1) David Gems is a researcher at the Centre for Research on Ageing who studies the biology of ageing. His research spans many areas including comparative biology, evolutionary biology, genetics, cell biology, and more.
2) Gems' research examines questions like how ageing varies between species, whether any species are non-ageing, and how genetics and genes control ageing and longevity. He studies model organisms like C. elegans, Drosophila, and mice to better understand mechanisms of ageing.
3) Cellular theories of ageing include the Hayflick limit, which proposed that normal human cells can only divide a finite number of times before entering replicative senescence, and the
This document provides an overview of the biology of aging, covering general concepts, theories of aging, aging at the cellular and molecular level, and interventions in the aging process. It discusses topics such as the universality and rates of senescence across species, primary aging processes, theories including evolutionary, genetic/developmental, and oxidative damage theories. It covers cellular aging concepts such as replicative senescence, telomere shortening, and the role of telomerase. It also discusses pro-longevity factors seen in long-lived human populations and exceptions to characteristics typically associated with aging.
Anti-aging supplements? Myths, reality and speculationUKH+
This document discusses aging and life extension. It outlines various theories for why we age, including the disposable soma theory which is considered highly credible. It describes some mechanisms of aging like telomeres, free radicals, glycation, and the thymus. Supplementing with folic acid is shown to reduce cancer rates and Alzheimer's risk in studies. Animal models are discussed as relevant to humans despite differences in lifespan. Combining micronutrients like coenzymes and minerals is suggested to have additive benefits for lifespan based on studies in insects and rodents.
This document discusses various topics related to mortality and longevity using different animal models for aging research. It provides information on the three most commonly used species for aging studies - the nematode C. elegans, the fruit fly D. melanogaster, and the laboratory mouse. Each species has advantages for research including short lifespans, ease of maintenance, and genetic manipulation. Conserved mechanisms of aging are studied across these different animal models to gain insights on the fundamental biology of the aging process and lifespan in humans.
The document discusses various theories of aging and longevity research. It covers stochastic and programmed theories of aging, including the free radical, DNA damage, telomere, and protein cross-linking theories. It also discusses genetic factors in aging, the maximum documented human lifespan, blue zones where people live longer, longevity in other species, biological immortality, life extension research, and strategies to increase healthy lifespan such as caloric restriction and nutrition supplements.
THE BIOLOGY OF AGING cohen_bonkowski_0410.pdfMurilloGomes9
- Biological aging is a decline in function over time that begins after reproductive years and has many causes like DNA damage and loss of telomeres. Studying aging is important because diseases associated with it will pose huge social and economic burdens as populations age. Lessons from long-lived people suggest most centenarians experience late-life declines with few diseases earlier in life. Both genetics and environment like calorie restriction can influence lifespan. While some gene mutations mimic or delay aging in model organisms, aging pathways are conserved and targeting them may lead to drugs that treat aging and related diseases.
The document provides an overview of biology and the scientific method. It discusses that biology is the study of living things through various branches and approaches. The scientific method is used to generate hypotheses and test theories through controlled experiments. Some key aspects of living things discussed are cells, metabolism, response to stimuli, homeostasis, growth, genetics, and reproduction. Paradigm shifts in scientific theories over time are also mentioned. The document then discusses some benefits of science like medicines and vaccines but also risks like nuclear weapons. It raises ethical issues around topics like nuclear power, animal testing, and human experimentation.
This document discusses various theories of aging and approaches to anti-aging. It covers definitions of life span and life expectancy, various theories on what causes aging including evolutionary, molecular, cellular and systemic theories, and a clinical approach to aging focusing on distinguishing primary aging from disease and promoting positive aging through lifestyle factors and interventions.
This document provides an overview of the biology of aging, covering general concepts, theories of aging, aging at the cellular and molecular level, and interventions in the aging process. It discusses topics such as the universality and rates of senescence across species, primary aging processes, theories including evolutionary, genetic/developmental, and oxidative damage theories. It covers cellular aging concepts such as replicative senescence, telomere shortening, and the role of telomerase. It also discusses pro-longevity factors seen in long-lived human populations and exceptions to characteristics typically associated with aging.
