The behavior of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its planner aspect ratio. This paper deals
with an evaluation of the seismic performance of vernacular masonry buildings with different planner aspect
ratio. Rubble stone mud mortar masonry building structures are taken as reference building for this work, which
are available in the rural area of Nepal. Four different planner aspect ratio's buildings are selected for model
with flexible floor diaphragm representing the scenario of the constructed or constructing buildings in rural
areas of our country after 25 April 2015 Earthquake in Nepal. A static non-linear (Pushover) analysis was
performed. Subsequently, the available capacity spectrums are obtained to the corresponding demand spectrum
to demonstrate the pushover responses of the buildings.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Seismic performance of r c buildings on sloping grounds with different types ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Structure are highly susceptible to serve damages in earthquake scenario, so choosing an appropriate lateral force resisting
bracing systems will have a significant effect on performance of the structure. So this present study is aimed at evaluating and
comparing various types of eccentric steel bracings for 12 storey RC frame building resisting on sloping ground configurations.
For this 5 types of bracing systems like X-Bracing, Diagonal bracing, K- bracing, V-bracing and inverted V bracing are
considered on the outer periphery of the buildings with step back and set back – step back type configurations are modeled and
analyzed. The models are compared for different aspects within the structure, such as the maximum storey displacement, base
shear, storey drift and storey shear, the structure is analyzed for seismic zone V and medium soil condition as per IS 1893:2002
using ETABS software. Results conclude that on sloping ground due to irregularity on ground surface, the structures are more
vulnerable to earthquakes. Hence use of eccentric steel bracing is an effective and economical way to resist earthquake forces,
Inverted V type bracing performs well compared to other bracing types. By using inverted V type bracing in step back buildings
types maximum storey displacement of 70% and storey drift of 66% are obtained. Similarly for setback – step back configuration
maximum storey displacement of 74% and storey drift of 70% are obtained respectively.
Keywords: X-Bracing, Diagonal Bracing, K- Bracing, V-Bracing and Inverted V Bracing
Seismic pounding between adjacent rc buildings with and without base isolatio...eSAT Journals
Abstract Among the possible structural damages during an earthquake, the seismic induced pounding also has been one of the commonly observed phenomena. This is because the separation gap between many adjacent buildings is inadequate to accommodate the relative motions, so buildings vibrate out of phase and collides. Despite the fact that the seismic pounding between nearby structures is considered in the codal procurements, the act of development is still an issue in numerous metropolitan zones where the structures are built with no adequate partition separation which brings about their pounding. In this study E-Tabs nonlinear software is used for simulation of adjacent multi-storeyed RC frame buildings of G+14 and G+9 storey, the provisions that may reduce the effects of pounding like the separation distance, addition of shear walls, lateral bracings and variation in storey height of the buildings have been considered for analysis. And the responses like storey-displacement and pounding force by considering both fixed base and base-isolated conditions are arrived. Keywords: Seismic pounding, RC frame building, Separation distance, Gap elements, Storey-displacement Pounding force, Fixed-base, Base isolation.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Analytical study of abutment and pile behaviour of iab with soil interactioneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Code approaches to seismic design of masonry infiled rc framesBinay Shrestha
Masonry infill (MI) increases the initial stiffness of reinforced concrete RC frames. Behavior of MI is difficult to predict because of significant variations in material properties and because of failure modes that are brittle in nature.
Effect of foundation flexibility on dynamic behaviour of asymmetric building ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In general the seismic design of building frame structures the designers will consider only the results of fixed base condition the effect of flexibility is ignored. In post-earthquake study the framed structure reveals that the interaction of soil and foundation plays an important role in damage of the building frame structures. In this regard a literature survey has been done on frame structures supported on various foundations such as isolated, combined, raft & pile foundations. To examine the literature revels the few investigations were done on asymmetric building frame structure is supported on isolated footing. So in this paper is an attempt to the study of dynamic behavior of asymmetric building frame structure is supported on isolated footings. The modeling and analysis is done by using “finite element method software” SAP2000 VERSION 14, by considering the different soil conditions, (soft, medium, hard) different soil parameters (passion’s ratio, young’s modulus, dynamic shear modulus) different height ratio’s, different span ratio’s & fixed base conditions. The response of the building frame structure is obtained in terms of fundamental natural period, lateral displacement and seismic base shear. Keywords: Soil structure interaction, Fundamental natural period, Base shear, Lateral displacement….
