This document summarizes a study that fabricated an Al-15%Mg2Si metal matrix composite containing 3% copper via an in situ casting route. Microstructural characterization found that the addition of copper resulted in the formation of copper-rich intermetallic phases during solidification, reducing the size of primary Mg2Si particles from approximately 20 micrometers to 7 micrometers. Hardness testing showed that these intermetallic phases led to an increase in hardness of the composite compared to one without copper. The composite's lightweight Mg2Si phases make it suitable for applications requiring high specific stiffness and strength, such as in the aerospace and automotive industries.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
numerical investigation on induced residual stress of al albite metal matrix ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The aim of the work was to investigate residual stress formed during fabrication of Al/albite metal matrix composites (MMCs) using finite element analysis. Optical images of MMCs were extracted from scanning electron microscope (SEM) after fabrication by stir-casting. The collected images and properties were used to determine residuals stresses at the interface using COMSOL multi physics tool. The imported MMCs images modelled and meshed for 5458, 6318 and 7149 elements for 5%, 10% and 15% particle reinforced composites respectively. Geometrical and thermal constraints are applied at the boundaries and difference in temperature T 620 C as a thermal constraint. FE results in the COMSOL multi physics show that residual stress in composites material tested are in the range of 1.55 MPa to 2.84 MPa. Al/albite with 15% albite reinforcement possesses lowest residual stress formation in all 27 cases studied with value of 1.55 MPa
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characteristics of Hypoeutectic Cu-Zr Alloy Rods Manufactured by Vertical Upw...Rautomead Limited
The focus in this study is therefore on applying a vertical upwards continuous casting (VUCC) mass-production
method to the pilot-scale manufacturing of Cu-Zr alloy rods. The microstructure and physical characteristics of these
VUCC rods were subsequently investigated and compared with rods produced by CMC. In addition, the wire-drawing
capability of the VUCC rods was examined, and the adaptability of the VUCC method to the mass production of
hypoeutectic Cu-Zr alloys was fully investigated.
2.
EFFECT OF ANTIMONY ADDITION RELATIVE TO MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERT...Rautomead Limited
It is well documented that the addition of antimony in pure lead increases tensile strength and reduced elongation. The goal of the present work is to identify the cause of these phenomena by investigation of the effects of the addition of Sb (1.25%) on the structure of pure continuously cast lead and lead alloy rods. The microstructure and morphology of both pure lead and lead 1.25% antimony were examined by digital optical microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to identify alloying elements. The results showed that the effect of additions of antimony on mechanical properties of lead-antimony alloys is mainly due to the solid solubility of the antimony element. Homogenized distribution of the antimony results in a decrease in the grain size of the pure lead. These smaller grains mean higher strength so long as there is a homogeneous grain structure
Preparation and Investigation on Properties of Cryogenically Solidified Nano ...IJERA Editor
In the present work, AL-alloy containing 12% silicon (LM 13) matrix nano composites were fabricated in sand moulds by using copper end blocks of copper end chill thickness 10 &15 nm with cryogenic effect . The size of the reinforcement (NanoZro2) ranges from 50-80nm being added ranges from 3 to 15 wt % in steps of 3 wt % . Cryogenically solidified Nano Metal Matrix Composites were compressed by using hydraulic compression machine. Specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards and tested for their strength, hardness and fracture toughness. Micro structural studies of the fabricated Nano Composites indicate that there is uniform distributions of reinforcements in the matrix materials (LM 13). An increasing trend of hardness, UTS & fracture toughness has been observed. The best results have been obtained at 12 wt %. The results were further justified by comparing two copper end chill thickness 10 &15 mm. Finally the Volumetric Heat Capacity of the cryo-chill is identified as an important parameter which affects mechanical properties.
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
Wear characteristics of pure aluminium, al alloy & al-alumina metal mtrix...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this report, an aluminium metal matrix was reinforced with 1.5 wt. % of Al2O3 nano particles using non-contact cavitation method to prepare the metal matrix nano composite. Microstructural examination conducted on the sample revealed a uniform distribution of alumina particulates. Sliding wear behavior of the as-cast MMNC was studied in dry condition, under different test conditions by varying the load and the sliding velocity, with an unlubricated Multiple Tribo Tester. It was found that sliding wear resistance improved considerably with the addition of alumina nano particles. Microscopic examinations of the worn out surfaces of pure Al, Al-alloy (duralumin) and MMNC reveal that the MMNC has greater resistance to sliding wear compared to pure aluminium and duralumin. Wear increases with increase in load and sliding velocity. Delamination and abrasion are the dominating types of wear observed. Keywords: Sliding Wear, Al2O3, MMNC, Duralumin, Delamination and Abrasion.
