionic detergents for investigating membrane protein structure. The document recommends testing a set of detergents to select the one best able to preserve a protein's structural and functional state for the specific application.
This document discusses biological products and bioseparation techniques. It begins by defining different types of biologically derived products based on their chemical nature and applications. These include solvents, organic acids, vitamins, sugars, lipids, nucleic acids and various proteins. It then describes various cell disruption techniques used in bioseparation, including physical methods like bead mill, rotor-stator mill, French press, and chemical methods like detergent, enzyme, and solvent disruption. Finally, it discusses membrane-based bioseparation techniques like microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and dialysis, explaining the separation mechanisms and operating parameters for each.
This document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles and liposomes. It provides an introduction to nanoparticles and describes different types including nanospheres and nanoencapsules. It then discusses various natural and synthetic polymers used to prepare nanoparticles, as well as preparation techniques such as solvent evaporation and high-pressure homogenization. The document also briefly introduces solid lipid nanoparticles and describes their advantages. Purification techniques for nanoparticles like dialysis and freeze drying are also mentioned.
Liposomes are concentric bilayered vesicles in which an aqueous core is entirely enclosed by a membranous lipid bilayer mainly composed of natural or synthetic phospholipids.
Liposomes are spherical microscopic vesicles consisting phospholipids bilayers which enclose aqueous compartments.
The size of a liposome ranges from some 20 nm up to several micrometers.
Liposomes were first produced in England in 1961 by Alec D. Bangham, who was studying phospholipids and blood clotting.
Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV), 25 to 100 nm in size that consist of a single bilayer
Large unilamellar vesicle (LUV), 100 to 500 nm in size that consist of a single bilayer
Multilamellar vesicle (MLV), 200 nm to several microns, that consist of two or more concentric bilayer
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on liposomes and niosomes. It discusses various types of liposomes and methods for preparing liposomes, including solvent dispersion methods like ethanol injection, ether injection, and reverse phase evaporation. Characterization techniques for liposomes like size, shape, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release are also outlined. Finally, the document notes therapeutic applications of liposomes for drug delivery and discusses characterization of liposomes through parameters like vesicle shape, size, surface charge, and drug entrapment efficiency.
This document provides an overview of nanoparticles for drug delivery. It defines nanoparticles as sub-nano sized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers with a size range of 10-1000 nm. The document then classifies nanoparticles and discusses commonly used polymer materials. It describes advantages such as improved drug stability and targeting abilities. Preparation methods like emulsion polymerization and solvent evaporation are summarized. Key characterization techniques and applications for cancer therapy and prolonged circulation are also highlighted.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of lipid bilayers that can encapsulate drugs for delivery. They range in size from 20nm to several micrometers. Liposomes offer advantages over traditional delivery methods such as protecting drugs, prolonging drug effects, and targeting delivery. Drugs are encapsulated within the aqueous core or embedded within the lipid bilayers of liposomes. Several liposomal drug formulations are currently used with improved efficacy and reduced side effects compared to non-liposomal drugs.
This document provides an overview of liposomes. It begins with an introduction describing liposomes as concentric bilayer vesicles composed mainly of phospholipids and cholesterol. It then covers the mechanism of liposome formation, classifications, biological fate, preparation methods, characterization techniques, advantages and disadvantages, and applications. Preparation methods discussed include physical dispersion, solvent dispersion, detergent solubilization, and various size reduction/increase techniques. Characterization includes assessing size, shape, lamellarity, surface charge, drug release, and encapsulation efficiency using tools like microscopy, NMR, and chromatography.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles made of phospholipid bilayers that can encapsulate hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. There are several methods for manufacturing liposomes including mechanical dispersion methods like film hydration and sonication. Film hydration involves dissolving lipids in an organic solvent to form a thin film, removing the solvent, then hydrating the film. The hydrated lipid sheets self-close to form multilamellar vesicles. Several factors must be considered for liposome preparation including lipid selection, phase transition temperature, charge, and cholesterol content. Liposomes can be classified based on size, lamellarity, surface properties, and method of preparation.
This document discusses various types of nanoparticles including their properties, preparation, and applications. It describes carbon-based nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes, solid-lipid nanoparticles, silicon-based nanoparticles, liposomes, nanosomes, and niosomes. Nanoparticles have sizes between 1-100 nanometers and unique optical, magnetic, mechanical, and thermal properties dependent on their size and structure. They are useful for drug and gene delivery, cancer therapy, and other medical applications due to properties like cell specificity and reduced toxicity.
Polymers Used In Pharmaceutical dosage delivery systemsHeenaParveen23
This document discusses characteristics and types of polymers used in drug delivery. It describes ideal polymer characteristics as being chemically inert, mechanically strong, non-toxic, and easily sterilized. The document then covers various polymer classifications including biodegradability, polymerization method (addition, condensation), structure (natural, synthetic), and environmental responsiveness to stimuli like pH, temperature, light. Specific polymer examples are provided for each classification like poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) for biodegradable and polyvinylpyrrolidone for soluble. Mechanisms of drug release from polymers include diffusion, degradation, swelling, and erosion.
The document discusses hydrogels, including their classification, advantages, disadvantages, types, monomers used in synthesis, methods of preparation, characterization, uses, and pharmaceutical applications. Hydrogels are crosslinked polymer networks that can absorb large amounts of water. They are biocompatible and can be used for controlled drug release in applications such as contact lenses, wound dressings, and tissue engineering scaffolds.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of lipid bilayers that can encapsulate aqueous content. They are used as drug delivery systems to improve drug solubility, stability, and targeting. Liposomes are prepared using various methods involving dispersion of lipids in aqueous solution. Key components are phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Characterization evaluates parameters like size, shape, drug entrapment efficiency, and phase behavior. Liposomes offer benefits like increased drug efficacy and stability but also have challenges like short shelf life and high production costs.
The document discusses niosomes, which are vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol. Niosomes can encapsulate drugs and deliver them to target sites in the body, providing advantages over other drug delivery systems. The document outlines the general characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, structure, preparation methods, and applications of niosomes. It also compares niosomes to liposomes and discusses factors that affect the physicochemical properties of niosomes.
This document discusses nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles range from 10-1000 nm and are composed of polymers carrying drugs. They selectively localize drugs in target tissues while restricting access to non-target tissues. Ideal nanoparticles are biocompatible, stable, have controlled drug release, and are easily prepared. Common preparation methods include cross-linking, polymerization, and precipitation. Nanoparticles can be characterized and their drug release evaluated. Applications include cancer therapy, vaccines, and crossing the blood-brain barrier.
