Migrating families face challenges to their health and well-being. The document discusses cultural change processes like diffusion, acculturation, and transculturation that occur with migration. It also outlines the typical stages of cultural shock - the honeymoon stage, frustration/negotiation stage, and adjustment stage - that immigrants experience when adapting to a new culture. Finally, it identifies push factors like conflict or lack of opportunities that drive emigration, and pull factors like jobs or climate that attract immigration.

1. MIGRATING FAMILIES AND HEALTH
by
Lecturer: Sehrish Naz
Lecturer: Shahla arshad
Rn, post rn, msn
Institute of nursing sciences, khyber medical university
Subject
Culture Health and Socity
UNIT : 07

2. Objectives
At the end of the unit learners will be able to:
 Describe cultural change and process of change
 Determine factors influencing immigration and
emigration in society
 Analyze stages of cultural shock
 Discuss challenges of immigrant populations

3. CULTURE
 Tyler's definition of culture:
 complex whole which includes knowledge, belief,
arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a member of
society.
 Lassiter’s definition of culture:
 A shared and negotiated system of meaning
informed by knowledge that people learn and put
into practice by interpreting experience and
generating behavior.

4. Cultural Change
Transformation of culture, or cultural change,
is the dynamic process whereby the
living cultures of the world change and adapt
to external or internal forces. This process is
occurring in all cultures of the world.

5. Processes of Change
All Cultures are naturally prone to change and, at the
same time, to resist change. There are dynamic
processes operating that encourage the acceptance of
new ideas and things while some encourage
changeless stability. There are three general sources
of influence or pressure that are responsible for both
change and resistance to it:
1. Forces at work within a society
2.Contact between societies
3.Changes in the natural environment

6.  Within a society, processes leading to change
include invention and culture loss. Inventions may
be either technological or ideological. Technological
inventions include new tools, energy sources, and
transportation methods as well as more transient
things such as style of dress and bodily adornment.
 Culture loss is a foreseeable result of old cultural
patterns being replaced by new ones. Such as
vehicles with internal combustion engines have
replaced horses as our primary means of
transportation .
 Within a society, processes that result in the
resistance to change include habit and the
integration of culture traits. Older people, are often
quiet to replace their comfortable, long familiar
cultural patterns. Religion provides strong moral

7. The processes leading to change that occur as a
result of contact between societies are
1.Diffusion
2.Acculturation
3.Transculturation
Diffusion
is the movement of things and ideas from one culture
to another. When diffusion occurs, the form of a trait
may move from one society to another but not its
original cultural meaning.

8. Acculturation
Acculturation is happens to an entire culture when unfamiliar
traits diffuse in on a large scale and significantly replace
traditional cultural patterns.
Transculturation
Transculturation is happens to an individual when he or she
moves to another society and adopts its culture. Immigrants
who successfully learn the language and accept as their own
the cultural patterns of their adopted country have
transculturated. In contrast, people who live as socially isolated
expatriates in a foreign land for years without desiring or
expecting to become assimilate participants in the host culture
are not transculturating.

9. Stimulus diffusion
There is one last process leading to change that
occurs as an invention within a society as a result of
an idea that diffuses from another. This is stimulus
diffusion. for example language.
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism also leads people to reject unfamiliar
ideas and things as being unnatural and even morally
wrong. These ingroup-outgroup dynamics commonly
result in resistance to acculturation and assimilation.

11. What is Migration?
It is the movement of a person or a group of people, to
settle in another place, often across a political or
administrative boundary.
Migration can be:
 Temporal or Permanent
 Voluntary or Forced.

12. There are two important terms that relate to migration:
 Immigration (people coming in from elsewhere).
 Emigration (people leaving their home country).
Immigration
is when people move from other places into a place to
settle. Such migrants are called immigrants.
Emigration
is when people move out to new places, and the migrants
involved are called emigrants.

13. Forms of Migration
Rural-Urban Migration:
This involves the movement of people from rural
areas or countryside's to urban areas of the same
country in search of new opportunities and lifestyles.
Forced or involuntary Migration:
This is when the government or authorities of a place
force people to migrate for a reason.
Impelled Migration (also called reluctant or imposed
migration):
In this type no one is forced to migrate but due to
some push factors such as war, hunger and other
difficult conditions, people decide to leave.

14. Return Migration:
This involves the voluntary return of migrants to their original
place after they outlive the reasons for which they left. Some
times, young people who move into the cities to work return
home when they retire to spend the rest of their lives in their
towns and with old friends and family.
Long and short-term migration:
People may consider migrating for good if the condition in
their home is one that is threatening. For example, people
move for better health care if they have some disease that
requires some level of attention that can only be received in
another place.
Another example is a person may study in another place,
but may decide to stay and work for many years before going
back for good.
Seasonal Migration:
Sometimes people move during specific seasons such as
crop harvesting and climate to work and then go back when
the season is over

15. What are the Pull and Push factors of
migration?
People migrate for a number of reasons. These
reasons may fall under these four areas:
 Environmental
 Economic
 Cultural
 Socio-political .
‘push’ or ‘pull’ factors are present with in these
areas.