Alumina-Based Composites Reinforced With Ductile ParticlesIJRES Journal
Al2O3/Metal composite ceramics were fabricated by the use of mechanical milling and pressureless sintering. Al2O3 + 10 vol.% of La, Mn, Si or Y were mixed and milled during 12 h at 300 rpm in a horizontal mill, then with the powder mixture it was conformed cylindrical samples by uniaxial pressing using 300 MPa. Pressed samples were sintered during 2 h in an electrical furnace at 1500°C. During sintered it was used an argon atmosphere inside the furnace in order to inhibit metal oxidation. XRD results indicate that alumina and metals retain its crystalline structure. Reached density by samples is small and less than 90%. Scanning electron microscopy observations show alumina’s microstructure with very fine and homogeneous distributions of metal particles. Both the Mn and Si are not suitable metals to improve the mechanical properties of alumina, in particular the fracture toughness. Considered rare earth metals such as yttrium and lanthanum, have yielded favorable results in improving the fracture toughness of the alumina. However, it should be made more dense materials with them to better explore this potential.
Modification of Recycled Al-332 Alloy Using Manganese DioxideIJERA Editor
Aluminum and its alloys are commercially available materials for both domestic (cooking utensils, beverages can) and industrial applications (automobile and aircraft structural parts). This study presented the effect of the use of manganese dioxide (MnO2), obtained from discarded dry cell batteries on the features and formation of pores in recycled pistons (Al-332 alloy). 3kg of recycled Al-332 alloy was obtained in form of ingot. 150 g of the ingot was re-melted and the molten alloy was treated with 2 to 12g of MnO2. The molten alloy was stirred gently for 1 minute, sand cast and normalized. Parts of the cast samples were used for microstructural analysis, tensile strength and hardness test following standard test procedures in accordance with ASTM E8M-91 standards (1992). The distribution of pores present in the cast alloys were studied using fractal analysis and spatial point pattern method (SPP). The hardness, tensile strength, average fractal dimensions and sphericities were related to the amount of MnO2. The micrographs revealed an absolute reduction in pores at 8gram addition of MnO2. Maximum hardness and tensile values of 50.8BHN and 65.01MN/m2 were obtained at 8 g addition of MnO2, above which there is decrease in properties of the material. The weighted average fractal dimension and sphericity for as-cast and sample treated with 8 g of MnO2 are 1.3276 and 0.3357; 1.0050 and 0.9918 respectively. Spatial point pattern revealed that the pores in the samples are randomly distributed.
Structural and Morphological Properties of Mn-Doped Co3O4 ThinFilm Deposited ...IJERA Editor
In this study, a series of manganese (Mn)-doped Cobalt oxide (Co3O4)thin films were deposited on steel substrate by the sol-gel spin coat method and investigated the influence of doping concentrations of Mn in Cobalt ranging from 0.001% to 1% on physical, structural and morphological properties of Co3O4 thin films. Cobalt acetate[(CH3COO)2Co.4H2O], Mn acetate [C4H6MnO4.4H2O] and Isopropyl alcohol were used as starting material, dopant source and reagent respectively.X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that pureCo3O4 thin film iscrystallinein nature andcubic phase with [400] preferential orientation.For Mn doped films, three new peaks corresponding to the planes [310], [320] and [420] of orthorhombic MnO2 phase were observed.SEM micrographs showed that incorporation of Mn in Co site was found to influence the surface morphology of the films. All the films showed tetragonal shaped grains. TheEDAXanalysis revealedthe amount of Mn element in the sample increased with increasing dopant concentration.
SiC and ZrO2 Weigh Percentage Effects on Microstructure of Al Based Matrix Co...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
SiC and ZrO2 particle are succesfully reaction synthesized from powder of Al, ZrO2 and SiC using spark plasma sintering method. The XRD of sintered composite and microstructure of the aas-sintered products. With the ZrO2 content increasing, the grains are remarkably refined and the and the ZrO2 and nano SiC particles are dispersing more uniformly in Al matrix, forming a homogeneous structure with the least porosity.