Liposomes are membranous vesicles formed from phospholipid bilayers that can encapsulate water-soluble or insoluble drugs. They have several advantages like flexibility in drug entrapment, biodegradability, controlled drug release, and ability to target drug delivery. However, liposome development at an industrial scale faces challenges due to physiological and chemical instability over time. Liposomes can be classified based on their lamellarity and size. Various methods are used for liposome preparation including physical dispersion techniques and solvent dispersion. Their administration is typically via intravenous injection, with drug release through liposome destabilization, uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system, or sustained release from long-circulating liposomes. Potential applications include
This document discusses niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant vesicles similar in structure to liposomes that can be used for drug delivery. Niosomes are formed by the self-assembly of non-ionic surfactants in aqueous solution, resulting in closed bilayer structures that can encapsulate medications. They offer advantages over traditional drugs such as controlled release and increased drug stability. The document describes various methods for preparing and characterizing niosomes as well as their applications, components, and stability.
Niosomes are novel drug delivery systems composed of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol. They can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Niosomes are prepared using methods like ether injection, film hydration, sonication, and microfluidization. Key factors that affect niosome formation include the surfactant used, addition of cholesterol, and hydration temperature. Niosomes offer advantages over liposomes like improved stability and the ability to entrap both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Niosomes find applications in targeted drug delivery through routes like transdermal, parenteral, oral and for ophthalmic and radiopharmaceutical uses.
This document discusses the use of polymer micelles for targeted drug delivery. Polymer micelles are nano-sized particles composed of amphiphilic block copolymers with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks that can self-assemble in water. They are promising drug carriers as they can solubilize hydrophobic drugs and extend circulation time. Two common preparation methods are direct dissolution and solvent evaporation. Drug release can be triggered by internal factors like pH or temperature changes at the target site. Important parameters for characterization include encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity. Polymer micelles show potential for applications in cancer therapy and other diseases.
The document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles. It describes various methods for preparing nanoparticles, including cross-linking of polymers, emulsion polymerization, and solvent evaporation. Nanoparticles can be engineered using these methods to encapsulate drugs and release them in a targeted manner in the body.
Introduction to Affinity ChromatographyMOHAMMAD ASIM
Affinity chromatography is a separation technique that uses the specific interactions between biomolecules to selectively isolate target molecules from complex mixtures. The interacting partner of the target molecule is immobilized on a chromatographic resin as a ligand. When a sample containing the target molecule flows through the column, the target molecule will reversibly bind to the ligand. By changing the composition of the mobile phase, such as pH or ionic strength, the bound target molecule can then be eluted. Affinity chromatography provides high selectivity and yield due to the specific interactions used, and in some cases allows for single-step isolation of target molecules from samples.
This document provides an overview of Niosomes and Aquasomes as novel drug delivery systems. Niosomes are vesicle systems composed of non-ionic surfactants that can encapsulate medications. They are prepared using methods like ether injection, thin film hydration, sonication, and offer advantages over liposomes. Aquasomes are three-layered, self-assembled nanoparticle structures with a solid inorganic core coated with oligomers and bioactive molecules. Both systems can be characterized and show applications in targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and improving drug stability and efficacy.
This document discusses criteria for selecting detergents for use in biochemistry experiments. It provides an overview of different types of detergents, including their classification based on chemical structure and properties like critical micellar concentration. When choosing a detergent, factors like temperature, pH, ionic strength and potential interference with assays must be considered. Integral membrane proteins often require the presence of detergent to stabilize them outside of the lipid bilayer environment. Nonionic detergents are generally less denaturing than ionic detergents for investigating membrane protein structure. The document recommends testing a set of detergents to select the one best able to preserve a protein's structural and functional state for the specific application.
This document discusses biological products and bioseparation techniques. It begins by defining different types of biologically derived products based on their chemical nature and applications. These include solvents, organic acids, vitamins, sugars, lipids, nucleic acids and various proteins. It then describes various cell disruption techniques used in bioseparation, including physical methods like bead mill, rotor-stator mill, French press, and chemical methods like detergent, enzyme, and solvent disruption. Finally, it discusses membrane-based bioseparation techniques like microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and dialysis, explaining the separation mechanisms and operating parameters for each.
The document discusses bio-catalysis and the use of enzymes in organic synthesis. It notes that bio-catalysts are derived from renewable resources, are biodegradable, and allow reactions to proceed under mild conditions. Examples are given of green bio-catalytic processes developed by Pfizer and Codexis for manufacturing pharmaceuticals. The types of bio-catalyst enzymes are described along with their advantages over traditional chemical catalysts. Methods of immobilizing enzymes on supports are summarized, including entrapment, cross-linking, and attachment to porous or nano-structured materials.
The Chemistry of Detergents C479 lect. (5).pdfahmed503211
Biological detergents contain enzymes that break down dirt into smaller pieces, making it easier to remove stains. They are produced by microorganisms and secreted extracellularly or attached to cells. There are four main classes of enzymes used - proteases, amylases, lipases and cellulases. The optimal detergent to lipid to protein ratio is important for solubilizing membrane proteins. Excess detergent can be removed through hydrophobic adsorption, gel chromatography, dilution below the critical micelle concentration, or ion-exchange chromatography.
Affinity chromatography: Principles and applicationsHemant Khandoliya
Affinity chromatography separates proteins based on a reversible interaction between a protein and a ligand coupled to a chromatography matrix. There are several types of elution methods used including pH elution, ionic strength elution, and competitive elution. The matrix, ligand, and method of ligand immobilization via a spacer arm are important considerations for affinity chromatography.
1. Desizing is done to remove sizing agents like starch that were applied to warp yarns during weaving to facilitate the weaving process.
2. There are several methods of desizing including enzymatic, acid, and oxidative methods. Enzymatic desizing uses enzymes like amylase to break down starch into soluble sugars.
3. Proper control of factors like temperature, pH, and fabric speed are important for effective desizing when using the enzymatic method.
1. The document discusses different methods of desizing fabrics, which is the process of removing starch coatings called "size" that are applied during weaving.
2. Enzymatic desizing using amylase enzymes is the most common method as it can break down starch without damaging cellulose fibers.
3. Other oxidative methods can also be used to desize fabrics by oxidizing and breaking down starch into soluble products using oxidizing agents like sodium bromite.