The optimum location of shear wall in high rise r.c bulidings under lateral l...eSAT Journals
Abstract Shear walls are the structural elements of the horizontal force resisting system .shear walls have high influence stiffness and strength and provided to resist gravity loads as well as lateral loads caused by seismic and wind. So many literatures are available to analyze and design of shear wall. However the optimum location and its effects in high rise r.c.buildings is not much discussed in any literatures. In this paper the main aim is to find the effective, efficient, and optimum location of shear walls in high rise irregular R.C building. In this present study the optimum location of shear wall has been investigated with the help of three different models. Model 1 is bare frame structural system and other two models are dual type structural system with central core wall and corner shear wall. An earthquake load is calculated as per IS 1893(PART-1)-2002 and applied to (G+20) storey R.C building in zone-2 and zone-5. The analysis is performed using ETABS 9.7.4 Software package. Keywords: Shear wall, Irregular building, ETABS, analysis of structure, High rise building
Determination of period of vibration of buildings with open stilt floor and s...eSAT Journals
Abstract To estimate the natural period of vibration, codes consign the empirical formula that solely relies on height of the structure. Present dissertation is carried out considering aspects such as building material, type of structure and structural dimensions. The foremost objective of the present systematic study has led to a simplified period-height equation for use in the seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete structures, taking due significance of the existence of stilt floors and shear walls. Current study also highlights the criteria that affects the period of vibration. The period of vibration which has been procured in this study represents the time period of first mode of vibration. This article comprises the seismic response of structures on different types of soil. The parameters considered for the given study are three different types of soil i.e., soft soil, medium soil and hard rock for high seismic zone and different building irregularities as per IS: 1893-2002 for 10, 15, 20 storey buildings. The analytical models for the modulus study are modeled through ETABS.V.9.2. Various parametric studies are carried out to determine the fundamental time period of the structures. These ameliorate formulas to determine the fundamental time period are developed using nonlinear regression analysis through ORIGIN pro software. The generalized equation finally obtained can be used in general form to calculate the time period of structures with open stilt floor and shear walls irrespective of soil types, seismic zone or building height. Keywords- Time period, open stilt floor, Shear walls, Irregularities in buildings, nonlinear regression
Finite element analysis of frame with soil structure interactioneSAT Journals
Abstract
For the analysis of a building frame, the columns at the foundation level are considered as fixed. But in real condition it is not the case. While considering soil in the analysis of building frame 100% fixity may not be ensured. Because of the settlement and rotation of foundation, shear force and bending moment in superstructure get altered. This effect is called as “Soil Structure Interaction” Present work is to study behavior of bare frame & in-filled frame having soil beneath. In these cases three types of soils are considered, soft, medium stiff and hard. Also in-filled panel is of brick masonry only. Various cases frames are studied. The following are the cases:
1] Analysis of bare frame with soil.2] Analysis of In-filled frame with Soil.3] Analysis of Bare frame without Soil.4] Analysis of In-filled frame without Soil Frame with different combinations mentioned above (with/without infill panel, with/without soil) is analyzed by using ANSYS 14.5. These results are comprised with SSI and without SSI.
Keywords: Soil Structure Interaction, In-Filled Frame, Bare Frame.
Influence of Modeling Masonry Infill on Seismic Performance of Multi-Storeyed...ijsrd.com
Masonry infilled RC frames are the most common type of structures used for multi-storeyed constructions in the developing countries, even in those which are located in seismically active regions also. Masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase the stiffness and strength of R C framed buildings. R C framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear top storey level if it is used as service storey. The soft storey located in the upper part of the multistorey building does not significantly affect. To observe the effect of masonry infill panel, it is modeled as an equivalent double diagonal strut. In this study 7 models are taken were analyzed with two different techniques of modelling of masonry infill wall with L type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of masonry infill show more stiffness than the strut modeling technique. It is observed that, providing infill wall and shear wall improves earthquake resistant behavior of the structure and also the effect of water pressure, an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Seismic performance of r c buildings on sloping grounds with different types ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Structure are highly susceptible to serve damages in earthquake scenario, so choosing an appropriate lateral force resisting
bracing systems will have a significant effect on performance of the structure. So this present study is aimed at evaluating and
comparing various types of eccentric steel bracings for 12 storey RC frame building resisting on sloping ground configurations.