Analysis and quantification of grain size in various dhp copper tubes manufac...Rautomead Limited
Abstract. Deoxidized High Phosphorus (DHP) Copper tubes are frequently used in numerous
industrial and household applications. To ensure the acceptability of DHP copper tubes prepared by
various industrial processes, the quality of the DHP copper tubes must be evaluated and one of the
best ways to do so is to examine the microstructure and metallography and quantify grain size. In
this paper the authors considered the average grain size of copper tube samples made traditionally
as well as by the planetary rolling and CastTube process. Because of the small thickness of the
CastTube samples, in certain circumstances traditional methods of grain counting were not
plausible and a new procedure for grain counting needed developed. This paper is about the
development and evaluation of grain sizes in continuously cast tube samples using both the
planimetric procedure (ASTM E112) and a new method, which will be herby, referred to as the
“total grain counting method”. This paper also concludes that there is a large difference in the grain
size of tubes with different manufacturing methods.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
numerical investigation on induced residual stress of al albite metal matrix ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The aim of the work was to investigate residual stress formed during fabrication of Al/albite metal matrix composites (MMCs) using finite element analysis. Optical images of MMCs were extracted from scanning electron microscope (SEM) after fabrication by stir-casting. The collected images and properties were used to determine residuals stresses at the interface using COMSOL multi physics tool. The imported MMCs images modelled and meshed for 5458, 6318 and 7149 elements for 5%, 10% and 15% particle reinforced composites respectively. Geometrical and thermal constraints are applied at the boundaries and difference in temperature T 620 C as a thermal constraint. FE results in the COMSOL multi physics show that residual stress in composites material tested are in the range of 1.55 MPa to 2.84 MPa. Al/albite with 15% albite reinforcement possesses lowest residual stress formation in all 27 cases studied with value of 1.55 MPa
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characteristics of Hypoeutectic Cu-Zr Alloy Rods Manufactured by Vertical Upw...Rautomead Limited
The focus in this study is therefore on applying a vertical upwards continuous casting (VUCC) mass-production
method to the pilot-scale manufacturing of Cu-Zr alloy rods. The microstructure and physical characteristics of these
VUCC rods were subsequently investigated and compared with rods produced by CMC. In addition, the wire-drawing
capability of the VUCC rods was examined, and the adaptability of the VUCC method to the mass production of
hypoeutectic Cu-Zr alloys was fully investigated.
2.
EFFECT OF ANTIMONY ADDITION RELATIVE TO MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERT...Rautomead Limited
It is well documented that the addition of antimony in pure lead increases tensile strength and reduced elongation. The goal of the present work is to identify the cause of these phenomena by investigation of the effects of the addition of Sb (1.25%) on the structure of pure continuously cast lead and lead alloy rods. The microstructure and morphology of both pure lead and lead 1.25% antimony were examined by digital optical microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to identify alloying elements. The results showed that the effect of additions of antimony on mechanical properties of lead-antimony alloys is mainly due to the solid solubility of the antimony element. Homogenized distribution of the antimony results in a decrease in the grain size of the pure lead. These smaller grains mean higher strength so long as there is a homogeneous grain structure
Preparation and Investigation on Properties of Cryogenically Solidified Nano ...IJERA Editor
In the present work, AL-alloy containing 12% silicon (LM 13) matrix nano composites were fabricated in sand moulds by using copper end blocks of copper end chill thickness 10 &15 nm with cryogenic effect . The size of the reinforcement (NanoZro2) ranges from 50-80nm being added ranges from 3 to 15 wt % in steps of 3 wt % . Cryogenically solidified Nano Metal Matrix Composites were compressed by using hydraulic compression machine. Specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards and tested for their strength, hardness and fracture toughness. Micro structural studies of the fabricated Nano Composites indicate that there is uniform distributions of reinforcements in the matrix materials (LM 13). An increasing trend of hardness, UTS & fracture toughness has been observed. The best results have been obtained at 12 wt %. The results were further justified by comparing two copper end chill thickness 10 &15 mm. Finally the Volumetric Heat Capacity of the cryo-chill is identified as an important parameter which affects mechanical properties.
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
Wear characteristics of pure aluminium, al alloy & al-alumina metal mtrix...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this report, an aluminium metal matrix was reinforced with 1.5 wt. % of Al2O3 nano particles using non-contact cavitation method to prepare the metal matrix nano composite. Microstructural examination conducted on the sample revealed a uniform distribution of alumina particulates. Sliding wear behavior of the as-cast MMNC was studied in dry condition, under different test conditions by varying the load and the sliding velocity, with an unlubricated Multiple Tribo Tester. It was found that sliding wear resistance improved considerably with the addition of alumina nano particles. Microscopic examinations of the worn out surfaces of pure Al, Al-alloy (duralumin) and MMNC reveal that the MMNC has greater resistance to sliding wear compared to pure aluminium and duralumin. Wear increases with increase in load and sliding velocity. Delamination and abrasion are the dominating types of wear observed. Keywords: Sliding Wear, Al2O3, MMNC, Duralumin, Delamination and Abrasion.
Alumina-Based Composites Reinforced With Ductile ParticlesIJRES Journal
Al2O3/Metal composite ceramics were fabricated by the use of mechanical milling and pressureless sintering. Al2O3 + 10 vol.% of La, Mn, Si or Y were mixed and milled during 12 h at 300 rpm in a horizontal mill, then with the powder mixture it was conformed cylindrical samples by uniaxial pressing using 300 MPa. Pressed samples were sintered during 2 h in an electrical furnace at 1500°C. During sintered it was used an argon atmosphere inside the furnace in order to inhibit metal oxidation. XRD results indicate that alumina and metals retain its crystalline structure. Reached density by samples is small and less than 90%. Scanning electron microscopy observations show alumina’s microstructure with very fine and homogeneous distributions of metal particles. Both the Mn and Si are not suitable metals to improve the mechanical properties of alumina, in particular the fracture toughness. Considered rare earth metals such as yttrium and lanthanum, have yielded favorable results in improving the fracture toughness of the alumina. However, it should be made more dense materials with them to better explore this potential.
