Cadmium in Rice_2013
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Cadmium is a naturally occurring metal that can contaminate rice plants through soil and water. It does not break down in the environment. While acute cadmium toxicity from food is unlikely, long term intake of excessive amounts can impact the kidneys. Dietary exposure is currently the main source of cadmium for most people. A risk assessment found the general population unlikely to experience health issues from dietary cadmium levels in Hong Kong. Standards for cadmium in rice have been set by Mainland China, the EU and Hong Kong to limit human exposure.
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Amelioration the toxic effects of cadmium exposure in nileTilapia (Oreochromi...
Hussein A. Kaoud, Manal M. Zaki, Ahmed R. El-Dahshan,
Sherein Saeid, and Hesham Y. El Zorba (2011): Amelioration the Toxic Effects of Cadmium-Exposure in NileTilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) by using Lemna gibba L. Life Science Journal, Volume 8,Issue 1, 185-195, 2011.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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Cadmium in Rice_2013
- 2. 2 Background In May 2013, it was reported that certain rice and rice products collected by Guangdong authorities, containing cadmium at levels which did not comply with the Mainland standard Mainland GB standard for cadmium in rice is ≦ 0.2 mg/kg
- 3. 3 Cadmium Nature of Cadmium a metallic element that occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust can be released to the environment by human activities industrial applications e.g. electroplating, nickel- cadmium batteries and electronics, etc. fertilisers produced from phosphate ores and industrial operations such as mining Cadmium does not break down in the environment
- 4. 4 Cadmium Occurrence in Food plants, animals, fish and shellfish take up cadmium when it is in their growth environment (e.g. soil, air, water, etc) use of cadmium-containing fertilisers and feeding stuffs Cadmium can go up the food chain when contaminated crops and plants are ingested by animals
- 5. 5 Cadmium Occurrence in Food Cadmium, which originates from natural sources or from human activities such as mining, can enter rice plant through soil and water.
- 6. 6 Cadmium How are People Exposed to Cadmium Inhale cadmium from work environment containing cadmium fumes and dust, from the smelting and refining of metals, and from the air in plants where cadmium products are made. For the general population, food is the main source of cadmium exposure.
- 7. 7 Cadmium Health Effects of Cadmium acute toxicity of cadmium due to dietary exposure is very unlikely prolonged intake of excessive cadmium may have adverse effects on kidney
- 8. 8 Cadmium Health Effects of Cadmium The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization considered that sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity of cadmium and cadmium compounds in humans due to occupational exposure through inhalation, and classified them as “carcinogenic to human” (Group 1 agents) However, available evidence suggests that cadmium does not appear to have significant genotoxic and carcinogenic potential via the oral route
- 9. 9 Safety reference value of cadmium The Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established a provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of 25 mcg/kg bw to cadmium in 2010
- 10. 10 Dietary exposure to cadmium A risk assessment on dietary exposure to cadmium using the total diet study (TDS) methodology was conducted The results indicated that the general population was unlikely to experience major undesirable health effects of cadmium from dietary exposure http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/programme/programme_firm/programme_tds_1st_H KTDS_report5_Metallic_Contaminants.html
- 11. 11 Dietary exposure to cadmium 26% 36% 21% 4% 3% 1% 3%1% 5% Vegetables and their products Fish and seafood and their products Cereals and their products Mixed dishes Beverages, non-alcoholic Legumes, nuts and seeds and their products Meat, poultry and game and their products Fruits Others
- 12. 12 Mainland China and the European Union have set standards for cadmium in rice at 0.2 mg/kg. In Hong Kong, the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) Regulations Cap. 132 V the maximum permitted concentration for cadmium in cereals is at 0.1 mg/kg. Regulatory Standards of Cadmium in Rice
- 13. 13 Observe Good Agricultural Practice to minimise cadmium contamination in food crops Obtain food supplies from reliable sources Ensure foods imported or for sale are fit for human consumption and comply with legal standards Advice to trade
- 14. 14 End