For this 5 types of bracing systems like X-Bracing, Diagonal bracing, K- bracing, V-bracing and inverted V bracing are
considered on the outer periphery of the buildings with step back and set back – step back type configurations are modeled and
analyzed. The models are compared for different aspects within the structure, such as the maximum storey displacement, base
shear, storey drift and storey shear, the structure is analyzed for seismic zone V and medium soil condition as per IS 1893:2002
using ETABS software. Results conclude that on sloping ground due to irregularity on ground surface, the structures are more
vulnerable to earthquakes. Hence use of eccentric steel bracing is an effective and economical way to resist earthquake forces,
Inverted V type bracing performs well compared to other bracing types. By using inverted V type bracing in step back buildings
types maximum storey displacement of 70% and storey drift of 66% are obtained. Similarly for setback – step back configuration
maximum storey displacement of 74% and storey drift of 70% are obtained respectively.
Keywords: X-Bracing, Diagonal Bracing, K- Bracing, V-Bracing and Inverted V Bracing
Seismic pounding between adjacent rc buildings with and without base isolatio...eSAT Journals
Abstract Among the possible structural damages during an earthquake, the seismic induced pounding also has been one of the commonly observed phenomena. This is because the separation gap between many adjacent buildings is inadequate to accommodate the relative motions, so buildings vibrate out of phase and collides. Despite the fact that the seismic pounding between nearby structures is considered in the codal procurements, the act of development is still an issue in numerous metropolitan zones where the structures are built with no adequate partition separation which brings about their pounding. In this study E-Tabs nonlinear software is used for simulation of adjacent multi-storeyed RC frame buildings of G+14 and G+9 storey, the provisions that may reduce the effects of pounding like the separation distance, addition of shear walls, lateral bracings and variation in storey height of the buildings have been considered for analysis. And the responses like storey-displacement and pounding force by considering both fixed base and base-isolated conditions are arrived. Keywords: Seismic pounding, RC frame building, Separation distance, Gap elements, Storey-displacement Pounding force, Fixed-base, Base isolation.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Analytical study of abutment and pile behaviour of iab with soil interactioneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Code approaches to seismic design of masonry infiled rc framesBinay Shrestha
Masonry infill (MI) increases the initial stiffness of reinforced concrete RC frames. Behavior of MI is difficult to predict because of significant variations in material properties and because of failure modes that are brittle in nature.
Effect of foundation flexibility on dynamic behaviour of asymmetric building ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In general the seismic design of building frame structures the designers will consider only the results of fixed base condition the effect of flexibility is ignored. In post-earthquake study the framed structure reveals that the interaction of soil and foundation plays an important role in damage of the building frame structures. In this regard a literature survey has been done on frame structures supported on various foundations such as isolated, combined, raft & pile foundations. To examine the literature revels the few investigations were done on asymmetric building frame structure is supported on isolated footing. So in this paper is an attempt to the study of dynamic behavior of asymmetric building frame structure is supported on isolated footings. The modeling and analysis is done by using “finite element method software” SAP2000 VERSION 14, by considering the different soil conditions, (soft, medium, hard) different soil parameters (passion’s ratio, young’s modulus, dynamic shear modulus) different height ratio’s, different span ratio’s & fixed base conditions. The response of the building frame structure is obtained in terms of fundamental natural period, lateral displacement and seismic base shear. Keywords: Soil structure interaction, Fundamental natural period, Base shear, Lateral displacement….