Modification of Recycled Al-332 Alloy Using Manganese DioxideIJERA Editor
Aluminum and its alloys are commercially available materials for both domestic (cooking utensils, beverages can) and industrial applications (automobile and aircraft structural parts). This study presented the effect of the use of manganese dioxide (MnO2), obtained from discarded dry cell batteries on the features and formation of pores in recycled pistons (Al-332 alloy). 3kg of recycled Al-332 alloy was obtained in form of ingot. 150 g of the ingot was re-melted and the molten alloy was treated with 2 to 12g of MnO2. The molten alloy was stirred gently for 1 minute, sand cast and normalized. Parts of the cast samples were used for microstructural analysis, tensile strength and hardness test following standard test procedures in accordance with ASTM E8M-91 standards (1992). The distribution of pores present in the cast alloys were studied using fractal analysis and spatial point pattern method (SPP). The hardness, tensile strength, average fractal dimensions and sphericities were related to the amount of MnO2. The micrographs revealed an absolute reduction in pores at 8gram addition of MnO2. Maximum hardness and tensile values of 50.8BHN and 65.01MN/m2 were obtained at 8 g addition of MnO2, above which there is decrease in properties of the material. The weighted average fractal dimension and sphericity for as-cast and sample treated with 8 g of MnO2 are 1.3276 and 0.3357; 1.0050 and 0.9918 respectively. Spatial point pattern revealed that the pores in the samples are randomly distributed.
Structural and Morphological Properties of Mn-Doped Co3O4 ThinFilm Deposited ...IJERA Editor
In this study, a series of manganese (Mn)-doped Cobalt oxide (Co3O4)thin films were deposited on steel substrate by the sol-gel spin coat method and investigated the influence of doping concentrations of Mn in Cobalt ranging from 0.001% to 1% on physical, structural and morphological properties of Co3O4 thin films. Cobalt acetate[(CH3COO)2Co.4H2O], Mn acetate [C4H6MnO4.4H2O] and Isopropyl alcohol were used as starting material, dopant source and reagent respectively.X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that pureCo3O4 thin film iscrystallinein nature andcubic phase with [400] preferential orientation.For Mn doped films, three new peaks corresponding to the planes [310], [320] and [420] of orthorhombic MnO2 phase were observed.SEM micrographs showed that incorporation of Mn in Co site was found to influence the surface morphology of the films. All the films showed tetragonal shaped grains. TheEDAXanalysis revealedthe amount of Mn element in the sample increased with increasing dopant concentration.
SiC and ZrO2 Weigh Percentage Effects on Microstructure of Al Based Matrix Co...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
SiC and ZrO2 particle are succesfully reaction synthesized from powder of Al, ZrO2 and SiC using spark plasma sintering method. The XRD of sintered composite and microstructure of the aas-sintered products. With the ZrO2 content increasing, the grains are remarkably refined and the and the ZrO2 and nano SiC particles are dispersing more uniformly in Al matrix, forming a homogeneous structure with the least porosity.
Analysis and quantification of grain size in various dhp copper tubes manufac...Rautomead Limited
Abstract. Deoxidized High Phosphorus (DHP) Copper tubes are frequently used in numerous
industrial and household applications. To ensure the acceptability of DHP copper tubes prepared by
various industrial processes, the quality of the DHP copper tubes must be evaluated and one of the
best ways to do so is to examine the microstructure and metallography and quantify grain size. In
this paper the authors considered the average grain size of copper tube samples made traditionally
as well as by the planetary rolling and CastTube process. Because of the small thickness of the
CastTube samples, in certain circumstances traditional methods of grain counting were not
plausible and a new procedure for grain counting needed developed. This paper is about the
development and evaluation of grain sizes in continuously cast tube samples using both the
planimetric procedure (ASTM E112) and a new method, which will be herby, referred to as the
“total grain counting method”. This paper also concludes that there is a large difference in the grain
size of tubes with different manufacturing methods.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Uniform particle distribution by a newer method in composite metal of Al/SiCIOSR Journals
Abstract: Preparation of composites of metal with ceramic particle reinforced through the casting process
is not uniform because of poor wet ability. The major difficulty is to get a uniform distribution of
reinforcement especially in higher volume fractions. An innovative method of producing cast composites is
tried in present study to overcome this problem we need homogeneity of matrix. The method involves multi
axis rotation of liquid aluminum and silicon carbide particulates packed in a steel pipe inside a rotating drum.