This document discusses biodegradable polymers for use in drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to polymers and biodegradable polymers. It then covers various classes of biodegradable polymers investigated for controlled drug delivery including lactide polymers, polyanhydrides, poly-caprolactones, and polyphosphazenes. Factors affecting biodegradation and types of polymer drug delivery systems are also mentioned. The document provides an overview of important biodegradable polymers and their applications in drug delivery.
This document discusses various methods of enzyme immobilization including physical and chemical methods. Physical methods include adsorption, entrapment, and microencapsulation. Adsorption involves binding enzymes to a carrier's surface through weak forces. Entrapment physically traps enzymes within a porous polymer matrix. Microencapsulation encloses enzymes within semi-permeable membrane capsules. Chemical methods involve covalent bonding of enzymes to carriers through functional groups, and cross-linking which uses polyfunctional reagents to create cross-links between enzymes. The document provides details on each method's process, examples, advantages, and disadvantages.
This document discusses polymers and their applications in pharmaceutical preparations. It provides definitions of polymers as long chain molecules assembled from smaller monomers. Polymers can be classified based on origin (natural vs synthetic), biodegradability, reaction mode of polymerization, and interaction with water. Key points:
- Polymers are used extensively in daily life and pharmaceutical preparations, for example in bottles, syringes and drug formulations.
- They are selected based on properties like solubility, biocompatibility and ability to provide drug attachment/release sites.
- Drug release from polymers occurs mainly by diffusion, degradation or swelling followed by diffusion. Reservoir and matrix systems are described.
- Biodegradable polymers break down
Microspheres are spherical particles between 50nm and 2mm that contain a core substance. They are made of biodegradable natural or synthetic polymers and ideally have a size under 200 micrometers. Synthetic polymers used include PMMA and lactides/glycolides, while proteins and carbohydrates like albumin, gelatin, starch and chitosan are natural options. Microspheres are prepared using emulsion techniques and characterized based on particle size, shape, capture efficiency and stability over time and conditions. Potential applications include use as antigen carriers for vaccines and delivery of drugs or other substances.
Polymeric micelle formation , mechanism , Case study , applications , Factors affecting formation of Polymeric Micelle , Method of preparation , Types of polymers used in Polymeric micelle
This document provides an overview of contrast media used in medical imaging, including barium sulfate, iodinated contrast media, and gas agents. It discusses the classification, properties, administration, and adverse reactions of different contrast types. Barium sulfate is described as the preferred oral and rectal contrast due to its insolubility, inertness, and ability to coat the gastrointestinal mucosa. Iodinated contrast media are classified based on osmolality, ionicity, and iodine content. Water-soluble iodinated contrasts are preferred over oil-based agents. An ideal contrast is outlined as having properties like water solubility, chemical stability, biological inertness, and renal excretion.
polymeric nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles .pptxHarshadaa bafna
This document provides information on polymeric nanoparticles, including:
- Polymeric nanoparticles are subnanosized structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers that can carry drugs, proteins, antigens, and DNA for targeted drug delivery.
- There are two main types - nanospheres, which are matrix systems with drug dispersed uniformly throughout, and nanocapsules, which have a polymer membrane surrounding a cavity containing the drug.
- Nanoparticles have advantages over traditional drug administration methods as they can increase drug stability, deliver higher drug concentrations, and provide targeted delivery. However, they are also more costly and difficult to manufacture than traditional methods.
- Common polymers used include natural proteins and polysaccharides as well
This document provides information on liposomes and nanoparticles for drug delivery. It defines liposomes as lipid bilayer structures composed of phospholipids that can encapsulate drug payload. Various preparation methods are described, including film hydration, solvent injection, and detergent removal. Key aspects of liposome characterization like size, drug encapsulation efficiency, and stability are covered. Applications include cancer therapy, gene delivery, and topical products. Common liposomal drugs are doxorubicin and amphotericin B. Nanoparticles are defined as submicron polymer structures that can be spheres or capsules. Preparation techniques include emulsion polymerization, solvent evaporation, and salting out. Nanoparticles offer advantages like versatile drug loading but
Chiral HPLC uses an asymmetric chromatographic system to separate enantiomers. There are three main methods: using a chiral mobile phase, chiral liquid stationary phase, or chiral solid stationary phase. The chiral species forms diastereomeric complexes with the enantiomers, allowing separation. Indirect separation is also possible by derivatizing the enantiomers to form diastereomers, which can be separated on a non-chiral system. Common stationary phases include proteins, Pirkle compounds, cellulose/amylose derivatives, macrocyclic glycopeptides, and cyclodextrins. Applications include separating drug enantiomers and fullerenes.
This document discusses polymeric micelles, which are self-assembled colloidal particles composed of amphiphilic block copolymers. It covers the mechanism of micelle formation, factors affecting micellization, types of polymeric micelles including conventional, poly-ion complex, and non-covalently connected micelles. Methods for preparing polymeric micelles include direct dissolution, solvent casting, dialysis, and lyophilization. Key characteristics include the critical micelle concentration and size/shape as determined by light scattering and microscopy. Applications include solubilization of hydrophobic drugs and targeted drug delivery.
Affinity chromatography was first developed in the 1930s by Swedish biochemist Tiselius and involves using the affinity of biochemical compounds for specific properties to study enzymes and proteins. It works by having a ligand attached to an inert matrix within a column that selectively binds the desired molecule from a sample as it passes through. The molecule is then eluted from the column by changing conditions like pH or salt concentration. Affinity chromatography is widely used for purification, isolation, and research due to its high specificity and ability to obtain high purity products.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
2. Calbiochem • Detergents
Biological Properties and Uses of Detergents
Biological membranes, composed of complex
assemblies of lipids and proteins, serve as physi-
cal barriers in the cell and are sites for many
cellular signaling events. The majority of mem-
brane lipids contain two hydrophobic hydrocar-
bon tails connected to a polar head group. This
architecture allows lipids to form bilayer struc-
tures in which the polar head groups are exposed
outwards towards the aqueous environment and
the hydrophobic tails are sandwiched between
the hydrophilic head groups. Integral membrane
proteins are held in the membrane by hydropho-
bic interactions between the hydrocarbon chains
of the lipids and the hydrophobic domains of the
proteins.