Anti-aging supplements? Myths, reality and speculationUKH+
This document discusses aging and life extension. It outlines various theories for why we age, including the disposable soma theory which is considered highly credible. It describes some mechanisms of aging like telomeres, free radicals, glycation, and the thymus. Supplementing with folic acid is shown to reduce cancer rates and Alzheimer's risk in studies. Animal models are discussed as relevant to humans despite differences in lifespan. Combining micronutrients like coenzymes and minerals is suggested to have additive benefits for lifespan based on studies in insects and rodents.
This document discusses various topics related to mortality and longevity using different animal models for aging research. It provides information on the three most commonly used species for aging studies - the nematode C. elegans, the fruit fly D. melanogaster, and the laboratory mouse. Each species has advantages for research including short lifespans, ease of maintenance, and genetic manipulation. Conserved mechanisms of aging are studied across these different animal models to gain insights on the fundamental biology of the aging process and lifespan in humans.
The document discusses various theories of aging and longevity research. It covers stochastic and programmed theories of aging, including the free radical, DNA damage, telomere, and protein cross-linking theories. It also discusses genetic factors in aging, the maximum documented human lifespan, blue zones where people live longer, longevity in other species, biological immortality, life extension research, and strategies to increase healthy lifespan such as caloric restriction and nutrition supplements.
THE BIOLOGY OF AGING cohen_bonkowski_0410.pdfMurilloGomes9
- Biological aging is a decline in function over time that begins after reproductive years and has many causes like DNA damage and loss of telomeres. Studying aging is important because diseases associated with it will pose huge social and economic burdens as populations age. Lessons from long-lived people suggest most centenarians experience late-life declines with few diseases earlier in life. Both genetics and environment like calorie restriction can influence lifespan. While some gene mutations mimic or delay aging in model organisms, aging pathways are conserved and targeting them may lead to drugs that treat aging and related diseases.
The document provides an overview of biology and the scientific method. It discusses that biology is the study of living things through various branches and approaches. The scientific method is used to generate hypotheses and test theories through controlled experiments. Some key aspects of living things discussed are cells, metabolism, response to stimuli, homeostasis, growth, genetics, and reproduction. Paradigm shifts in scientific theories over time are also mentioned. The document then discusses some benefits of science like medicines and vaccines but also risks like nuclear weapons. It raises ethical issues around topics like nuclear power, animal testing, and human experimentation.
This document discusses various theories of aging and approaches to anti-aging. It covers definitions of life span and life expectancy, various theories on what causes aging including evolutionary, molecular, cellular and systemic theories, and a clinical approach to aging focusing on distinguishing primary aging from disease and promoting positive aging through lifestyle factors and interventions.
This document discusses various theories of aging and approaches to anti-aging. It covers definitions of life span and life expectancy, various theories on what causes aging including evolutionary, molecular, cellular and systemic theories, and a clinical approach to aging including distinguishing true aging from disease and promoting positive aging through lifestyle factors and interventions.
This document discusses various theories of aging and approaches to anti-aging. It covers definitions of life span and life expectancy, various theories on what causes aging including evolutionary, molecular, cellular and systemic theories, and a clinical approach to aging including distinguishing true aging from disease and promoting positive aging through lifestyle factors and interventions.
The article discusses the new biology of aging and whether longer life is always better. It outlines recent scientific findings showing that genetic and nutritional factors can significantly increase lifespan in animals like mice and worms. However, biologists are reluctant to advocate directly for human life extension due to concerns over healthcare costs and overpopulation. The article also examines philosophical issues regarding longer life, such as whether extended old age would be enjoyable or lead to psychological problems. It questions whether life plans only have meaning and purpose within a traditional lifespan. Overall, the article explores both the scientific advances in aging research and the complex issues around pursuing increased human longevity.
