Accumulating in Cereals and Tobacoo

1. Department of Agronomy
School of Agriculture
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL
UNIVERSITY
PUNJAB 144411
Cadmium Accumulation in Cereals
crops and Tobacco
Submitted by
E. Jeevana Sai
Roll No: 12209833
Submitted to
Dr. Gayatri Kumari
Assistant Professor

2. Cadmium
Cd is a Slivery white metal
Cd is Discovered by Stromeyerd in 1817
It is the byproduct of Zinc production Cd is similar to Zinc in
chemical behavior but Zinc is a essential element while Cd is
toxic.
Cd is Human carcinogen (means chemical which cause
cancer)
Cd is the seventh most toxic heavy metal as per Agency for
Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR) ranking.

3. Potential Sources of Cadmium Exposure
Occupational
Battery Manufacturing
Paint Production and Petroleum refining
Iron/Steel Industry
Plastics Production
Pigments ,Plastics, Ceramics, Enamels
Ships building/repairs
Electroplating
Glasswork
Landfill Operations
Non-Occupational Food
Cigarette smoke
Contaminated water
Ceramics and glass glazes
Fabric dyes
Metal works

5. Cadmium Toxicity on Humans:

7. Cadmium Toxicity on Plants:

8. Cereals
Rice:
Four major transport processes for rice Cd accumulation:
(1)Root Cd uptake,
(2)Root-to-shoot translocation by xylem flow
(3)Redirection at nodes
(4)Remobilization from leaves
Generally, Cd accumulation in shoots and grains are
potentially higher in indica cultivars compared to
japonica cultivars

9. Cd is absorbed from soils into
roots.
OsIRT1 and OsNramp1 they
mediate this process.
OsHMA3n (the functional allele of
OsHMA3) play a critical role in Cd
compartment into vacuoles in root
cells and thus negatively regulates Cd
xylem loading.
OsHMA3a (the non-functional
allele of OsHMA3) which results in
high efficiency of root-to-shoot Cd
translocation.
OsLCT1 contributes to Cd
remobilization from leaf blades via
phloem and also a part in inter
vascular Cd transfer at nodes.

10. Strategies for reducing cadmium accumulation in
rice grains

11. Cadmium minimization in cereals crops

12. Different factors can affect Cd levels in wheat and can
be divided into two main groups, namely,
Internal factors (such as tissue biomass, root characteristics)
External factors (such as soil properties and application of
fertilizers)

13. Strategies for reducing cadmium
accumulation in wheat crop
Sulfur-Based Fertilizers
Using Si
Using Zinc
Using Organic Amendments
Using Bacteria

14. Sulfur –Based fertilizer
Application of sodium sulfate reduces grain Cd concentrations by
almost 23%.
Using Si
Si application might reduce the Cd contents in wheat by 28%.
Using Zinc
Applied Zn can decrease up to 74% of Cd concentration in the roots,
straw, and grain. Adding zinc–lysine can reduce Cd concentration in
plants and improve wheat growth.

15. Using Organic Amendment
Biochar can be used to immobilize toxic traces of elements in soil
due the fact of its unique properties such as high porosity, surface
area, functional groups, and cation exchange capacity.
When 1.5% to 5% of biochar is added to the soil, Cd concentration
in wheat grains decreases by 26% to 57%.
Using Bacteria
Metal-tolerant bacteria can interact directly with heavy metals to
diminish their toxicity or modulate their bioavailability.

18. Tobacco smoke is an important source of cadmium exposure.
Tobacco leaves can accumulate high Cd.
The main route of Cd exposure is via inhalation. The primary
source of Cd exposure to humans is employment in metal
industries In fact, cigarettes serve as one of the major non
occupational sources of inhaled cadmium in humans.
 Tobacco smoke (a one pack a day smoker absorbs roughly 5 to
10 times the amount absorbed from the average daily diet)
Approximately 30,000 tons of cadmium are released into the
atmosphere every year; an estimated 4000–13,000 tons is the
result of human activities.

19. Genes Involved in Cd Accumulation and
Tolerance in Tobacco
Besides cereal crops, tobacco is also a major source of Cd intake
for humans.
The key genes associated with Cd accumulation and tolerance in
tobacco.
Three homologous genes :
1. HMA4,
2. Nramp5
3. Nramp1
These genes have been characterized to be involved in Cd uptake
and transport in tobacco.

20. Strategies for reducing cadmium
accumulation
Three-day flooding and five-day drainage is found to
effectively decrease the accumulation of Cd in rice grain.
The most important thing to control soil Cd pollution is
to control the source of Cd-contained pollutants and reduce
the discharge of industrial wastewater and waste residue

21. The application of fertilizers rich in Cd or promoting Cd
absorption should be avoided or reduced.
Bioremediation which contains plant, animal and
microorganism repair is another method to reduce Cd
content in the soil.
The chemical strategy is to reduce the uptake and
transport of Cd by foliar spraying or direct addition to the
soil by chemical agents such as Si and Se the application of
other chemicals or hormone has been found to effectively
reduce Cd accumulation.

22. Conclusion
Cd is a highly toxic and non-essential element for crops.
Higher uptake of Cd leads to toxicity in plants, and
reduction of Cd uptake by plants is also imperative for
ensuring food safety.
More likely to be exposed to Cd toxicity, which
negatively impacts all growth- and yield-related
characteristics, resulting in substantial economic losses.
Many methods have been developed to mitigate toxicity
to Cd. Optimum plant nutrition is a good strategy for
reducing the harmful effect of Cd on plants and for
preventing its entrance into the food chain.