In order to understand the function and structure
of membrane proteins, it is necessary to carefully
isolate these proteins in their native form in a
highly purified state. It is estimated that about
one third of all membrane-associated proteins
are integral membrane proteins, but their solu-
bilization and purification is more challenging
because most of these proteins are present at
very low concentrations. Although membrane
protein solubilization can be accomplished by
using amphiphilic detergents, preservation of
their biological and functional activities can be a
challenging process as many membrane proteins
are susceptible to denaturation during the isola-
tion process. Detergents solubilize membrane
proteins by mimicking the lipid bilayer environ-
ment. Micelles formed by the aggregation of
detergent molecules are analogous to the bilayer
of the biological membranes. Proteins can
incorporate into these micelles by hydrophobic
interactions. Hydrophobic regions of membrane
protein, normally embedded in the membrane
lipid bilayer, are surrounded by a layer of deter-
gent molecules and the hydrophilic portions are
exposed to the aqueous medium. This property
allows hydrophobic membrane proteins to stay
in solution.
Detergents are amphipathic in nature and
contain a polar group at one end and long
hydrophobic carbon chain at the other end.
The polar group forms hydrogen bonds with
water molecules, while the hydrocarbon chains
aggregate via hydrophobic interactions. At
low concentrations, detergent molecules exist
as monomers. When the detergent monomer
concentration is increased above a critical
concentration, detergent molecules self associate
to form thermodynamically stable, non-cova-
lent aggregates known as micelles. The critical
micelle concentration (CMC) is an important
parameter for selecting an appropriate detergent.
At the CMC, detergents begin to accumulate in
the membrane. The effective CMC of a detergent
can also be affected by other components of the
biological system, such as lipids, proteins, pH,
ionic strength, and temperature of the medium.
An important point to note here is that any
addition of salts to ionic detergents, such as SDS,
may reduce their CMC because salt would tend
to reduce the repulsion between the charged
head groups. Here micelles will form at a lower
concentration.
At low concentrations, detergents merely bind
to the membrane by partitioning into the lipid
bilayer. As the concentration of detergent
increases, the membrane bilayer is disrupted
and is lysed, producing lipid-protein-detergent
mixed micelles. Any further increase in deter-
gent concentration will produce a heterogeneous
complex of detergent, lipid-detergent, and pro-
tein-detergent mixed micelles. In the detergent-
protein mixed micelles, hydrophobic regions of
the membrane proteins are surrounded by the
hydrophobic chains of micelle-forming lipids.
Excessive amounts of detergents are normally
used for solubilization of membrane proteins to
ensure complete dissolution and provide for a
large number of micelles to give one micelle per
protein molecule. For further physiochemical
and biochemical characterization of membrane
proteins, it is often necessary to remove the
unbound detergent. Excess amounts of deter-
gents can be removed by hydrophobic absorp-
tion on a resin, gel chromatography (based on
the difference in size between protein-detergent,
lipid-detergent, and homogenous detergent
micelles), ion-exchange chromatography (based
on the charge difference between protein-deter-
gent and protein-free detergent micelles), or by
dialysis. Detergents with high CMC can be read-
ily removed from protein-detergent complexes
by dialysis, whereas low CMC detergents dialyze
away very slowly.
Membrane with
Bound Detergent
Biological Membrane
Low Concentration
(Below CMC)
Detergent Lipid
Protein-detergent
Complex
Protein-detergent
Complex
Detergent MicellesMixed Micelles
noitartnecnoChgiH
)CMCnahtretaergrotA(Solubilization
of Cell Membranes
with Detergents
Orders Phone 800 854 3417
Fax 800 776 0999
Web www.emdbiosciences.com/calbiochem
3. Guidelines For Selecting a Detergent
A membrane protein is considered solubilized if it is present in the supernatant after one hour centrifugation of a lysate
or a homogenate at 100,000 x g. In most cases, the biological activity of the protein be preserved in the supernatant
after detergent solubilization. Hence, the appropriate detergent should yield the maximum amount of biologically active
protein in the supernatant. Given the large number of detergents available today, choosing an appropriate detergent can
be a difficult process. Some of the points outlined below can be helpful in selecting a suitable detergent.
• First survey of the literature. Try a detergent that has
been used previously for the isolation and characteriza-
tion of a protein with similar biochemical or enzymologi-
cal properties should be tried first.
• Consider the solubility of the detergent at working tem-
perature. For example, ZWITTERGENT® 3-14 is insoluble
in water at 4°C while TRITON® X-114 undergoes a phase
separation at room temperature.
• Consider the method of detergent removal. If dialysis is
to be employed, a detergent with a high CMC is clearly
preferred. Alternatively, if ion exchange chromatography
is utilized, a non-ionic detergent or a ZWITTERGENT® is
the detergent of choice.
• Preservation of biological or enzymological activity may
require experimenting with several detergents. Not only
the type but also the quantity of the detergent used will
affect the protein activity. For some proteins biologi-
cal activity is preserved over a very narrow range of
detergent concentration. Below this range the protein is
not solubilized and above a particular concentration, the
protein is inactivated.
• Consider downstream applications. Since TRITON® X-100
contains aromatic rings that absorb at 260-280 nm, this
detergent should be avoided if the protocols require UV
monitoring of protein concentration. Similarly, ionic
detergents should be avoided if the proteins are to be
separated by isoelectric focusing. For gel filtration of
proteins, detergents with smaller aggregation numbers
should be considered.
• Consider detergent purity. Detergents of utmost purity
should be used since some detergents such as TRITON®
X-100 are generally known to contain peroxides as
contaminants. The Calbiochem® PROTEIN GRADE® or
ULTROL® GRADE detergents that have been purified
to minimize these oxidizing contaminants are recom-
mended.
• Calbiochem also offers a variety of Molecular Biology
Grade detergents for any research where contaminants
such as DNase, RNase, and proteases are problematic.
• A non-toxic detergent should be preferred over a toxic
one. For example, digitonin, a cardiac glycoside, should
be handled with special care.
• For as yet unknown reasons, spe-
cific detergents often work better
for particular isolation proce-
dures. For example, EMPIGEN®
BB (Cat. No. 324690) has been
found to be the most efficient
detergent for the solubilization
of keratins while preserving
their antigenicity. Similarly, n-
Dodecyl-b-D-maltoside (Cat. No.
324355) has been found to be the
detergent of choice for the isola-
tion of cytochrome c oxidase.
Hence, some “trial and error”
may be required for determining
optimal conditions for isolation
of a membrane protein in its
biologically active form.
• In some cases, it has been
observed that the inclusion of
non-detergent sulfobetaines
(NDSBs) with detergents in the
isolation buffer dramatically
improves yields of solubilized
membrane proteins.
Still not sure?