This document discusses geriatric considerations in nursing. It begins with learning objectives about introducing geriatric nursing, defining geriatrics, aging theories, common age-related changes and problems, care considerations, and government resources. It then defines geriatrics as focusing on healthcare for older adults. Several biological and psychological theories of aging are described. Common age-related changes that can occur in systems like cardiovascular, pulmonary, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, immune, musculoskeletal and skin are outlined.
Biohacker Summit 2022 presentation – 10 Hallmarks of Aging & Reversal Olli Sovijärvi
My comprehensive presentation on the 10 hallmarks of aging and how to reverse aging by targeting these. History of anti-aging research, recent discoveries and lifestyle hacking.
Theories of Aging - Part 1 in medicine and health sciencesJackTan88
This document provides an overview of theories of aging. It discusses both biological/physiological and psychological perspectives on aging. From a biological standpoint, it describes programmed aging theories like the telomere theory, which proposes that cells can only divide a finite number of times due to shortening telomeres. It also discusses error theories of aging, like the free radical theory, which suggests aging results from cellular damage over time. The document aims to explain the aging process and major theories about what causes aging.
Geriatric nursing involves caring for the elderly population. It includes three key areas of study: gerontology, the study of aging; geriatrics, the branch of medicine dealing with issues of aging; and geriatric nursing, the nursing care of older adults. Geriatric nursing aims to support independence, enhance quality of life, and provide a peaceful end of life for elderly patients. It involves caring for older adults across various healthcare settings including acute, long-term, and home care. The scope of geriatric nursing is wide and includes roles such as nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, educators, and administrators.
The document discusses various biological theories of aging proposed over centuries. It describes genetic cellular theories which attribute aging to changes in DNA and RNA programmed by genes. Non-genetic cellular theories view aging as damage caused over time by the internal and external environment. Physiological system theories see aging resulting from the gradual failure of regulatory systems in the body. The document also discusses theories around sleep, aging solutions like antioxidants and collagen, and the goals of the Charles Rivers Institute to develop anti-aging therapies and identify mechanisms of aging.
The document discusses several biological theories of aging. The theories fall into two main categories: programmed aging theories and non-programmed aging theories. Programmed theories propose that aging is an evolved process with genetic programs that limit lifespan. Non-programmed theories propose that aging is an unavoidable byproduct with no evolutionary purpose. The document outlines several specific theories, provides examples to support each theory, and discusses implications for medicine and potential anti-aging behaviors.
The document summarizes the ongoing "war on cancer" and argues that it may be endless by design for several reasons. It notes that while over $1 trillion has been spent on the war on cancer since 1971, mortality rates have not declined. It questions whether the conventional definition of cancer and common treatments may actually be promoting and spreading the disease. Alternative approaches focusing on lifestyle and nutrition are presented as more effective with fewer side effects.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology, including:
1) Biology is experiencing breakthroughs in fields like genetics, medicine, and ecology.
2) All living things share properties of order, growth/development, response to stimuli, and evolution.
3) Ecosystems involve interactions between organisms and their environment, with energy flowing through producers, consumers, and decomposers.
4) The diversity of life emerges from underlying genetic unity and the process of biological evolution over time.
The document discusses factors that affect longevity and how to live a long life. It finds that genetics accounts for about 20-30% of lifespan while lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and environment make up the remainder. The longest living populations practice plant-based diets, regular exercise, social support and stress management. Maintaining a healthy weight, not smoking, and engaging in moderate exercise for at least 30 minutes per day are recommended to live a long and healthy life.
Theories of Biological Aging and Implications for Public Health – Executive S...Ted Goldsmith
Overview of biological aging theories including their history, current status, evolutionary basis, key theorists, and implications for medical research.
Growing old in a society that has been obsessed with youth may have a critical impact on the mental health of many people. This situation has serious implications for psychiatric nursing.
This chapter focuses on physical and psychological changes associated with the aging process, as well as special concerns of the elderly population, such as retirement, long-term care, elder abuse, and rising suicide rates. The nursing process is presented as the vehicle for delivery of nursing care to elderly individuals.
