This document discusses various concepts relating to health perceptions, including definitions of health, wellness, illness, and disease. It describes models of health and illness, such as the health-illness continuum model and health belief model. Factors influencing health are also examined, such as genetics, age, nutrition, environment, and lifestyle. Current health trends in areas like life expectancy and disease burden are also summarized. The document is presented by Mrs. C.S Hamweete and authored by Jones H.M.

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF
NURSING.
UNIT:2
HEALTH PERCEPTIONS
BY JONES H.M –MBA/DMS
1/29/2021
JONES H.M -MBA/DMS

2. PRESENTED BY;
MRS C.S HAMWEETE
1/29/2021
JONES H.M -MBA/DMS

3. • EVERY INDIVIDUAL HAS A PARTICULAR LIFE STYLE THAT
DETERMINE WHAT THEY ARE AND WHAT THEY DO TO
REMAIN HEALTHY AND ALSO WHAT STEP THEY TAKE WHEN
UNWELL . HEALTH HAS BEEN DEFINED DIFFERENTLY BY
DIFFERENT PEOPLE BASED ON THEIR CULTURE, VALUES,
PERSONALITY, AND LIFESTYLE. AN INDIVIDUALS
PERCEPTION OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS WILL CONSEQUENTLY
INFLUENCE THEIR BEHAVIOUR.
INTRODUCTION
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JONES H.M -MBA/DMS

4. • HEALTH
THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION DEFINES
HEALTH AS A “STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL,
MENTAL AND SOCIAL WELLBEING, NOT MERELY THE
ABSENCE OF DISEASE” ( WHO, 1947).
• WELLNESS
“IT’S THE DYNAMIC BALANCE AMONG THE PHYSICAL,
PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND SPIRITUAL ASPECTS
OF A PERSON’S LIFE” (CRAVEN AND HIRNLE, 2000).
DEFINITION OF TERMS
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JONES H.M -MBA/DMS

5. • WELLNESS IS DEFINED AS BEING EQUIVALENT TO HEALTH
(LEDDY AND PEPPER, 1993. )
LEDDY AND PEPPER FURTHER ACKNOWLEDGES THAT
WELLNESS IS DIFFICULT TO QUANTIFY BUT MAY BE
INDICATED BY THE FOLLOWING:
CAPACITY OF THE PERSON TO PERFORM TO THE BEST OF
HIS ABILITY
ABILITY TO ADJUST AND ADAPT TO VARYING SITUATIONS
REPORTED FEELING OF WELLBEING
FEELING THAT EVERYTHING IS TOGETHER AND
HARMONIOUS
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6. • ILLNESS
THIS IS THE PRODUCT OF THE
DISHARMONIOUS INTERACTION BETWEEN THE
MIND, BODY, EMOTIONS AND SPIRIT (CRAVEN
AND HIRNLE,2000).
OR
ILLNESS IS A STATE IN WHICH A PERSON’S PHYSICAL,
EMOTIONAL, INTELLECTUAL, SOCIAL, DEVELOPMENTAL, OR
SPIRITUAL FUNCTIONING IS DIMINISHED OR IMPAIRED
COMPARED WITH THE PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE (POTTER &
PERRY, 2005).
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7. • DISEASE IS A CONDITION OF ABNORMAL VITAL
FUNCTIONING INVOLVING ANY STRUCTURE, PART, OR
SYSTEM OF AN ORGANISM ( ANDERSON AND
ANDERSON, 1995).
• HEALTH BEHAVIOURS ARE ACTIVITIES THAT INDIVIDUALS DO
TO PROMOTE HEALTH OR THOSE THAT ARE HARMFUL TO
HEALTH OF INDIVIDUALS.
(HEALTH BEHAVIOURS CAN BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE).
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8. • HEALTH STATUS
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9. A MODEL IS A THEORETICAL WAY OF UNDERSTANDING A
CONCEPT OR IDEA. A NUMBER OF HEALTH MODELS HAVE
BEEN DEVELOPED TO HELP US UNDERSTAND CLIENT’S
ATTITUDES AND VALUES ABOUT HEALTH AND ILLNESS. THE
MODELS HELP IN PREDICTING CLIENT’S HEALTH BEHAVIOUR
INCLUDING HOW THEY USE HEALTH CARE SERVICES AND
ADHERE TO RECOMMENDED THERAPY.
MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
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10. • HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUUM MODEL
• HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
• HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
• HOLISTIC HEALTH MODEL
• BASIC HUMAN NEEDS MODEL
• CLINICAL MODEL
LIST OF HEALTH AND
ILLNESSMODELS
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11. • A CONTINUUM IS A CONTINUOUS
SEQUENCE IN WHICH ADJACENT ELEMENTS
ARE NOT PERCEPTIBLY DIFFERENT FROM
EACH OTHER, BUT THE EXTREMES ARE
QUITE DISTINCT.
• ACCORDING TO THIS MODEL, HEALTH IS A CONSTANTLY
CHANGING STATE, WITH HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS AND
DEATH BEING IN THE OPPOSITE ENDS OF A GRADUATED
SCALE, OR CONTINUUM.
HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUUM
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12.  ALONG THE CONTINUUM, THE ILL WILL ALWAYS
STRIVE TO REACH HEALTH.
THE HEALTHY ON THE OTHER HAND CAN MOVE
FROM A STATE OF HEALTH TO THAT OF ILLNESS.
BELOW IS A DIAGRAMMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF
THE STATE OF WELLNESS.
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13. HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS GOOD HEALTH NORMAL HEALTH
POOR HEALTH OR ILLNESS
EXTREME POOR HEALTH OR CRITICAL ILLNESS
DEATH OR TERMINAL ILLNESS.
NOTE:
ACCORDING TO THIS MODEL INDIVIDUALS MOVE BACK AND FORTH
ON THE HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUUM.
(THE INDIVIDUAL’S HEALTH BELIEF WILL DETERMINE THEIR
POSITION ALONG THE CONTINUUM).
ILLUSTRATION OF THE HEALTH-
ILLNESS CONTINUUM
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14. • THEHBM ADDRESSES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A
PERSON’S BELIEFS AND BEHAVIOURS.
• PROVIDES A WAY OF UNDERSTANDING AND
PREDICTING HOW A CLIENT WILL BEHAVE IN
RELATION TO THEIR HEALTH AND HOW THEY WILL
COMPLY WITH HEALTH CARE THERAPIES.
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (HBM)
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15. THE HBM HAS FOUR COMPONENTS:
1. PERCEIVED SUSCEPTIBILITY
INDIVIDUAL’S PERCEPTION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AN
ILLNESS, IS AN INDIVIDUALS ASSESSMENT OF HIS OR HER
CHANCES OF GETTING THE DISEASE
• E.G. IF FAMILIAL LINK TO A DISEASE
2. PERCEIVED SERIOUSNESS
THIS IS AN INDIVIDUAL’S JUDGMENT AS TO THE SEVERITY
OF THE DISEASE.
• INFLUENCED AND MODIFIED BY DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-
PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES (AGE, SEX) AND PERCEIVED THREATS
OF THE ILLNESS AND CUES TO TAKING ACTION.
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16. 3. PERCEIVED BARRIERS
THIS REFERS TO AN INDIVIDUAL’S OPINION AS TO WHAT WILL
STOP HIM OR HER FROM ADOPTING THE NEW BEHAVIOUR.
THESE CAN RANGE FROM CULTURAL BELIEFS, PEER PRESSURE,
TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS ETC.
4. PERCEIVED BENEFITS
THIS REFERS TO AN INDIVIDUAL’S CONCLUSION AS TO
WHETHER THE NEW BEHAVIOUR IS BETTER THAN WHAT HE OR
SHE IS ALREADY DOING.
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17. • THE CLIENT’S PERCEPTION OF THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
DISEASE, AS WELL AS HIS/HER PERCEPTION OF THE
SERIOUSNESS OF AN ILLNESS, HELPS TO DETERMINE THE
LIKELIHOOD THAT THE CLIENT WILL OR WILL NOT TAKE
PART IN HEALTHY BEHAVOUR.