Try one of our detergent sets.
See page 9.
Calbiochem • Detergents Technical Support
Phone 800 628 8470
E-mail calbiochem@emdbiosciences.com
4. Calbiochem • Detergents
Types of Detergents: Main Features
Type of Detergent Examples Comments
Ionic Detergents Anionic: Sodium dodecyl
sulfate (SDS)
Cationic: Cetyl methyl
ammonium bromide (CTAB)
• Contain head group with a net charge.
• Either anionic (- charged) or cationic (+ charged).
• Micelle size is determined by the combined effect of
hydrophobic attraction of the side chain and the repulsive
force of the ionic head group.
• Neutralizing the charge on the head group with increasing
counter ions can increase micellar size.
• Useful for dissociating protein-protein interactions.
• The CMC of an ionic detergent is reduced by increasing the
ionic strength of the medium, but is relatively unaffected by
changes in temperature.
Non-ionic
Detergents
TRITON®-X-100, n-octyl-b-
D-glucopyranoside
• Uncharged hydrophilic head group.
• Better suited for breaking lipid-lipid and lipid-protein
interactions.
• Considered to be non-denaturants.
• Salts have minimal effect on micellar size.
• Solubilize membrane proteins in a gentler manner, allowing
the solubilized proteins to retain native subunit structure,
enzymatic activity and/or non-enzymatic function.
• The CMC of a non-ionic detergent is relatively unaffected
by increasing ionic strength, but increases substantially
with rising temperature.
Zwitterionic
Detergents
CHAPS,
ZWITTERGENTS
• Offer combined properties of ionic and non-ionic detergents.
• Lack conductivity and electrophoretic mobility.
• Do not bind to ion-exchange resins.
• Suited for breaking protein-protein interactions.
Non-detergent Sulfobetaines
Product Cat. No. M. W. Size
NDSB-195 480001 195.3 5 g
25 g
NDSB-201 480005 201.2 25 g
250 g
NDSB-211 480013 211.3 1 g
5 g
NDSB-221 480014 221.3 5 g
25 g
NDSB-256 480010 257.4 5 g
25 g
NDSB-256-4T 480011 257.4 5 g
25 g
NDSB Set 480012 1 set
Orders Phone 800 854 3417
Fax 800 776 0999
Web www.emdbiosciences.com/calbiochem
5. Ionic Detergents
Product Cat. No. M. W.*
(anhydrous)
CMC‡ (mM) Size
Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide,
Molecular Biology Grade
219374 364.5 1.0 100 g
Chenodeoxycholic Acid, Free Acid 2204 392.6 5 g
Chenodeoxycholic Acid, Sodium Salt 220411 414.6 5 g
Cholic Acid, Sodium Salt 229101 430.6 9-15 50 g
250 g
Cholic Acid, Sodium Salt, ULTROL® Grade 229102 430.6 9-15 1 g
5 g
Deoxycholic Acid, Sodium Salt 264101 414.6 4-8 25 g
100 g
1 kg
Deoxycholic Acid, Sodium Salt, ULTROL®
Grade
264103 414.6 2-6 5 g
25 g
100 g
Glycocholic Acid, Sodium Salt 360512 487.6 7.1 1 g
5 g
Glycodeoxycholic Acid, Sodium Salt 361311 471.6 2.1 5 g
Glycolithocholic Acid, Sodium Salt 36217 455.6 100 mg
Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid, Sodium Salt 362549 471.6 1 g
Lauroylsarcosine, Sodium Salt 428010 293.4 5 g
LPD-12 437600 2839.4 0.001 1 mg
2 mg
Sodium n-Dodecyl Sulfate 428015 288.4 7-10 1 kg
Sodium n-Dodecyl Sulfate, High Purity 428016 288.5 7-10 25 g
Sodium n-Dodecyl Sulfate, Molecular
Biology Grade
428023 288.4 7-10 50 g
500 g
Sodium n-Dodecyl Sulfate, 20% Solution
(w/v)
428018 288.4 7-10 200 ml
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid, Sodium Salt 580211 521.7 1 g
5 g
Taurocholic Acid, Sodium Salt 580217 537.7 3-11 5 g
25 g
Taurocholic Acid, Sodium Salt, ULTROL®
Grade
580218 537.7 3-11 1 g
5 g
Taurodeoxycholic Acid, Sodium Salt 580221 521.7 1-4 5 g
50 g
Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid, Sodium Salt 580549 521.7 1 g
5 g
Ursodeoxycholic Acid, Sodium Salt 672305 414.6 1 g
Key:
* : Average molecular weights are given for detergents composed of mixtures of different chain lengths.
‡ : Temperature = 20-25°C.
Calbiochem • Detergents Technical Support
Phone 800 628 8470
E-mail calbiochem@emdbiosciences.com
6. Calbiochem • Detergents
Non-ionic Detergents
Product Cat. No. M. W.*
(anhydrous)
CMC‡ (mM) Size
APO-10 178375 218.3 4.6 1 g
APO-12 178377 246.4 0.568 1 g
Big CHAP 200965 878.1 3.4 1 g
Big CHAP, Deoxy 256455 862.1 1.1-1.4 250 mg
1 g
BRIJ® 35 Detergent, 30% Aqueous
Solution
203724 1199.6 0.092 100 ml
1 l
BRIJ® 35 Detergent, PROTEIN GRADE®,
10% Solution, Sterile-Filtered
203728 1199.6 0.092 50 ml
C12
E8
205528 538.8 0.110 1 g
C12
E8
, PROTEIN GRADE® Detergent, 10%
Solution
205532 538.8 0.110 1 set
C12
E9
, PROTEIN GRADE® Detergent, 10%
Solution
205534 582.8 0.080 1 set
Cyclohexyl-n-hexyl-b-D-maltoside,
ULTROL® Grade
239775 508.6 0.560 1 g
n-Decanoylsucrose 252721 496.6 2.5 1 g
5 g
n-Decyl-b-D-maltopyranoside, ULTROL®
Grade
252718 482.6 1.6 1 g
5 g
Digitonin, Alcohol-Soluble, High Purity 300411 1229.3 250 mg
1 g
Digitonin, High Purity 300410 1229.3 250 mg
1 g
5 g
n-Dodecanoylsucrose 324374 524.6 0.3 1 g
5 g
n-Dodecyl-b-D-glucopyranoside 324351 348.5 0.130 1 g
n-Dodecyl-b-D-maltoside, ULTROL®
Grade
324355 510.6 0.1-0.6 500 mg
1 g
5 g
25 g
ELUGENT™ Detergent, 50% Solution 324707 100 ml
GENAPOL® C-100, PROTEIN GRADE®
Detergent, 10% Solution, Sterile-
Filtered
345794 627 50 ml
GENAPOL® X-080, PROTEIN GRADE®
Detergent, 10% Solution, Sterile-
Filtered
345796 553 0.06-0.15 50 ml
GENAPOL® X-100, PROTEIN GRADE®
Detergent, 10% Solution, Sterile-
Filtered
345798 641 0.15 50 ml
HECAMEG 373272 335.4 19.5 5 g
n-Heptyl-b-D-glucopyranoside 375655 278.3 79 1 g
n-Heptyl-b-D-thioglucopyranoside,
ULTROL® Grade, 10% Solution
375659 294.4 30
(remains unchanged
between 1 and 20°C)
10 ml
50 ml
n-Hexyl-b-D-glucopyranoside 376965 264.3 250 1 g
Orders Phone 800 854 3417
Fax 800 776 0999
Web www.emdbiosciences.com/calbiochem
7. Key:
* : Average molecular weights are given for detergents composed of mixtures of different chain lengths.