16. Push Factors
Push factors are those that force the individual to
move voluntarily, and in many cases, they are forced
because the individual risk something if they stay.
Push factors may include:
 Conflict
 Deficiency
 Extreme religious activity.
 Poor economic activity
 lack of job opportunities
 Discriminating cultures
 Political intolerance
 Persecution of people who question about the status
.

17. Pull Factors
Pull factors are those factors in the destination country
that attract the individual or group to leave their home.
Those factors are :
 place utility, which is the desirability of a place that
attracts people.
 Better economic opportunities
 Maximum jobs
 Sometimes individuals have ideas and perceptions
about places that are not necessarily correct, but are
strong pull factors for that individual.
As people grow older and retire, many look for places
with warm weather, peaceful and comfortable locations
to spend their retirement after a lifetime of hard work
and savings. Such ideal places are pull factors too.

18. Stages of Cultural Shock
Culture shock is an experience a person may have
when one moves to a cultural environment which is
different from one's own; it is also the personal
disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an
unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a
new country, a move between social environments, or
simply transition to another type of life. One of the
most common causes of culture shock involves
individuals in a foreign environment. Culture shock can
be described in four distinct stages :
 Honeymoon stage
 Frustration or Negotiation stage
 Adjustment stage

19. 1. The Honeymoon Stage
During this period, the differences between the old
and new culture are seen in a romantic light. For
example, in moving to a new country, an individual
might love the new food, the pace of life, and the
locals' habits. During the first few weeks, most people
are fascinated by the new culture. They associate
with nationals who speak their language, and who
are polite to the foreigners. At this stage person
made the greatest decision , an exciting adventure to
stay on forever.
2. The Frustration or Negotiation Stage
After some time (usually around three months),
differences between the old and new culture become

20.  Excitement may eventually give way to unpleasant
feelings of frustration and anger, as one continues to
experience unfavorable events that may be perceived
as strange and offensive to one's cultural attitude like
Language barriers, traffic safety, food accessibility and
quality may heighten the sense of disconnection from
the surroundings.
 While being transferred into a different environment
puts special pressure on communication skills, there
are practical difficulties to overcome, such as circadian
rhythm disruption that often leads to insomnia and
daylight drowsiness, adaptation of gut flora to
different bacteria levels and concentrations in food and
water, difficulty in seeking treatment for illness, as
medicines may have different names from the native

21.  The most important change in this period is
communication, People adjusting to a new
culture often feel lonely and homesickness
because they are not try to use the new
environment and meet people with whom they
are not familiar every day. The language barrier
may become a major obstacle in creating new
relationships. special attention must be paid to
one's and others' culture-specific body language
signs, conversation tone, land customs.

22. 3. The Adjustment Stage
Again, after some time (usually 6 to 12 months), one
grows and adapted the new culture and develops
routines. One knows what to expect in most situations
and the host country no longer feels all that new. One
becomes concerned with basic living again, and things
become more "normal". One starts to develop
problem-solving skills for dealing with the culture and
begins to accept the culture's ways with a positive
attitude. The culture begins to make sense, and
negative reactions and responses to the culture are
reduced.

23. 4. The Acceptance or Adaptation Stage
There are three basic outcomes of the Adjustment
Phase
First: Some people find it impossible to accept the
foreign culture and to integrate. They isolate
themselves from the host country's environment, which
they come to perceive as hostile, and see return to
their own culture as the only way out. These
"Rejecters" also have the greatest problems re-
integrating back home after return.
Second: Some people integrate fully and take on all
parts of the host culture while losing their original
identity. This is called cultural assimilation. They
normally remain in the host country forever. This group

24.  Third: Some people manage to adapt to the
aspects of the host culture they see as positive,
while keeping some of their own and creating
their unique blend. They have no major problems
returning home or relocating elsewhere. This
group can be thought to be
somewhat cosmopolitan.

25. Overcoming Homesickness in a New Country
 Stayed in touch with family and friends.
 making friends from new culture.
 experience new things and visit new places.
 To see pictures , favorite movies and snack in
the house in spare time help to adjust
depression.
 Now a days It is so easy to stay connected with
family through email, Skype, WhatsApp.

26. Common Problems Of Cultural
Shock
Common problems include:
 Language barrier
 Technology gap
 Skill interdependence
 Homesickness (cultural) (homesickness)
 Boredom (job dependency),
 Responsibility (cultural skill set).
There is no way to prevent culture shock, an
individuals in any society are personally affected by
cultural contrasts differently.

27. Challenges Of Immigrant Populations
 Difficulty in speaking and learning language
 Impact on education or Raising children and
helping them succeed in school
 Securing work
 Securing housing
 Accessing services
 Cultural barriers
 Finding employment
 Homesickness
 Racism and discrimination