The optimum location of shear wall in high rise r.c bulidings under lateral l...eSAT Journals
Abstract Shear walls are the structural elements of the horizontal force resisting system .shear walls have high influence stiffness and strength and provided to resist gravity loads as well as lateral loads caused by seismic and wind. So many literatures are available to analyze and design of shear wall. However the optimum location and its effects in high rise r.c.buildings is not much discussed in any literatures. In this paper the main aim is to find the effective, efficient, and optimum location of shear walls in high rise irregular R.C building. In this present study the optimum location of shear wall has been investigated with the help of three different models. Model 1 is bare frame structural system and other two models are dual type structural system with central core wall and corner shear wall. An earthquake load is calculated as per IS 1893(PART-1)-2002 and applied to (G+20) storey R.C building in zone-2 and zone-5. The analysis is performed using ETABS 9.7.4 Software package. Keywords: Shear wall, Irregular building, ETABS, analysis of structure, High rise building
Determination of period of vibration of buildings with open stilt floor and s...eSAT Journals
Abstract To estimate the natural period of vibration, codes consign the empirical formula that solely relies on height of the structure. Present dissertation is carried out considering aspects such as building material, type of structure and structural dimensions. The foremost objective of the present systematic study has led to a simplified period-height equation for use in the seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete structures, taking due significance of the existence of stilt floors and shear walls. Current study also highlights the criteria that affects the period of vibration. The period of vibration which has been procured in this study represents the time period of first mode of vibration. This article comprises the seismic response of structures on different types of soil. The parameters considered for the given study are three different types of soil i.e., soft soil, medium soil and hard rock for high seismic zone and different building irregularities as per IS: 1893-2002 for 10, 15, 20 storey buildings. The analytical models for the modulus study are modeled through ETABS.V.9.2. Various parametric studies are carried out to determine the fundamental time period of the structures. These ameliorate formulas to determine the fundamental time period are developed using nonlinear regression analysis through ORIGIN pro software. The generalized equation finally obtained can be used in general form to calculate the time period of structures with open stilt floor and shear walls irrespective of soil types, seismic zone or building height. Keywords- Time period, open stilt floor, Shear walls, Irregularities in buildings, nonlinear regression
Finite element analysis of frame with soil structure interactioneSAT Journals
Abstract
For the analysis of a building frame, the columns at the foundation level are considered as fixed. But in real condition it is not the case. While considering soil in the analysis of building frame 100% fixity may not be ensured. Because of the settlement and rotation of foundation, shear force and bending moment in superstructure get altered. This effect is called as “Soil Structure Interaction” Present work is to study behavior of bare frame & in-filled frame having soil beneath. In these cases three types of soils are considered, soft, medium stiff and hard. Also in-filled panel is of brick masonry only. Various cases frames are studied. The following are the cases:
1] Analysis of bare frame with soil.2] Analysis of In-filled frame with Soil.3] Analysis of Bare frame without Soil.4] Analysis of In-filled frame without Soil Frame with different combinations mentioned above (with/without infill panel, with/without soil) is analyzed by using ANSYS 14.5. These results are comprised with SSI and without SSI.
Keywords: Soil Structure Interaction, In-Filled Frame, Bare Frame.
Influence of Modeling Masonry Infill on Seismic Performance of Multi-Storeyed...ijsrd.com
Masonry infilled RC frames are the most common type of structures used for multi-storeyed constructions in the developing countries, even in those which are located in seismically active regions also. Masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase the stiffness and strength of R C framed buildings. R C framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear top storey level if it is used as service storey. The soft storey located in the upper part of the multistorey building does not significantly affect. To observe the effect of masonry infill panel, it is modeled as an equivalent double diagonal strut. In this study 7 models are taken were analyzed with two different techniques of modelling of masonry infill wall with L type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of masonry infill show more stiffness than the strut modeling technique. It is observed that, providing infill wall and shear wall improves earthquake resistant behavior of the structure and also the effect of water pressure, an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
Out of Plane Behavior of Contained Masonry Infilled Frames Subjected to Seism...paperpublications3
Abstract: Brick masonry infill although considered as non-structural element largely affects the strength, stiffness and ductility of the reinforced concrete frames during the application of lateral loads due to wind or earthquake. Contained masonry refers here to the brick masonry which is used as infill in a reinforced concrete frame, wound round with 8mm diameter mild steel wires in vertical and horizontal directions and stitched to the brick masonry as well as to the reinforced concrete frames. This thesis focuses on the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures with contained masonry infill, with a particular interest in the development of rational procedures for the analysis and design of RC frames with contained masonry infill. The estimation of the natural frequencies of the structural system is the basic investigation in dynamic analysis of a structure. Therefore the analysis is primarily to find out the modal frequencies of the structure and to simulate the mathematical model to earthquake loads. The structure vibrates in different modes when the earthquake takes place. The methodology suggested is to carry out a detailed study on the influence of contained masonry infill including un-reinforced masonry infill in multi-storey Reinforced Concrete frames on the fundamental natural frequencies and response due to various earthquake excitation forces. Numerical Finite element analysis is carried out on two dimensional Reinforced Concrete Frames under different configurations of contained masonry infill in addition to plain masonry and bare frames. The RC frames were designed and detailed as per relevant Indian standard codes. The present work consists of study of the behaviour of five storeyed RC frames infilled with contained masonry and also infilled with plain masonry, subjected to various earthquake excitation forces. Three types of models are considered for analysis; five storey frames of 4m wide, 5m wide and 6m wide models having total height of 16m with plain masonry infill and contained masonry infill are considered.