‡ : Temperature = 20-25°C.
Product Cat. No. M. W*
(anhydrous)
CMC‡ (mM) Size
MEGA-8, ULTROL® Grade 444926 321.5 58 1 g
5 g
MEGA-9, ULTROL® Grade 444930 335.5 19-25 5 g
MEGA-10, ULTROL® Grade 444934 349.5 6-7 5 g
n-Nonyl-b-D-glucopyranoside 488285 306.4 6.5 1 g
NP-40 Alternative 492016 0.05-0.3 100 ml
500 ml
1000 ml
NP-40 Alternative, PROTEIN GRADE®
Detergent, 10% Solution, Sterile-Filtered
492018 0.05-0.3 50 ml
500 ml
n-Octanoylsucrose 494466 468.5 24.4 5 g
n-Octyl-b-D-glucopyranoside 494459 292.4 20-25 500 mg
1 g
5 g
25 g
n-Octyl-b-D-glucopyranoside, ULTROL®
Grade
494460 292.4 20-25 250 mg
1 g
5 g
n-Octyl-b-D-maltopyranoside 494465 454.5 23.4 1 g
n-Octyl-b-D-thioglucopyranoside, ULTROL®
Grade
494461 308.4 9 5 g
PLURONIC® F-127, PROTEIN GRADE®
Detergent, 10% Solution, Sterile-Filtered
540025 12,500
(avg.)
4-11 50 ml
Saponin 558255 100 g
TRITON® X-100 Detergent 648462 650 (avg.) 0.2-0.9 1 kg
3 kg
TRITON® X-100, PROTEIN GRADE® Detergent,
10% Solution, Sterile-Filtered
648463 650 (avg.) 0.2-0.9 50 ml
TRITON® X-100 Detergent, Molecular Biology
Grade
648466 650 (avg.) 0.2-0.9 50 ml
TRITON® X-100 Detergent, Hydrogenated 648465 631 (avg.) 0.25 10 g
TRITON® X-100, Hydrogenated, PROTEIN
GRADE® Detergent, 10% Solution, Sterile-
Filtered
648464 631 (avg.) 0.25 10 ml
TRITON® X-114, PROTEIN GRADE® Detergent,
10% Solution, Sterile-Filtered
648468 537 (avg.) 0.35 50 ml
TWEEN® 20 Detergent 655205 1228 (avg.) 0.059 250 ml
TWEEN® 20 Detergent, Molecular Biology
Grade
655204 1228 (avg.) 0.059 100 ml
TWEEN® 20, PROTEIN GRADE® Detergent,
10% Solution, Sterile-Filtered
655206 1228 (avg.) 0.059 50 ml
TWEEN® 80, PROTEIN GRADE® Detergent,
10% Solution, Sterile-Filtered
655207 1310 (avg.) 0.012 50 ml
Non-ionic Detergents continued
Calbiochem • Detergents Technical Support
Phone 800 628 8470
E-mail calbiochem@emdbiosciences.com
8. Calbiochem • Detergents
Product Cat. No. M. W. CMC‡ (mM) Size
ASB-C7BzO 182729 399.6 1 g
5 g
ASB-14 182750 434.7 5 g
25 g
ASB-14-4 182751 448.7 1 g
5 g
ASB-16 182755 462.7 5 g
25 g
ASB-C6Ø 182728 412.6 1 g
5 g
ASB-C8Ø 182730 440.6 1 g
5 g
CHAPS 220201 614.9 6-10 1 g
5 g
10 g
25 g
References:
1. Bjellqvist, B., et al. 1982. J. Biochem. Biophys.
Methods 6, 317.
2. Rabilloud, T., et al. 1997. Electrophoresis 18, 307.
3. Chevallet, M., et al. 1998. Electrophoresis 19, 1901.
4. Henningsen, R., et al. 2002. Proteomics 2, 1479.
5. Tastet, C., et al. 2003. Proteomics 3, 111.
Zwitterionic Detergents
The recent growing interest in analysis and identifi-
cation of the total protein complement of a genome
(proteomics) has prompted efforts in improving the
existing techniques in two-dimesional gel electro-
phoresis (2-DGE). The invention of immobilized
pH gradients (IPGs) (1) to eliminate cathodic drift
and the introduction of thiourea (2) as a powerful
chaotrope are two such examples. However, solu-
bilization of hydrophobic, notably membrane-type,
proteins remains a great challenge in 2-DGE.
CHAPS is a sulfobetaine-type zwitterionic deter-
gent, which has been employed in combination
with nonionic detergents (e.g. TRITON® X-100,
NP-40) in 2-DGE to minimize the loss of membrane
proteins due to hydrophobic interactions between
the proteins (which can cause problems in protein
extraction), and between the proteins and the IPG
matrix (which can cause problems in the recovery
of proteins in 2-DGE). Chevallet et al. (3) have
identified several new sulfobetaine-type zwitter-
ionic detergents, among them are ASB-14, ASB-16,
and ASB-C8Ø, which show improved efficiency in
protein solubilization with 2-DGE.
Similar to CHAPS, these newly discovered deter-
gents contain a polarized sulfobetaine head group,
followed by a three-carbon linkage between the
quaternary ammonium and the amido nitrogen.
