This document discusses waste management and its impact on health. It defines different types of waste such as solid waste, liquid waste, and hazardous waste. Sources of waste include households, commerce, and industry. Improper waste disposal can negatively impact health through chemical poisoning, flooding, increased disease rates, and mercury toxicity. It also affects animals and aquatic life. The document outlines various waste management strategies like reducing waste, recycling, composting, incineration, and landfilling. It emphasizes the importance of proper collection, transport, and disposal of waste for environmental and public health.

1. Unit V- The Environment and Its Impact on
Community Health
Part C. Waste Management
BY
SEHRISH NAZ & RABIA LOHANI
RN, Post RN, MSN
Lecturer, Institute of Nursing Sciences,
Khyber Medical University
Subject: Community Health Nursing
credit hour: 2+1=3
8/18/2020 Generic BSN Semester II 1

2. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
• Change the natural cycle of materials
• Use more and more materials
• Produce an ever increasing amount of waste
WASTE
• Any material “thrown away”
• Regarded as useless and unwanted (at a certain time and place)

3. What are Wastes?
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage,
junk, litter) is unwanted or useless materials. In
biology, waste is any of the many unwanted
substances or toxins that are expelled from living
organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea and sweat.
Definition of Wastes
“substances or objects which are disposed of or are
intended to be disposed of or are required to be
disposed of by the provisions of the law.”

4. Kinds of Wastes
Solid wastes: wastes in solid forms, domestic, commercial and
industrial wastes
Examples: plastics, containers, bottles,
cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste
water from ponds, manufacturing industries
and other sources

5. Sources of Wastes
Households
Commerce and Industry

6. Impacts of Waste on Health
• Chemical poisoning through chemical
inhalation
• Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm
water runoff resulting in flood
• Low birth weight
• Cancer
• Congenital malformations
• Neurological disease

7. Impacts of Waste on Health
• Nausea and vomiting
• Increase in hospitalization of diabetic
residents living near hazard waste sites.
• Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high
levels of mercury.

8. Effects of Waste on Animals and
Aquatics Life
• Increase in mercury level in fish due to
disposal of mercury in the rivers.
• Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds.
• Degrades water and soil quality.

9. Impacts of Waste on Environment
• Waste breaks down in landfills to form
methane, a potent greenhouse gas
• Change in climate and destruction of ozone
layer due to waste biodegradable
• Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal
dumping, Leaching: is a process by which
solid waste enter soil and ground water and
contaminating them.
U.S. Environment Protection Agency (2009)

10. PROBLEMS
We loose our non-renewable natural resources
We throw away a lot of material and energy present in waste
We produce waste having a changed composition and
characteristics as the raw materials used
We pollute and poison the environment

11. PROBLEMS CAUSED BY IMPROPER DISPOSAL
OF WASTE
Threat to public health
Rodents, insects = vectors of diseases (transmit pathogens)
Irreversible environmental damage in ecosystems
Terrestrial and aquatic
Air pollution (incineration)
Water pollution (land burial)
Technical and environmental difficulties + administrative, economic
and social problems

12. PROBLEMS WITH LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
 Too little space for disposal
 Harm to the environment and public health
 Landfills are unreliable in long run
 Public opposition

13. INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT IS NEEDED
• Source reduction
• Reuse
• Resource recovery
• Composting
• Incineration
• Landfill

14. WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solve the technical and environmental difficulties,
administrative, economic and social problems
Tasks to be done:
– Planning
– Design
– Construction
– Operation of facilities for
In the field of:
– Collecting
– Transporting
– Processing
– Disposing of the waste material

15. TYPES OF WASTES
Residential IndustrialCommercial
Agricultural
Mining
Construction
Municipal solid waste Hazardous waste

16. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Refuse (municipal solid waste)
All non-hazardous solid waste from a community
Requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal site
Ordinary refuse: garbage , rubbish
Garbage
Highly decomposable food waste
Vegetable + meat
Rubbish
Glass, rubber, tin cans
Slowly decomposable or combustible material – paper, textile, wood
Trash
Bulky waste material that requires special handling
Mattress, TV, refrigerator
Collected separately

17. HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Can cause serious illness, injury, death
• Serious threat to the environment
TOXIC WASTE
• Generated by industry
• Poisonous even in small amount
• Arsenic, asbestos, heavy metals, dioxin, chloroform,
etc

18. HAZARDOUS WASTE
INFECTIOUS
• Biological waste material
• Human tissue from surgery, used bandages and hypodermic
needles, microbial materials
• Waste from hospitals and biological research centers
RADIOACTIVE
• Ionizing radiation harms living organisms
• Persist in the environment for thousands of years before decay
appreciably
• Separated from other wastes

19. COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
80% of the cost of waste management is spent for collection and
transport
PROPER STORAGE PRIOR TO COLLECTION
– To protect public health (rodent, insects, odor)
– Aesthetic reasons
– Municipal waste – containers with tight lids
– Containers and storage areas have to be washed
– Waste has to be removed at least weekly
– Individual residences – galvanized metal or plastic containers
– Apartment residences – larger portable containers – can be removed
and emptied into collection trucks

20. COLLECTION OF WASTE
• Responsibility of the local municipality
• Refuse collection vehicles
Enclosed, compacting type with a capacity of 15 m3
Compaction: 50% reduction
• Frequency of collection and the point of pickup depends:
Type of community
Population density
Land use in the collection area
• Combined collection of garbage and rubbish is cheaper
for recycling it is essential to separate
• Separated collection!!! (paper, metal, plastic, glass, organics,
chemicals, batteries)

21. WASTE TREATMENT AND RESOURCE
RECOVERY
Goals:
1. Reduce the total volume and weight of material that
requires disposal
Help to conserve land resources
2. Change the form or characteristic of waste
Composting, neutralizing, shredding, incineration
3. Recover natural resources and energy in the waste
material
Recycling and reuse!!! (it takes 17 trees to make 1 ton of paper)
Requiring extra costs!

22. REDUCE, RECYCLE, AND REUSE
 We have to separate recyclables in the households
 Packaging has to be minimized
 Recycled products has to be preferred
 Lot of people don’t care
–Extra attention is needed
–Not enough information available for public
 Not enough appropriate recycling centers
 No separated transport (cost is high)

23. RECYCLING
Negative Impacts:
Not yet economical (regulations can help)
Does not eliminate the waste disposal problem
Non recyclable residue
Requires selection
Recycled paper is never as good as new but can be used
Positive Impacts:
Protection of environment (e.g. less harvesting of trees)
Save our resources (they are less and less)
All cans, glass, rubber, plastic – more and better technologies for
recycling
Energy saving

24. SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL
• On-site disposal
• Composting
• Incineration
• Open dumps
• Sanitary landfills

25. ON-SITE DISPOSAL
MECHANICAL GRINDING OF KITCHEN FOOD WASTE
devices in the pipe system from a kitchen sink
ground and flushed into the sewer system

- reduces the amount of handling food waste
- easy and quick

- problem is transported
- hazardous liquid chemicals
- illegal dumping in urban sewers

26. COMPOSTING
• biochemical process
• organic materials decompose to a humus like
material
• aerobic organisms
• in mechanical digesters
• presence of oxygen
• Temperature can reach 65 c because of aerobic
microbial action
• end product is compost or humus – utilizable
–like potting soil
–earthy odor
–can be used as soil conditioner

27. COMPOSTING
 stabilize the organic material
 agricultural use
 no air pollution
 we save land
 need for separation of organic waste

28. COMPOSTING Steps
1. Sorting and separating
• Isolate the organic, decomposable part
2. Size reduction
• Shredding
• Relatively uniform mass of material
• Optimize biological activity
• Better handling, moisture control, aeration
3. Composting
4. Product upgrading
5. Marketing (low market need)

29. COMPOSTING
Open field composting
5-8 weeks
pile of solid waste (<3 m wide, < 2 m high)
mixed at least twice a week – ventilation
65 °C – destroy most of pathogens
require large areas

30. COMPOSTING
Enclosed composting
Faster – 1 week
Requires less land
One or more enclosed tanks equipped with stirring
devices rotating flows for mixing and ventilation
Air can be used (blown into the waste)

31. INCINERATION
Reduction of combustible waste to inert residue by
burning at high temperatures (900-1000 °C)
Chemical process
Combustible part is combined with O2  CO2 + H2O (oxidation)
Releases energy
For complete oxidation
waste must be mixed with air
proper temperature for a certain length of time

32. INCINERATION
Residue
• Ash
• Glass
• Metal cans
• Other unburned substances
• 20% of the original waste volume
• Gaseous products
• Fly ash (cinders, mineral dust, soot)

33. INCINERATION

- effective conversion of large volumes of combustible
waste
- Simple and robust process
- Heat produced can be recovered
- Stream or electricity
- Existing fossil fuels are preserved
- Good in densely populated urban areas where large
sites suitable for landfilling are not available
- May destroy certain types of hazardous waste material

34. INCINERATION

- need for separation of organic waste
- air pollution
- toxic ash
- devices to trap the pollutants expensive
- incineration itself is very expensive
- adequate chimney heights are needed
- suitable temperature is needed
- high level technical supervision and skilled emloyees
- use only in larger towns

35. AIR POLLUTION FROM INCINERATION
nitrogen oxides
sulfur oxides
carbon monoxide
heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg)
dust

36. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE
• Reduce Waste
- Reduce office paper waste by implementing a
formal policy to all draft reports and by making
training manuals and personnel information
available electronically.
- Improve product design to use less materials.
- Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material
while maintaining strength.

37. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE
- Work with customers to design and implement a
packaging return program.
- Switch to reusable transport containers.
- Purchase products in bulk.

38. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE
Reuse
- Reuse corrugated moving boxes internally.
- Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice
envelopes, file folders, and paper.
- Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and
glasses.
- Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments.
- Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than
purchase new ones.

39. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE
Donate/Exchange
- old books
- old clothes
- old computers
- excess building materials
- old equipment to local organizations

40. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE
Employee Education
- Develop an “office recycling procedures” packet.
- Send out recycling reminders to all employees including
environmental articles.
- Train employees on recycling practices prior to
implementing recycling programs.
- Conduct an ongoing training process as new
technologies are introduced and new employees join the
institution.

41. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE
Employee Education
- education campaign on waste management
that includes an extensive internal web site,
quarterly newsletters, daily bulletins,
promotional signs and helpful reference
labels within the campus of an institution.

42. Water-borne Diseases

43. Diseases Related to Water
Water-borne
Diseases
Water-
washed
Diseases
Water-based
Diseases
Water-
related
Diseases

44. Water-borne Diseases
Diseases caused by ingestion of water
contaminated by human or animal
excrement, which contain pathogenic
microorganisms

45. Include cholera, typhoid, amoebic and
bacillary dysentery and other diarrheal
diseases

46. Diarrheal Diseases
• Giardiasis (Protozoan)
• Cryptosporidiosis (Bacteria)
• Campylobacteriosis (Bacteria)
• Shigellosis (Bacteria)
• Viral Gastroenteritis (Virus)
• Cyclosporiasis (Parasite)

47. In addition, water-borne disease can
be caused by the pollution of water
with chemicals that have an adverse
effect on health

48. • Arsenic
• Flouride
• Nitrates from fertilizers
• Carcinogenic pesticides (DDT)
• Lead (from pipes)
• Heavy Metals

49. Water-washed Diseases
Diseases caused by poor personal hygiene
and skin and eye contact with
contaminated water

50. These include scabies, trachoma, typhus, and
other flea, lice and tick-borne diseases.

51. Water-based Diseases
Diseases caused by parasites found in
intermediate organisms living in
contaminated water

52. Includes Schistosomiasis and
Dracunculiasis

53. Water-related Diseases
Water-related diseases are caused by insect
vectors, especially mosquitoes, that breed
or feed near contaminated water.

54. They are not typically associated with lack of
access to clean drinking water or sanitation
services
Include dengue, filariasis, malaria,
onchocerciasis, trypanosomiasis and
yellow fever

55. The Problem
• ~80% of infectious diseases
• > 5 million people die each year
• > 2 million die from water-related diarrhea
alone
• Most of those dying are small children

56. Other Consequences
• Lost work days
• Missed educational opportunities
• Official and unofficial healthcare costs
• Draining of family resources

57. Control & Prevention

58. Global
Governments
Communities
Individuals

59. Education Issues
• Hygiene education
• Good nutrition
• Improvements in habitation and general
sanitation
• Higher education training in water-related
issues

60. Global Surveillance
• Public health infrastucture
• Standardized surveillance of water-borne
disease outbreaks
• Guidelines must be established for
investigating and reporting water-borne
diseases

61. Communication and the Media
• Impacts at all levels
• Very powerful, when others fail

62. General Guidelines
• Avoid contacting soil that may be
contaminated with human feces.
• Do not defecate outdoors.
• Dispose of diapers properly.

63. • Wash hands with soap and water before
handling food.
• When traveling to countries where sanitation
and hygiene are poor, avoid water or food that
may be contaminated.
• Wash, peel or cook all raw vegetables and
fruits before eating.

64. A Simple Rule of Thumb
"Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget
it"

65. The Future
Even if by the year 2020 the proportion of
people who are unable to reach or to afford
safe drinking water is halved, between 34
and 76 million people, mostly children, will
die from preventable water-borne diseases

66. More Challenges
• Developed countries and chlorine-resistant
microbes
• Climate Changes
• Economic barriers for developing countries
to sanitize large amounts of water

67. Climate Change
• Water scarcity compromises hygiene
• Floods causing breaching of barriers
between sewage and water systems

68. • Warming/cooling changes distribution of
pathogens and vectors
• Increased Ultraviolet exposure resulting in
increased susceptability to disease
• Increased mutation rates with
unpredictable effects on ecosystems
(pathogen development)

69. Assignment
• Types of rodents
• Disease transmission by rodent
• Control of rodents

70. Thank you....