Influence of Combine Vertical Irregularities in the Response of Earthquake Re...IOSRJMCE
This study investigates the effect of frame set-back with vertical irregularity in height on accuracy of Pushover Analysis for predicting target displacement, story drifts, base shear and performance point. The behavior of high rise building during strong earthquake motion depends on the distribution of mass, stiffness and strength in both horizontal and vertical planes of the buildings. The Indian IS code 1893:2002(Part 1) has pointed out of different structures irregularities like plan irregularity and vertical irregularity. In this study the seismic performance of G+ 16 storey having combine effect of vertical irregularity with R.C building are examined using Non Linear Static Analysis (Pushover Analysis). The Base shear, lateral displacement, storey drift and performance points are the response parameters use to quantify the performance of the structure. These irregularities are responsible for structural collapse of buildings under the action of dynamic loads. Five different types of building geometry are taken one regular and four irregular frames. The all buildings are modeled and analyzed in software SAP 2000. It was found that irregularity in elevation of the building reduce the performance level of structure.
Effect of steel bracing on vertically irregular r.c.c building frames under s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Earthquakes are one of the most life threatening, environmental hazardous and destructive natural phenomenons that causes
shaking of ground. This result in damage to the structures, hence we need to design the buildings to withstand these earthquakes
which may occur at least once in the life time of the structure. Structures possess less stiffness and strength in case of irregular
configured frames; to enhance this, lateral load resisting systems are introduced into the frames. In this study, G+5 storey
building model has been analyzed considering different types of vertical geometric irregularities and steel bracings using
pushover analysis with the help of ETABS 9.7 software. Addition of X type brace, V type Brace and Inverted V/K type brace shows
that use of X-type of bracing is found more suitable to enhance the performance of the irregular buildings.
Key Words: pushover analysis, vertical irregularity, steel bracings, performance point.
Seismic performance of friction pendulum bearing by considering storey drift ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Anti-Smog Radar Application for VehiclesIJMREMJournal
Smog is regarded as a dangerous situation for vehicles as the visibility of human fails and a person cannot
drive smoothly and safely which can lead to severe accidents and routine disturbances. Hence, “Anti-Smog
Radar Application for Vehicles” is proposed using Internet of Things technology which ensures the smooth flow
of vehicles in smog and prevents accidents in time and cost-efficient manner by detecting and displaying the
front objects with their important information (distance, position, velocity and size) on smart phone used by
authenticated drivers. The radar application controls the hardware system to be deployed on vehicles through
which the user can start, stop and set the hardware in particular direction. The hardware contains NodeMcu
(Microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi), Ultrasonic sensor and servo motor. The servo is used to detect the
position of front objects and ultrasonic sensor is clipped on servo to detect the objects. For alerts, the objects
are drawn with different colors on application i.e. the red colored objects will be near to the vehicle, the yellow
colored objects will be at some distance from the vehicle and the green colored objects will be far from the
vehicle. Kalman algorithm is used to filter the ultrasonic readings to eliminate the noise. The proposed system
can work in every condition i.e. in day and night.