Up to 65 % volume of the metal (aluminum)is incorporated by SIC by this technique. Physical Properties
like hardness, micro hardness, densities and microstructures have been studied. The distribution of
particles as well the mechanical properties are better as compared to that of stir cast composites with similar
volume fraction of silicon carbide reinforcement. The composite with 65-volume percentage of silicon carbide
of particulates showed a Rockwell Hardness value of 67Rb.In few locations the microstructure showed a
non-uniform distribution which can be neglected . There were segregation of silicon carbide particles at a
particular location and the hardness obtained there was much higher. The particle distribution is a result
of the combined influence of random mixing of particles and liquid aluminum and the solidification pattern
obtained.
Key word: Multi axis rotation, microstructure, MMC, Al- SIC matrix
Diffusion Bonding of Semi-Solid (SSM 356) Cast Aluminum AlloyIJMER
A new technique to achieve the globular weld structure of SSM 356 aluminum alloy was
conducted. The effect of joining parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion
bonding butt joints of semi-solid SSM 356 aluminum alloy was investigated by conditions as follows:
compressive pressure at 0.4, 0.9, 1.8, 2.4 and 2.7 MPa, with holding time 3 hours and temperature at
495oC under argon atmosphere at 4 liters per minute. The results showed that the compressive pressure
1.8 MPa, with holding time 3 hours and temperature 495oC, under argon atmosphere provided the highest
joint strength to 124.48 MPa. In addition, the results of the investigation have shown that the joint
efficiency was 72 percent compared with base metal and microstructure in weld zone (WZ) after welding
becomes globular structure. This microstructure, similar to the original structure of the base material, is a
globular structure but the grain size can grow at a higher temperature
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Aluminum alloy 2024 is widely used in frame of aircraft. Carbon Nanotubes
(CNTs) used recently as a reinforcement material for 2024 aluminum alloy. In this
research 2024-1.5%CNTs hybrid composite was prepared by traditional casting.
Titanium (Ti) was added in (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%) to 2024-1.5%CNTs composite.
The chemical composition was investigated by optical emission spectroscopy
(SPECTROMA). Scanning electron microscope and light optical microscope were
used for microstructure examination. EDS used for evaluation of phases and
intermetallic compounds. The microscopic examination showed that the grain size
decreased with increasing Ti content in presence of CNTs and the microstructure be
more regular with increasing Ti content. The EDS results that intermetallic
compounds and phases precipitated at the grain boundaries and near grain
boundaries.
An equiaxed, submicron grain size distribution was generated in an Al (0.1 wt.% Sc) alloy by
processing through equal channel angular pressing followed by a low temperature pre-
ageing heat treatment. The alloy was subsequently annealed for various times at 300, 350,
400 and 450° C for investigating the thermal stability of the deformation microstructure. It
was found that up to 400° C, the submicron grain structure coarsens slowly and uniformly by
a process of continuous recrystallization.
Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Metal Matrix Co...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : In the present investigation, the study on mechanical properties of Aluminum Hybrid Matrix Composites (AMCs) reinforced with alumina (Al2O3), silicon carbide (Sic) and graphite (Gr) particles. Al6063 alloy is used as the matrix material with varying the reinforcement of alumina at fixed quantity of 5 wt% SiC and 5 wt% of graphite. The composites were fabricated by stir casting equipment methodology with controlled speed and feed parameters. Hardness is measured by using Brinell hardness equipment and tensile properties were measured by using universal testing machine and it is compared with aluminum alloy. There was a great advancement in hardness and tensile properties by changing the compositions. The Sic and Al2O3 resulted in improving the hardness and density of their respective composites. Further, the changing the compositions of these reinforcements contributed in increased hardness and density of the composites
STRUCTURE PROPERTY CORRELATION OF MODIFIED Al-Mg ALLOYS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICA...sivanagaraju chittelu
Making a new metal for Aerospace applications which is made of many components .Major metals are Aluminium and Magnesium.Checking its structures and properties .