The document discusses the science and ethics of life extension. It argues that seeking life extension is a matter of morality rather than practicality, and rebuts arguments against it such as overpopulation, benefits only going to the rich, and human dignity. It also covers evidence from calorie restriction experiments in mice and humans, Aubrey de Grey's 7 point plan to defeat aging, and predictions that robust human rejuvenation could be achieved within 15-100 years if research continues. Finally, it discusses donating to foundations researching life extension to help "kick-start the war on aging."
Healthy Longevity Promotion as a scientific and social taskMoshe Kenigshtein
This document discusses the promotion of healthy longevity as both a scientific and social task. It argues that extending healthy longevity is feasible based on emerging anti-aging therapies and interventions targeting the basic processes of aging. Promoting longevity is also deemed desirable given ethical arguments that longevity is correlated with well-being and human development. The document calls for action to further research on aging and aging-related diseases in order to improve health and longevity, which could provide substantial healthcare savings and economic returns.
Healthy Longevity Promotion as a scientific and social taskMoshe Kenigshtein
This document discusses the promotion of healthy longevity as both a scientific and social task. It argues that extending healthy longevity is feasible based on emerging anti-aging therapies and interventions targeting the basic processes of aging. Promoting longevity is also deemed desirable given ethical arguments that longevity is correlated with well-being and human development. The document calls for action to further research on aging and aging-related diseases in order to improve health and longevity, which could provide substantial healthcare savings and economic returns.
Aging is a natural phenomenon. it is the law of nature
this slide is about the various factors which independently or in combinations contribute to aging in humans
This document discusses how nanobiotechnology can accelerate precision medicine through targeted drug delivery at the nanoscale. It provides examples of how nanomedicine has improved drug formulations by increasing bioavailability and permeability. Case studies demonstrate how nano-encapsulation and active targeting of drugs with ligands has increased efficacy and safety for cancer chemotherapy and other diseases. The document argues that advances in nanomedicine will continue to enable more personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and improve outcomes through multi-functional systems and regenerative applications.
The TAME trial aims to test the geroscience hypothesis by targeting aging processes to delay age-related diseases. The trial will involve 3000 participants aged 65-80 randomized to receive metformin or placebo for 6 years. The primary outcome is time to incidence of age-related conditions like heart disease, cancer, dementia or death. Secondary outcomes include declines in mobility and cognition. Biomarkers of aging will also be measured to assess biological effects. If successful, the trial could establish a new indication for metformin to treat age-related multimorbidity and serve as a model for future anti-aging interventions.
This document discusses various theories of aging and approaches to anti-aging. It covers definitions of life span and life expectancy, various theories on what causes aging including evolutionary, molecular, cellular and systemic theories, and a clinical approach to aging including distinguishing true aging from disease and promoting positive aging through lifestyle factors and interventions.
This document discusses various theories of aging and approaches to anti-aging. It covers definitions of life span and life expectancy, various theories on what causes aging including evolutionary, molecular, cellular and systemic theories, and a clinical approach to aging including distinguishing true aging from disease and promoting positive aging through lifestyle factors and interventions.
The article discusses the new biology of aging and whether longer life is always better. It outlines recent scientific findings showing that genetic and nutritional factors can significantly increase lifespan in animals like mice and worms. However, biologists are reluctant to advocate directly for human life extension due to concerns over healthcare costs and overpopulation. The article also examines philosophical issues regarding longer life, such as whether extended old age would be enjoyable or lead to psychological problems. It questions whether life plans only have meaning and purpose within a traditional lifespan. Overall, the article explores both the scientific advances in aging research and the complex issues around pursuing increased human longevity.
This document discusses geriatric considerations in nursing. It begins with learning objectives about introducing geriatric nursing, defining geriatrics, aging theories, common age-related changes and problems, care considerations, and government resources. It then defines geriatrics as focusing on healthcare for older adults. Several biological and psychological theories of aging are described. Common age-related changes that can occur in systems like cardiovascular, pulmonary, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, immune, musculoskeletal and skin are outlined.