IoT based Environmental Monitoring and Control SystemIJMREMJournal
IoT plays a major role in collecting the information from the sensing unit enclosing our environment due to
alterations in the climate which led to the significance of environmental monitoring. This Paper presents a
development of real time environmental monitoring and control system by utilizing Node MCU, DHT11 sensor,
ACS712 current sensor, Thing Speak (Open IoT analytics service) and Blynk application. The main task of
monitoring parameters (Humidity, temperature and power consumption) with real time sensors is done by Thing
Speak continuously which has API (Application programming Interface) for gathering sensed data and enabling
users to observe the monitored data in graphs for an interval of every 15 seconds.
This project is also designed to control home devices sitting at any place in the world by utilizing power
efficiently through Blynk application which is used to read data from sensors located in home environment using
smart phone and to turn on/off heating and cooling appliances automatically with respect to room temperature
values.
Analysis and Implementation of Solid-State Relays in Industrial application F...IJMREMJournal
There are many applications and circumstances where switching devices are required for proper operation,
controlling and isolating the high power and low power systems. The most widely used switching devices are
electromechanical relays and solid state relays. In this work, analysis and implementation of solid state relays over
electromechanical relays with respect to instantaneous current supply inindustrial application is conducted and
compared. For this purpose, an experimental setup is arranged for switching operation of electromechanical relays
and solid-state relays.The results of voltage and the current transients are analyzed and compared. It was observed
that there are no transients occurred during switching of solid state relays where as during switching of
electromechanical relay transients observed in volatge and current waveforms. So, it is advisable to use the solid
state relays over electromagnetic relay for safe and smooth operation of the system.
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Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry Building under Earthquakes
1. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering & Management (IJMREM)
||Volume|| 1||Issue|| 6 ||Pages|| 15-19 || June 2018|| ISSN: 2581-4540
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 15
Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry Building
under Earthquakes
Jagat Kumar Shrestha
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, TU
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------
The behavior of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its planner aspect ratio. This paper deals
with an evaluation of the seismic performance of vernacular masonry buildings with different planner aspect
ratio. Rubble stone mud mortar masonry building structures are taken as reference building for this work, which
are available in the rural area of Nepal. Four different planner aspect ratio's buildings are selected for model
with flexible floor diaphragm representing the scenario of the constructed or constructing buildings in rural
areas of our country after 25 April 2015 Earthquake in Nepal. A static non-linear (Pushover) analysis was
performed. Subsequently, the available capacity spectrums are obtained to the corresponding demand spectrum
to demonstrate the pushover responses of the buildings.
KEYWORDS: stone mud mortar building, planner aspect ratio, capacity curve, capacity spectrum,
performance point.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: Date, 02 June 2018 Date of Accepted: 11 June 2018
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Different stone mud mortar buildings are constructed in rural hill areas of Nepal with varying planar aspect ratios.
Stone masonry is a traditional form of construction that has been practiced for centuries in regions where stone is
locally available. It is also effective especially in warm areas because the surface of the stone with its light color
reflects the heat and direct solar radiation. Stone masonry has been used for the construction of some of the most
important monuments and structures around the world. There are broad variations in their shape and the number
of stories. Houses in rural areas are generally smaller in size and have smaller openings since they are typically
used by a single family. The stone masonry walls mainly consist of irregularly placed undressed stones. However,
such buildings are the most vulnerable categories of buildings due to the nature of the material and also the lack
of proper construction and maintenance. The main lateral and gravity load-resisting system consists of stone
masonry structural walls. The walls are generally uniformly distributed in both orthogonal directions with a wall
thickness ranging from 380 mm to 450 mm [1]. Generally, in rural hilly area of Nepal most of the buildings are
two room two story building made by locally available rubble stone with mud mortar. The typical floor plan of
the building is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Typical floor plan of building in rural hill areas of Nepal
2. Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 16
At the entrance, the floors consist out of pressure vaults with timber or bamboo beams. The first floor is composed
out of one-way timber with single plank. This model represents the overall scenario of existing and new rebuild
masonry buildings in earthquake affected areas of Nepal. The ground floor height of the building is taken as 3 m
and first floor made as attic floor is taken as 1.5 m at corner level and 2.3 m at the ridge level. The overall thickness
of wall is taken as 450 mm and roof slope varies from 25°-30° with horizontal. Table 1 shows the detail dimension
of rubble stone masonry building and structural elements available in the different areas of the country.