What makes them different from CHAPS is that
they contain mainly linear hydrocarbon tails that
are composed of 13 to 16 carbons. This allows for
higher urea compatibility and, in some instances,
improved membrane protein recovery in 2-DGE
as compared to CHAPS. Henningsen et al. (4) have
shown that ASB-C8Ø was better than CHAPS
at solubilizing an ion channel and a G-protein-
coupled receptor. Using red blood cell ghosts as a
model, Tastet et al. (5) have shown that detergents
such as ASB-14, ASB-16 and ASB-C8Ø provide
greater protein solubilization efficiency and, in
general, better pattern and quality in 2-DGE than
detergents with carboxybetaine hydrophilic heads
or longer hydrophobic tails.
Zwitterionic Detergents
Orders Phone 800 854 3417
Fax 800 776 0999
Web www.emdbiosciences.com/calbiochem
9. Product Cat. No. Description Size
APO Detergent
Set
178400 Contains 1 g each of the following non-ionic detergents: APO-8,
APO-9, APO-10 (Cat. No. 178375), APO-11, and APO-12 (Cat. No.
178377).
1 set
ASB
ZWITTERGENT®
Set
182753 Contains 1 g each of the following zwitterionic amidosulfobetaine
(ASB) detergents: ASB-14 (Cat. No. 182750), ASB-16 (Cat. No.
182755), and ASB-C8f (Cat. No. 182730)
1 set
Detergent Test
Kit
263451 Contains 1 g each of the following detergents: n-Hexyl-
b-D- glucopyranoside (Cat. No. 376965), n-Heptyl-b-D-
glucopyranoside (Cat. No. 375655), n-Octyl-b-D-glucopyranoside,
ULTROL® Grade (Cat. No. 494460), n-Nonyl-b-D-glucopyranoside
(Cat. No. 488285), and n-Dodecyl-b-D-maltopyranoside, ULTROL®
Grade (Cat. No. 324355).
1 kit
Detergent
Variety Pack
263458 Contains 1 g each of the following components: CHAPS (Cat. No.
220201), Deoxycholic Acid, Sodium Salt, ULTROL® Grade (Cat. No.
264103), n-Octyl-b-D-glucopyranoside (Cat. No. 494459), n-
Octyl-b-D-thioglucopyranoside ULTROL® Grade (Cat. No. 494461),
and ZWITTERGENT® 3-14 (Cat. No. 693017).
1 pack
NDSB Set 480012 Contains 5 g each of NDSB-195 (Cat. No. 480001), NDSB-256
(Cat. No. 480010), and 25 g of NDSB-201 (Cat. No. 480005).
1 set
ProteoExtract®
Detergent Set
539751 Contains the following detergents: 10 g of TRITON® X-100
(Cat. No. 648462) and 1 g each of ASB-14 (Cat. No. 182750),
ASB 14-4 (Cat. No. 182751), ASB-16 (Cat. No. 182755), C8f
(Cat. No. 182730), CHAPS (Cat. No. 220201), n-Dodecyl-b-
D-maltopyranoside, ULTROL® Grade (Cat. No. 324355), and
ZWITTERGENT® 3-10 (SB 3-10, Cat. No. 693021).
1 set
ZWITTERGENT®
Test Kit
693030 Contains 1 g each of the following components: ZWITTERGENT®
3-08 (Cat. No. 693019), ZWITTERGENT® 3-10 (Cat. No. 693021),
ZWITTERGENT® 3-12 (Cat. No. 693015), ZWITTERGENT® 3-14
(Cat. No. 693017), and ZWITTERGENT® 3-16 (Cat. No. 693023).
1 kit
Product Cat. No. M. W. CMC‡ (mM) Size
CHAPSO 220202 630.9 8 1 g
5 g
DDMAB 252000 299.5 4.3 5 g
DDMAU 252005 397.7 0.13 5 g
EMPIGEN® BB Detergent, 30%
Solution
324690 272 1.6-2.1 100 ml
PMAL-B-100 528200 9000 1 g
ZWITTERGENT® 3-08 Detergent 693019 279.6 330 5 g
ZWITTERGENT® 3-10 Detergent 693021 307.6 25-40 5 g
25 g
100 g
ZWITTERGENT® 3-12 Detergent 693015 335.6 2-4 5 g
25 g
ZWITTERGENT® 3-14 Detergent 693017 363.6 0.1-0.4 5 g
25 g
100 g
ZWITTERGENT® 3-16 Detergent 693023 391.6 0.01-0.06 5 g
25 g
Zwitterionic Detergents continued
Detergent Sets
‡ : Temperature = 20-25°C.
Calbiochem • Detergents Technical Support
Phone 800 628 8470
E-mail calbiochem@emdbiosciences.com
10. Calbiochem • Detergents10
Detergent Removal Products
Product Cat. No. Description Size
CALBIOSORB™ Adsorbent 206550 Off-white beads slurried in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, 0.1% NaN3
, pH 7.0.
Designed for the removal of detergents from protein solutions and other biological
mixtures in aqueous medium.
50 ml
CALBIOSORB™ Adsorbent,
Prepacked Columns
206552 Designed for the removal of detergents from protein solutions and other biological
mixtures in aqueous medium. Each set contains three columns. Each column has a 10 ml
total volume (5 ml resin bed in 100 mM sodium phosphate, 0.1% NaN3
, pH 7.0 with a
5 ml buffer reservoir) and an upper frit to protect the resin bed from disruption.
1 set
Detergent-OUT™,
Detergent Removal Kit
263455 A simple and rapid column-based method to remove detergents such as TRITON® X-
100 Detergent, NP-40, CTAB, CHAPS, Lubrol, TWEEN® Detergent, sodium deoxycholate,
and others from protein solutions. Simply load protein solutions onto column and
spin. Detergent is retained by the column matrix and the protein is collected in a small
volume. Offered as a mini kit to process samples containing up to 3 mg detergent, or as
a medi kit to process samples containing up to 15 mg detergent.
1 mini
1 medi
Detergent-OUT™,
SDS Removal Kit
263454 A simple and rapid column based method to remove free SDS from protein solutions.
Simply load protein solutions onto column and spin. The detergent is retained by the
column matrix and the protein is collected in a small volume. An SDS test kit is provided
for determining detergent removal efficiency. Offered as a mini kit with the capacity to
remove 2 mg of SDS from solution or as a medi kit with the capacity to remove up to
10 mg of SDS from the protein solution.
