C7 342
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1. The document discusses several concepts related to population genetics including gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and inbreeding. 2. Gene flow refers to the dispersal and interbreeding between populations, which can counteract the effects of selection and genetic drift. Small, isolated populations are more susceptible to genetic drift due to random changes in allele frequencies over generations. 3. Nonrandom mating, like inbreeding between related individuals, can increase homozygosity and the expression of recessive alleles, leading to inbreeding depression with effects on traits like survival and fertility.
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The document discusses several concepts related to evolution in populations, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and speciation. It provides examples of how genetic drift can occur through bottlenecks or when founding new populations. Gene flow can increase genetic variation in small populations. Isolated populations can adapt differently and eventually become reproductively isolated, leading to speciation. The Hardy-Weinberg model describes unchanging populations and can predict genotype frequencies.
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The document discusses several concepts related to evolution in populations, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and speciation. It provides examples of how genetic drift can occur through bottleneck events or when a small group founds a new population. Isolated populations can evolve into separate species over time if reproductive barriers form between them. The Hardy-Weinberg model describes unchanging populations, but real populations rarely meet all its assumptions and can evolve through factors like genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and natural and sexual selection.
population genetics 2.ppt
This document discusses population genetics and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It covers basic principles like mutation rates and how they slowly change allele frequencies over generations. It also discusses how migration between populations with different allele frequencies impacts gene pools. Non-random mating through assortative mating and inbreeding are covered as well. Genetic drift from sampling error is more prominent in small populations and can lead to founder effects. Examples of genetic bottlenecks reducing population sizes are provided.
L2.ppt
The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation if the population meets certain conditions: large size, random mating, no mutations, migration, drift or selection. It provides an example calculation of genotype frequency. The document also covers genetic variation within and between populations, factors influencing variation like isolation and drift, minimum viable population size, effective population size, and causes of extinction.
Hardy-Weinberg Law.pptx
The document discusses the Hardy-Weinberg Law, which states that gene and genotype frequencies in a random mating population will remain constant from generation to generation if there is no selection, migration, mutation, or genetic drift. A population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium when the frequencies of genotypes like AA, Aa, and aa remain stable over time. However, factors like migration, mutation, genetic drift, inbreeding, and selection can disrupt equilibrium by changing the frequencies of genes in a population over generations. Selection in particular is important for crop improvement as it allows selected, desirable genotypes to reproduce more successfully.
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C7 342
- 1. CH 7 - Mendelian Genetics II Gene flow, Genetic drift, Nonrandom Mating
- 3. Effects of gene flow (“migration” = dispersal = gene flow) on allele frequencies in the Northern Water Snake ( Nerodia spp. ) Oxford Fig. 7.6
- 4. Frequency of banded, intermediate, and unbanded snakes A = unbanded and D = banded morphs; B and C are intermediate morphs Greater predation on (i.e., selection against) banded snakes (especially younger ones) on the islands favors the unbanded phenotype. But why are there still banded snakes on the islands (and unbanded on the (southern) peninsular mainland? Fig. 7.7
- 7. Genetic drift in a small population Imagine a population of ten adults with two alleles A and a for the ‘A’ gene A = 0.6 and a = 0.4 Ten zygotes are produced and by chance: AA = 0.6 Aa = 0.2 aa = 0.2 Hence, frequency of A increases significantly (to 0.70) in next generation
- 8. Probability of allele frequencies as a result of genetic drift (N = 10 offspring) Fig. 7.11
- 9. The Founder Effect is an example of Genetic Drift Silvereyes colonized islands Fig. 7.13
- 11. Genetic drift Fig. 7.15
- 12. Drift occurs less in large populations
- 13. Genetic drift in 107 experimental populations Fig. 7.16 In generation 0, freq. of bw 75 = 0.5 Each pop. started with 8 randomly chosen males and 8 females from previous pop.
- 14. How fast will the proportion of heterozygotes in a population decline in response to drift? H g + 1 = H g [1-(1/2N)] Fig. 7.17 Predicted declines shown for N = 16 (dashed gray line) N = 9 (solid gray line)
- 18. Fig. 7.27 Calculating F for one locus with two alleles For matings between half sibs:
- 20. Fig. 7.30 Inbreeding depression
- 21. Inbreeding Depression in Prairie chickens
- 22. Inbreeding depression can result in lower fertility and fecundity lower survival asymmetrical development and overall lower RS and becomes more apparent as individuals grow older are subjected to selection
- 23. Inbreeding depression in humans Fig. 7.28
- 24. F ST - measure of genetic differentiation among populations Y chromosome loci mitochondrial loci autosomal loci Genetic distance between human populations as a function of geographic distance