Microstructural Characterization of Co-Cr-Mo-W Alloy as Casting for Odontolog...IJERA Editor
Interest in the analysis and material characterization is rising due to the necessity of the adequate material selection based on system performance in study. The analysis and knowledge of the microstructure and the mechanical properties of any material are of utmost importance since it aims primarily to estimate the performance during the material life span, minimizing the possibility of degradation and undesirable flaws during product utilization. Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys have been well accepted in odontology as prosthesis material, due to its high mechanical resistance, good corrosion resistance and exceptional biocompatibility properties. This study aims to characterize the microstructure of a cobalt based alloy (Co-Cr-Mo-W) obtained through vacuum casting process. Optical microscopy, electronic sweeping microscopy and X-ray were employed and Vickers hardness test with loads of 100 gf, 500 gf and 1000 gf during 10 s. Microstructure casting is characterized by a Co-fcc dendritic matrix with a secondary phase, as well as M23C6 precipitate carbides in the interdendritics zones and grain boundaries. The precipitation of carbides represents the main device of strengthening in the cast state for these types of alloys and is also responsible for its lower mechanical properties. The material attained hardness between 25 and 35 HRC, meeting the ASTM F75 standards.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Similar to Fabrication and hardness investigation of Al-15%Mg2Si-3%Cu in-situ cast composite (20)
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. similarities between Mg2Si and Si, and between Al–Mg2Si and Al–Si systems from point of
view of properties and solidification behaviour. Figure 1 depicts the equilibrium phase
diagram of Al–Mg2Si [6]. According to Figure 1, during solidification of Al–15%Mg2Si
compound, Mg2Si intermetallic is created as the initial phase. Then, α-Al and secondary
Mg2Si phases simultaneously form from the liquid phase in the ternary phase region. This
pseudo-eutectic reaction is completed at 583.5°C.
The whole reactions from one-phase region of melt to ambient temperature are as
follows:
L ! L1þMg2SiP ! Mg2SiPþ Al þ Mg2Si
E
(1)
where E denotes a eutectic, P refers to a primary and L1 represents a liquid in a two-phase
area.
Some benefits are enumerated for in situ process of production of MMCs, such as
uniform dispersion of second phase, well reinforcement matrix, thermodynamically
stable condition and much lower prices of fabrication compared with their parts from
ex situ processes [7]. Due to coarse primary Mg2Si phase, MMCs reinforced by Mg2Si
usually have weak mechanical properties. It is therefore critical to refine Mg2Si by adding
alloying elements like Sc [8], Ce [9] and Gd [10]. The goal of this research is fabrication of
Al–15%Mg2Si–3%Cu in situ composite and investigation of Cu on the microstructural
and hardness properties.
Figure 1. Pseudo-binary phase diagram of Al–Mg2Si [6].
2 H. RAMEZANALIZADEH AND S. R. IYZI
3. 2. Experimental procedure
The Al–15% Mg2Si–3%Cu composite ingot was produced by using industrially pure
metals (Al, Mg, Si and Cu) as starting materials. All materials were heated in an electrical
resistance furnace using a 6 kg SiC crucible. Due to the importance of elemental loss
during the preparation of the melt, amount of weight loss was selected to be 5, 5, 10 and
15% for Al, Cu, Si and Mg, respectively. Note that the amount of weight loss for Mg
(15%) was due to the high amount of oxidation of this element in the temperature
range used for preparation of the melt. First, pure Al (~2 kg) was melted at 750ƕ
C in
crucible. Then, Si was added to the melt to try to submerge its pieces. After 10 min, Mg
was added to the melt and the solution was hand stirred with a graphite rod for about
1 min to ensure complete mixing. After stirring and cleaning off the dross, molten
MMCs were poured into the cast iron mould (45 mm diameter and 70 mm height,
Figure 2) and left to cool in the air. This sample was considered as base MMC (Cu-free)
sample.
For preparation of Al–15% Mg2Si–3%Cu, after doing the mentioned steps and before
casting, pure Cu (99.99%) was added in small increments to the melt. In addition, 10 min
after Cu addition (3.0 wt.%) the molten MMC was hand stirred for 1 min and finally
poured to mould. For achieving near full density, the cast samples were then subjected to
extrusion procedure in 500ƕ
C and 6:1 ratio. Table 1 shows the chemical composition of
hypereutectic Al–15% Mg2Si-3%Cu in situ (MMCs).
Figure 2. Schematic drawing of cylindrical cast iron mould.
Table 1. Chemical composition of Al–15% Mg2Si–3%Cu (wt.%).
Materials Si Mg Fe Ni Zn Mn Cu Ti Cr
Al–15%Mg2Si 5.71 9.85 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.01 3.1 0.01 0.01
ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 3
4. The sample surfaces from perpendicular section to extrusion direction were selected
for microstructural studies. The cut sections were polished and then etched by HF (1%)
to study the structure. Quantitative data on the microstructures were determined using
an optical microscope equipped with an image analysis system (Clemex Vision Pro.
Ver.3.5.025). Additional microstructural characteristics of the specimens were examined
by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with the energy-dispersive X-ray
analysis (EDX) accessory. Phase composition of samples was also evaluated by X-ray
diffractometer (XRD) (Philips PW-1730) using Cu-Kα radiation.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Microstructural characterisation
The typical as-cast microstructure of Al–15% Mg2Si composite is shown in Figure 3. It is
clear from the phase diagram (Figure 1) that the composition of the sample is located in
the hyper section of the diagram. This means that the microstructure consisted of
primary Mg2Si particles in a matrix of α-Al and pseudo-eutectic cells (Figure 3). In
addition, according to the quantitative investigations from many pictures like Figure 3,
the size of primary Mg2Si particles was estimated to be almost 20 μm.