Table 1: Dimensions of stone mud mortar masonry building
SN. Description Length Breadth Height Planner
Aspect
Ratio
Remarks
1 Lalitpur district, Nallu
VDC, 14.5 haat x 10.5
haat
22ft.
(6.7m)
16 ft.
(4.875m)
3.0 m 1.4 5 ft. attic wall at
end and 7 ft. at
center level.
2 Nuwakot district, Urleni
VDC,16 haat x 10 haat
24 ft.
(7.315 m)
15 ft. (4.572
m)
3.0 m 1.6 Haat is the
traditional unit.
3 Okhaldunga district,
Ragani VDC, 18.5 haat x
10 haat
28 ft.
(8.534 m)
15.5 ft.
(4.724 m)
3.0 m 1.8
4 Ramechhap district,
Khimti VDC, 17 haat x 9
haat
26 ft.
(7.924 m)
13 ft. (3.962
m)
3.0 m 2
Vernacular building is a category of building based on the local needs, construction materials and reflecting local
tradition. Nepalese rural vernacular architecture is as varied as the topography, natural environment and ethnicity
of Nepal. The length divided by breadth (both in plan) of a building is termed as its aspect ratio. The behavior of
a building during earthquakes depends critically on its planner aspect ratio. Planner aspect ratio of building has a
significant impact on sustainability of the building during earthquake. The purpose of this study is to conduct the
effect of planner aspect ratio on vernacular stone mud masonry building under earthquakes.
II. MODELING AND ANALYSIS
This study uses the frame by the macro-elements (FME) method, in which macro-elements dimensions are a
function of the global geometry of the aggregate, the dimensions of the stories, openings and the distances between
openings [2] [3]. The FME approach reduces the number of degrees of freedom to represent the seismic response
of complex masonry structures with a very interesting computational demand. A wall can be divided into three
types of elements: Piers, spandrel beams and rigid elements. Pier elements are located at the sides of openings and
spandrel beams represent the elements above openings. The remaining parts of the wall form rigid elements (Fig.
1). The previous studies have shown that the behavior of piers and spandrel beams can be expressed as linear
elements.
Figure 1: Typical type of micro element.
3. Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 17
The program TREMURI was used to perform pushover analysis of the building model to assess the earthquake
response of the buildings.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The capacity curves and performance level for particular stone mud mortar masonry buildings are obtained from
static non-linear analysis (pushover analysis). Fig. 2 shows the push over or capacity curve for building having
planner aspect ratio 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2 respectively. The base shear and top displacement of the planner aspect
ratio 1.4 are found to be 256kN and 9.87mm in X-direction and 310kN and 9.03mm in Y-direction where X is
longer, and Y is sorter direction. Similarly, 332kN & 11.63mm and 288kN & 11.04 mm, 405kN & 10.06mm in
X direction and 315kN & 13.67mm, 362kN & 11.22mm and 184kN & 10.52 mm in Y direction are found for
planner aspect ratio 1.6, 1.8 and 2 respectively. This relation is obtained by increasing monotonically the
horizontal load impact or the horizontal displacement to the structure model in corresponding to its first mode of
vibration until it collapses. It is independent of the seismic action, as it is an intrinsic characteristic of the structure,
a function of the geometry and resistance characteristics of the materials.
Figure 2: Push over/Capacity Curve of building having AR 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.
Fig. 3 shows the capacity spectrum for building having planner aspect ratio 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2 respectively. These
capacity curves are converted into capacity spectrum by using guidelines of ATC 40 [4]. It is a curve showing the
relation between the spectral acceleration and spectral displacement. The spectral acceleration and spectral
displacement of the planner aspect ratio 1.4 are found to be 0.25g and 8.23mm in X-direction and 0.3g and 7.53mm
in Y-direction. Similarly, 0.32g & 9.69mm and 0.28g & 9.2 mm, 0.35g & 8.38mm X direction and 0.27g &
11.39mm, 0.36g & 9.35mm and 0.19g & 8.77 mm Y direction are found for planner aspect ratio 1.6, 1.8 and 2
respectively.