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18. • HEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
(ASSIGNMENT:
• DEFINE HEALTH BELIEFS
• DESCRIBE THE COMMON HEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
IN ZAMBIA).
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19. ILLNESS BEHAVIOUR COVERS ALL THAT INDIVIDUALS DO WHEN
UNWELL ,AS THEY MONITOR THEIR BODIES, DEFINE AND
INTERPRET THEIR SYMPTOMS , TAKE REMEDIAL ACTIONS AND
USE HEALTH CARE.
ILLNESSES AND DISEASES AFFECT THE PATIENT’S PHYSICAL,
MENTAL AND SOCIAL AND EVEN SPIRITUAL WELLBEING.
DUE TO ILLNESS THE PATIENT’S CONCEPT OF SELF ESTEEM AND
BODY IMAGE ARE AFFECTED.
ILLNESS BEHAVIOURS TAKE VARIOUS FORMS AND THEY MAY
NOT ALWAYS BE RELATED TO THE UNDERLYING DISEASE.
ILLNESS BEHAVIOURS
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20. • THERE IS NO BEHAVIOUR THAT DIRECTLY MATCHES WITH A
SPECIFIC ILLNESS (DIFFERENT PATIENTS MANIFEST
DIFFERENT BEHAVIOURS FOR THE SAME SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS).
• EACH PATIENT SHOULD THEREFORE BE TREATED AS AN
INDIVIDUAL.
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21. 1. ILLNESS BEHAVIOURS IN RELATION TO ADMISSION
• APPREHENSION DUE TO A STRANGE ENVIRONMENT AND
PEOPLE
• FEAR DUE TO DEPENDENCE AND LOSING CONTROL
• FEAR DUE TO DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS
• FEAR DUE TO POSSIBLE LOSS OF EMPLOYMENT
• WORRIES RELATED TO WELFARE OF CHILDREN AND HOME
FEAR MAY BE AGGRAVATED BY COMPLEX MACHINERY
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22. 2. ILLNESS BEHAVIOUR IN RELATION TO PAIN
• PAIN IS A COMMON SYMPTOM IN MOST ILLNESS/
DISEASES.
• RESPONSE AND PAIN IS DETERMINES BY PATIENT PAIN
THRESHOLD.
• PAIN RELATED BEHAVIOURS ARE DETERMINED BY BELIEFS,
ATTITUDES, EXPECTATIONS AND CULTURAL TEACHINGS.
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23. 3. ILLNESS BEHAVIORS IN RELATION TO PRESENTING SIGNS
AND SYMPTOMS.
• REACTIONS IN RELATION TO PRESENTING SIGNS DIFFER
FROM PT TO PT E.G
• PATIENTS WITH SENSE OF MODESTY MAY NOT MENTION
CERTAIN SIGNS RELATED TO STIS.
• SENSE OF MODESTY- SENSE OF MODESTY ORIGINATE
FROM CULTURE AND SOCIALIZATION.
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24. • SOCIAL FACTORS E.G STIGMATIZATION MAY CAUSE A
PATIENT TO DENY HIS ILLNESS AND AVOID SEEKING
TREATMENT.
• ATTENTION PAID TO A CONDITION MAY CAUSE AN
INDIVIDUAL TO PRETEND TO HAVE THAT CONDITION E.G A
BARREN WOMAN MAY PRETEND TO BE PREGNANT.
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25. 1. GENETIC MAKE UP
• GENETICS – “THE STUDY OF
INHERITANCE-STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL
GENES AND THEIR IMPACT” (LEWIS, ET AL.,
2000).
• GENETIC RELATED DISORDERS E.G SICKLE CELL DISEASE
ARE A MAJOR CAUSE OF ILL HEALTH.
FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH
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26. 2. AGE
• THE UNDER FIVE CHILDREN DUE TO IMMATURE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
• THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS STILL DEVELOPING. AS A RESULT
RESISTANCE TO INFECTION IS LOW AND HENCE UNDER FIVE
CHILDREN SUFFER RECURRENT INFECTIONS.