Figure 4 shows a SEM picture from microstructure of Al–15% Mg2Si composite. As
seen clearly from this figure, there are three discriminate parts on the base of colour:
dark, grey and bright. As mentioned before, the microstructure of Al–15% Mg2Si
composite consists of primary Mg2Si, α-Al grains in a matrix of Al–Mg2Si eutectic
cells. On the other hand, primary Mg2Si particles will act naturally as heterogeneous
sites for the nucleation of α-Al in order to decrease the interfacial energy [5]. Therefore, it
Figure 3. Optical image of Al–15% Mg2Si composite.
4 H. RAMEZANALIZADEH AND S. R. IYZI
5. could be concluded that the dark faceted particles are primary Mg2Si which is sur-
rounded by a layer of bright α-Al and the grey part is a matrix of Al–Mg2Si eutectic cells.
Figure 5 shows the XRD pattern of the as-cast Al–Mg2Si–Cu composite. The result
reveals that the components of the composite consist of Al, Mg2Si and MgO phases, as
expected. The lack of Cu phases in XRD graph is due to the small amount that XRD
method is unable to characterise them in this condition [11,12].
Figure 4. A backscatter SEM image of Al–15% Mg2Si composite.
Figure 5. XRD pattern of as-cast Al–Mg2Si–Cu composite.
ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 5
6. Figure 6 is a SEM image of MMC containing 3 wt.% Cu. As is clear from this figure,
with the addition of Cu, the microstructural changes were found to be associated with the
formation of new intermetallic phase. To recognise this intermetallic, EDX analysis of the
sample containing 3% Cu was redirected (Figure 6(b)).
Qin et al. [13] have also reported that Cu may have an effect on the relative content of
Mg2Si due to a change in the synchronise equilibrium phase fields. Copper is now used as
a vital alloying element in Al alloys, depending on its amount, and many intermetallic
phases have been reported in the Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloy systems [14]. In addition, Q phase
is the quaternary intermediate phase, which has been given different descriptions and
forms with different stoichiometries [14,15]. Moreover, as shown in Figure 7, it exists in
all three tetrahedrons phase fields. The structure of Q phase is hexagonal type with lattice
parameters of c = 0.405 nm and a = 1.04 nm and 21 atoms in a unit cell [14]. The exact
syntax of Q phase is uncertain. However, it has been defined as Al5Cu2Mg8Si6, Al4CuMg5
Si4, Al4Cu2Mg8Si7 and Al3Cu2Mg9Si7 [14]. Q phase, which formed during solidification,
has a complex honeycomb-type morphology as shown in the backscattered electron SEM
image for a 2014 alloy (Figure 8). It is great to mention that the introduction of Cu to Al–
Mg–Si alloys not only creates the Q phase, but it also develops θ phase (Al2Cu) with
body-centred tetragonal (BCT) structures [14].
3.2. Hardness properties
To study the mechanical properties of Al–15%Mg2Si with addition of 3 wt.% Cu, the
Brinell hardness test was done and measurements showed an 85 HBN amount for
Al–15%Mg2Si–3%Cu, which was more than a 70 HBN level for Al–15%Mg2Si
without Cu. The formation of intermetallics (Q and θ phases) in the microstructure
and its refining is recognised to be an important factor on hardness enhancement. It
should be mentioned that these phases have high hardness and high elastic modulus
values. Therefore, these intermetallics are assumed to be strong reinforcements in
the composite [16–18]. As mentioned earlier, the size of primary Mg2Si particles
decreases by addition of Cu. Lowering the reinforcing particle size at a constant
Figure 6. A backscatter SEM image of Al–15% Mg2Si–3% Cu composite, showing Cu intermetallic
(white colour phase) and (b) corresponding EDX analysis of Cu-containing intermetallic.
6 H. RAMEZANALIZADEH AND S. R. IYZI
7. amount decreases the distance between them. This behaviour is described by
Equation (2). According to this equation, as the reinforcement particle size
decreases, the distance between the particles will also decrease [18].
Figure 7. Line diagram of stable equilibrium phase fields in Al–Mg–Si–Cu system at room temperature
[14].
Figure 8. SEM backscattered electron images of 2014 ingot sample showing the honeycomb-type
structure of the Q phase [14].
ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 7
8. λ ¼
4ð1 f Þr
3f
(2)
where λ is the distance between the reinforcement particles, f is the particle volume
fraction and r is the particle radius, assuming them spherical. In other words, according
to Equation (3) decreasing the distance between the Mg2Si particles will increase the
required tension for dislocations movement between them, leading to an increase in the
composite strength.