1 mini
1 medi
Excess detergent is normally employed in solubilization of membrane
proteins. This helps to ensure complete dissolution of the membrane
and to provide a large number of micelles such that only one protein
molecule is present per micelle. However, for further physicochemical
and biochemical characterization of membrane proteins, it is often nec-
essary to remove the unbound detergent. Several methods have been
used for detergent removal that take advantage of the general proper-
ties of detergents: hydrophobicity, CMC, aggregation number, and the
charge. Four commonly used detergent removal methods follow:
Hydrophobic Adsorption
This method exploits the ability of detergents to bind to hydropho-
bic resins. For example, CALBIOSORB™ Adsorbent is a hydrophobic,
insoluble resin that can be used in batchwise applications to remove
excess detergent. Generally, a solution containing a detergent is mixed
with a specific amount of the resin and the mixture is allowed to stand
at 4°C or room temperature. The resin with the bound detergent can be
removed by centrifugation or filtration. This technique is effective for
removal of most detergents. If the adsorption of the protein to the resin
is of concern, the resin can be included in a dialysis buffer and the pro-
tein dialyzed. However, this usually requires extended dialyzing periods.
Size Exclusion Chromatography
Gel chromatography takes advantage of the difference in size between
protein-detergent, detergent-lipid, and homogeneous detergent
micelles. In most situations protein-detergent micelles elute in the void
volume. The elution buffer should contain a detergent below its CMC
value to prevent protein aggregation and precipitation. Separation by
gel chromatography is based on size. Hence, parameters that influence
micellar size (ionic strength, pH, and temperature) should be kept con-
stant from experiment to experiment to obtain reproducible results.
Dialysis
When detergent solutions are diluted below the CMC, the micelles are
dispersed into monomers. The size of the monomers is usually an order
of magnitude smaller than that of the micelles and thus can be easily
removed by dialysis. If a large dilution is not practical, micelles can be
dispersed by other techniques such as the addition of bile acid salts.
For detergents with high CMC, dialysis is usually the preferred choice.
Ion exchange Chromatography
This method exploits the differences in charge between protein-deter-
gent micelles and protein-free detergent micelles. When non-ionic or
zwitterionic detergents are used, conditions can be chosen so that the
protein-containing micelles are adsorbed on the ion-exchange resin
and the protein-free micelles pass through. Adsorbed protein is washed
with detergent-free buffer and is eluted by changing either the ionic
strength or the pH. Alternatively, the protein can be eluted with an
ionic detergent thus replacing the non-ionic detergent.
Removal of Unbound Detergents
Orders Phone 800 854 3417
Fax 800 776 0999
Web www.emdbiosciences.com/calbiochem
11. 11
Solubilization of membranes by detergents
is essential for their characterization and
reconstitution. However, subsequent removal
of detergents, particularly the non-ionic
detergents with low CMC values, is difficult to
achieve. Dialysis, the most common method
of detergent removal, usually requires about
200-fold excess of detergent-free buffer with
three to four changes over several days. How-
ever, it is ineffective for removal of detergents
with low CMC values. In addition, prolonged
exposure to detergents during dialysis can
damage certain membrane proteins. Gel
filtration, another common method for
detergent removal, is highly effective in the
reconstitution of AChR, (Ca2+
+ Mg2+
)-ATPase,
and lactose transporters. However, it gives a
broader size distribution of vesicles com-
pared to the dialysis method. Therefore, an
expeditious alternative in reconstitutional
studies is the prior removal of detergents by
using a resin capable of effectively binding
nondialyzable detergents of low CMC. We
offer an excellent detergent removal product,
CALBIOSORB Adsorbent. CALBIOSORB is a
hydrophobic resin that is processed to elimi-
nate unbound organic contaminants, salts, and
heavy metal ions and is especially formulated
for detergent removal from aqueous media. It
is supplied in 100 mM sodium phoshate buffer
pH 7.0, containing 0.1% sodium azide and can
be easily re-equilibrated with any other buffer
prior to use.
The following table highlights the adsorptive
capacity of CALBIOSORB Adsorbent as tested
for a variety of commonly used detergents.
CALBIOSORB™ Adsorbent
Detergent Adsorption Capacity of CALBIOSORB Adsorbent
Detergent Cat. No. M.W. Detergent
Type
Adsorption Capacity
(mg detergent/ml resin)
Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) 219374 364.5 Cationic 120
CHAPS 220201 614.9 Zwitterionic 110
Cholic Acid, Sodium Salt 229101 430.6 Anionic 73
n-Dodecyl-β-D-maltoside, ULTROL® Grade 324355 510.6 Non-ionic 66
n-Hexyl-β-D-glucopyranoside 376965 264.3 Non-ionic 78
n-Octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside,
ULTROL® Grade
494460 292.4 Non-ionic 132
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) 428015 288.5 Anionic 94
TRITON X-100, PROTEIN GRADE® Detergent 648463 650 (avg.) Non-ionic 157
TWEEN 20, PROTEIN GRADE® Detergent 655206 1228.0 (avg.) Non-ionic 122
Note: Detergent adsorption capacities were measured by allowing 1.0 g of buffer-free CALBIOSORB™ Adsorbent to equilibrate at room temperature
with an excess of detergent (10 ml of 2.0% detergent in H2
O) for 24 hours, then measuring the amount of unadsorbed detergent remaining in the
supernatant by gravimetric analysis.
Calbiochem®, PROTEIN GRADE®, ProteoExtract®, ULTROL®, and ZWITTERGENT® are registered trademarks of EMD Biosciences, Inc. EMPIGEN® is
a registered trademark of Albright Wilson Limited. TWEEN® is a registered trademark of ICI Americas, Inc. TRITON® is a registered trademark of
Rohm Haas Company.
Calbiochem • Detergents Technical Support
Phone 800 628 8470
E-mail calbiochem@emdbiosciences.com
12. PRSRT STD
U.S. POSTAGE
PAID
MILWAUKEE, WI
PERMIT NO. 4078
P.O. Box 12087
La Jolla, CA 92039-2087
CHANGE SERVICE REQUESTED
For more information or to order Calbiochem products,
contact EMD Biosciences
Orders
Phone 800 854 3417
Fax 800 776 0999
Technical Support
Phone 800 628 8470
E-mail calbiochem@emdbiosciences.com
Visit our website
www.emdbiosciences.com/calbiochem
You can also order Calbiochem products through
our distribution partner, VWR International
Phone 800 932 5000
Web www.vwr.com
Calbiochem, Novabiochem, and Novagen are brands of
EMD Biosciences, Inc., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Detergents