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
0.0010.0020.00
BaseShear(KN)
Top Displacement (mm)
for Aspect Ratio 1.4
X-
directio
n
Y-
directio
n 0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
0.0010.0020.00
BaseShear(KN)
Top Displacement (mm)
forAspect Ratio 1.6
X-
directio
n
Y-
directio
n
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
0.00 10.0020.00
BaseShear(KN)
Top Displacement (mm)
forAspect Ratio 1.8
X-
direction
Y-
direction 0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
0.0010.0020.00
BaseShear(KN)
Top Displacement (mm)
for Aspect Ratio 2
X-
directio
n
Y-
directio
n
4. Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry…
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Figure 3: Capacity Spectrum for aspect ratio 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.
Fig. 4 shows the performance point of building having planner aspect ratio 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2 in both X and Y
direction. It represents the state of maximum inelastic capacity of the structure, is found through the cross point
of the capacity spectrum and demand spectrum for a given damping ratio. The capacity spectrum developed from
the nonlinear analysis cannot satisfy the demand spectrum according to the NBC 105 [1] for medium soil. Hence
these types of rubble stone mud masonry building cannot get the performance point without strengthening of
structural element of building and reducing the demand spectrum with increasing the coefficient of damping.
Figure 4: Performance point of building along X- and Y- direction.
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.00 5.00 10.00
Sa(g)
Sd (mm)
Capacity Spectrum of Aspect Ratio 1.4
X-
directio
n
Y-
directio
n 0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.00 10.00 20.00
Sa(g)
Sd (mm)
Capacity Spectrum of Aspect Ration 1.6
X-
direction
Y-
direction
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.00 10.00 20.00
Sa(g)
Sd (mm)
Capacity Spectrum of Aspect Ratio 1.8
X-
directio
n
Y-
directio
n
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.00 5.00 10.00
Sa(g)
Sd (mm)
Capacity Spectrum of Aspect Ratio 2
X-
direction
Y-
direction
5. Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry…
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IV. CONCLUSION
The non-linear behavior of stone mud mortar masonry building was studied by carrying out pushover analysis
under 24 different loading conditions. On the basis of the results, it is concluded that all the seismic parameters,
viz. base shear and top displacement increase with the length of wall and number of stories. The higher the length,
the higher are values of all these parameters. It is seen that the planner aspect ratio 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 & 2, the aspect
ratio 1.4 (close to one) perform better, as they possess lesser values of all these seismic parameters (37% in base
shear and 15% in displacement), Therefore, planner aspect ratio which have elongated shape or long narrow
diaphragms should not preferred. These types of rubble stone mud mortar masonry building cannot satisfy the
demand spectrum. Hence, it needs to be strengthened to satisfy demand spectrum.
REFERENCES
[1] NBC 105- 1994, Seismic design of buildings in Nepal, Department of Urban Development and Building
Construction, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Government of Nepal, 1994.
[2] S. Lagomarsino, A. Penna, A. Galasco and S. Cattari, TREMURI program: An equivalent frame model for
the nonlinear seismic analysis of masonry buildings, Engineering Structures, Volume 56, 2013, 1787-1799.
[3] A. Galasco, S. Lagomarsino, and A. Penna, On the use of pushover analysis for existing masonry building,
Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.
[4] ATC, Seismic Evaluation and retrofit of Concrete buildings, Volume 1, ATC-40 Report, Applied
Technology Council, Redwood City, California, 1996.
[5] U. Camathias, B. Stojadinović, N. Mojsilović and V. Bosiljkov, Seismic Performance Evaluation of a
Historic Unreinforced Masonry Building Structure, Ljubljana, 2013.
Jagat Kumar Shrestha. “Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry Building under
Earthquakes.” International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering & Management
(IJMREM), vol. 1, no. 6, 6AD, pp. 15–19., www.ijmrem.com.