τ0 ¼
Gb
λ
(3)
where τ0 is the required tension for forcing dislocations to move among reinforcement
particles, G is the material’s elastic modulus and b is the Berger’s vector [18].
This phenomenon is also explained by the Halle–Petch relationship.
σ0¼σiþKD1=2
(4)
where σo is the flow stress, σi is the stress opposing the movement of dislocations, K is
constant and D is the grain size. According to Equation (4), as the grain size becomes
smaller, flow stress also increases, leading to high strength in the composite [18]. It
should be mentioned that there is a direct relationship between strength and hardness of
a material.
4. Conclusion
Ɣ An Al-based composite containing 15%Mg2Si was fabricated in an in situ manner.
Ɣ The initial microstructures consisted of coarse primary Mg2Si particles (~20 μm)
surrounded by α-Al and pseudo-eutectic cells.
Ɣ Addition of 3 wt.% Cu resulted in Cu-rich intermetallics which could reduce the size
of primary Mg2Si to ~7 μm.
Ɣ The hardness of composite could be improved by addition of Cu.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
References
[1] Kumar S, Singh R, Hashmi MSJ. Metal matrix composite: a methodological review. Adv
Mater Proc Technol. 2020;6(1):13–24
[2] Ramezanalizadeh H. On the role of mechanical milling on structural and morphological
features of nano-sized Al3Mg2 powder. Adv Mater Proc Technol. DOI:10.1080/
2374068X.2020.1794229
[3] Ramezanalizadeh H. Effect of milling process on microstructural and properties of a
ball-milled Al-based nanocomposite powder. Adv Mater Proc Technol. DOI:10.1080/
2374068X.2021.1896862
[4] Ramezanalizadeh H. Fabrication and characterization of an Al-based nanocomposite with
high specific strength and good elongation using large amount CMA nanoparticles. J Alloys
Compd. 2020;822:153667.
8 H. RAMEZANALIZADEH AND S. R. IYZI
9. [5] Seth PP, Parkash O, Kumar D. Structure and mechanical behavior of in situ developed Mg2
Si phase in magnesium and aluminum alloys – a review. RSC Adv. 2020;10:37327.
[6] Okamoto H, Schlesinger ME, Mueller EM, editors. ASM handbook volume 3: alloy phase
diagrams. ASM International; 2016.
[7] Wu X-F, Zhang G-G, Wu F-F. Microstructure and dry sliding wear behavior of cast Al–Mg2
Si in-situ metal matrix composite modified by Nd. Rare Met. 2013;32(3):284–289.
[8] Wu X-F, Wang K-Y, Wu F-F, et al. Simultaneous grain refinement and eutectic Mg2Si
modification in hypoeutectic Al-11Mg2Si alloys by Sc addition. J Alloys Compd.
2019;791:402–410.
[9] Shin HC, Son J, Min BK, et al. The effect of Ce on the modification of Mg2Si phases of as-cast
eutectic Mg-Si alloys. J Alloys Compd. 2019;792:59–68.
[10] Wang K-Y, Zhao R-D, Wu F-F, et al. Improving microstructure and mechanical properties
of hypoeutectic Al-Mg2Si alloy by Gd addition. J Alloys Compd. 2020;813:152178.
[11] Cullity BD. Elements of X-ray diffraction. 2nd ed. Addison-esley Publishing; 1977.
[12] Ramezanalizadeh H, Heshmati-Manesh S. Preparation of MoSi2-Al2O3 nano-composite via
MASHS route. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater. 2012;31:210–217.
[13] Qin QD, Zhao YG, Zhou W, et al. Effect of phosphorus on microstructure and growth
manner of primary Mg2Si crystal in Mg2Si/Al composite. Mater Sci Eng A.
2007;447:186–191.
[14] Chakrabarti DJ, Laughlin DE. Phase relations and precipitation in Al–Mg–Si alloys with Cu
additions. Prog Mater Sci. 2004;49:389–410.
[15] Bobel A, Kim K, Wolverton C, et al. Equilibrium composition variation of Q-phase
precipitates in aluminum alloys. Acta Mater. 2017;138:150–160.
[16] Ramezanalizadeh H, Emamy M, Shokouhimehr M. Wear behavior of Al/CMA-type
Al3Mg2 nanocomposites fabricated by mechanical milling and hot extrusion. Tribol
Trans. 2016;59(2):219–228
[17] Ramezanalizadeh H, Emamy M, Shokouhimehr M. A novel aluminum based nanocompo-
site with high strength and good ductility. J Alloys Compd. 2015;649:461–473.
[18] Ramezanalizadeh H, Emamy M. The microstructural revolution of Al-10%Al3Mg2 nano-
composite during mechanical milling. Adv Mater Proc Technol. 2016;2(1):152–164.
ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 9