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27. • OLD AGE
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS LOWERED IN OLD AGE DUE TO
DEGENERATIVE CHANGES.
3.NUTRITION STATUS.
• BOTH DEFICIENCY AND EXCESS OF DIFFERENT NUTRIENTS
RESULTS IN DIFFERENT NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS E.G
• PROTEIN DEFICIENCY LEADING TO KWASHIOKOR AND
GROWTH RETARDATION IN CHILDREN
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28. • HIGH CHOLESTEROL INTAKE IN RED MEAT PREDISPOSES TO
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
• LARGE CONSUMPTION OF NON-NOURISHING SNACK WITH
HIGH SUGAR INTAKE CAN RESULT IN EXCESSIVE WEIGHT
GAIN.
4. ENVIRONMENT.
THE CONDITION OF THE AREA WE LIVE IN DETERMINE HOW
WE LIVE, WHAT DISEASE AGENTS WE ARE EXPOSED TO
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29. • ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS CAN HAVE A
NEGATIVE IMPACT ON HEALTH E.G.
• PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT (GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION,
CLIMATE, SEASONAL VARIATIONS (E.G ASTHMATIC
PATIENTS).
• BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT (LIVING PLANTS, ANIMALS
CAN BRING ABOUT PLAGUE, RABIES).
• POOR SANITARY CONDITIONS RESULTING IN
DIARRHOEAL DISEASES SUCH CHOLERA ETC.
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30. 5. LIFESTYLE.
AN INDIVIDUALS LIFESTYLE CAN HAVE EITHER A
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE EFFECT ON THEIR HEALTH.
BEHAVIORAL LIFESTYLES E.G. SMOKING, LACK OF
EXERCISE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PROBLEMS LIKE
CORONARY HEART DISEASES, LUNG CANCER.
(GOOD LIFESTYLES LIKE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
PROMOTE HEALTH).
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31. 6. SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
• ECONOMIC STATUS INFLUENCES HEALTH SEEKING
BEHAVIOURS.
• NOT HAVING ENOUGH IN TERMS OF FOOD, SHELTER,
CLOTHING ETC.
• IT HAS AN IMPACT ON MORBIDITY AND INCREASING LIFE
EXPECTANCY.
• SOCIAL FACTORS LIKE , SMOKERS, ALCOHOL CONSUPTION,
SEX WORKERS ETC.
7. CULTURAL BACKGROUND.
CULTURAL BACKGROUND INFLUENCES BELIEFS, VALUES AND
CUSTOMS.
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32. 8. OCCUPATION
SOME JOBS PREDISPOSES (PUTS ONE AT RISK) TO GETTING
ILL.
9.RELIGION E.G ZIONISTS DO NOT BELIEVE IN TAKING
CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE, IT IS AGAINST THEIR RELIGION.
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33. • A TREND IS A TENDENCY OR PATTERN.
• HEALTH TRENDS
1. LIFE EXPECTANCY-REFERS TO THE LENGTH OR DURATION
OF LIFE. ACCORDING TO THE ZAMBIA DEMOGRAPHIC
SURVEY LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH STANDS AT 52.27YRS.
2. INCREASED DISEASE BURDEN- THE HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC
HAS HAD A GREAT IMPACT ON MORBIDITY PATTERNS IN
ZAMBIA.
CURRENT HEALTH TRENDS
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34. 3. MORTALITY RATE
MORTALITY RATE IS A MEASURE OF THE NUMBER OF
DEATHS (IN GENERAL, OR DUE TO A SPECIFIC CAUSE) IN A
POPULATION, SCALED TO THE SIZE OF THAT POPULATION,
PER UNIT OF TIME.
MORTALITY RATE IS TYPICALLY EXPRESSED IN UNITS OF
DEATHS PER 1000 INDIVIDUALS PER YEAR.
THE DISEASE BURDEN HAS AN EFFECT ON THE MORTALITY
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35. • READ ON;
I. HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
II. HOLISTIC HEALTH MODEL
III. BASIC HUMAN NEEDS MODEL
IV. CLINICAL MODEL
ASSIGNMENT.
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