Biohacker Summit 2022 presentation – 10 Hallmarks of Aging & Reversal Olli Sovijärvi
My comprehensive presentation on the 10 hallmarks of aging and how to reverse aging by targeting these. History of anti-aging research, recent discoveries and lifestyle hacking.
Theories of Aging - Part 1 in medicine and health sciencesJackTan88
This document provides an overview of theories of aging. It discusses both biological/physiological and psychological perspectives on aging. From a biological standpoint, it describes programmed aging theories like the telomere theory, which proposes that cells can only divide a finite number of times due to shortening telomeres. It also discusses error theories of aging, like the free radical theory, which suggests aging results from cellular damage over time. The document aims to explain the aging process and major theories about what causes aging.
Geriatric nursing involves caring for the elderly population. It includes three key areas of study: gerontology, the study of aging; geriatrics, the branch of medicine dealing with issues of aging; and geriatric nursing, the nursing care of older adults. Geriatric nursing aims to support independence, enhance quality of life, and provide a peaceful end of life for elderly patients. It involves caring for older adults across various healthcare settings including acute, long-term, and home care. The scope of geriatric nursing is wide and includes roles such as nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, educators, and administrators.
The document discusses various biological theories of aging proposed over centuries. It describes genetic cellular theories which attribute aging to changes in DNA and RNA programmed by genes. Non-genetic cellular theories view aging as damage caused over time by the internal and external environment. Physiological system theories see aging resulting from the gradual failure of regulatory systems in the body. The document also discusses theories around sleep, aging solutions like antioxidants and collagen, and the goals of the Charles Rivers Institute to develop anti-aging therapies and identify mechanisms of aging.
The document discusses several biological theories of aging. The theories fall into two main categories: programmed aging theories and non-programmed aging theories. Programmed theories propose that aging is an evolved process with genetic programs that limit lifespan. Non-programmed theories propose that aging is an unavoidable byproduct with no evolutionary purpose. The document outlines several specific theories, provides examples to support each theory, and discusses implications for medicine and potential anti-aging behaviors.
The document summarizes the ongoing "war on cancer" and argues that it may be endless by design for several reasons. It notes that while over $1 trillion has been spent on the war on cancer since 1971, mortality rates have not declined. It questions whether the conventional definition of cancer and common treatments may actually be promoting and spreading the disease. Alternative approaches focusing on lifestyle and nutrition are presented as more effective with fewer side effects.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology, including:
1) Biology is experiencing breakthroughs in fields like genetics, medicine, and ecology.
2) All living things share properties of order, growth/development, response to stimuli, and evolution.
3) Ecosystems involve interactions between organisms and their environment, with energy flowing through producers, consumers, and decomposers.
4) The diversity of life emerges from underlying genetic unity and the process of biological evolution over time.
The document discusses factors that affect longevity and how to live a long life. It finds that genetics accounts for about 20-30% of lifespan while lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and environment make up the remainder. The longest living populations practice plant-based diets, regular exercise, social support and stress management. Maintaining a healthy weight, not smoking, and engaging in moderate exercise for at least 30 minutes per day are recommended to live a long and healthy life.
Theories of Biological Aging and Implications for Public Health – Executive S...Ted Goldsmith
Overview of biological aging theories including their history, current status, evolutionary basis, key theorists, and implications for medical research.
Growing old in a society that has been obsessed with youth may have a critical impact on the mental health of many people. This situation has serious implications for psychiatric nursing.
This chapter focuses on physical and psychological changes associated with the aging process, as well as special concerns of the elderly population, such as retirement, long-term care, elder abuse, and rising suicide rates. The nursing process is presented as the vehicle for delivery of nursing care to elderly individuals.
The document discusses the science and ethics of life extension. It argues that seeking life extension is a matter of morality rather than practicality, and rebuts arguments against it such as overpopulation, benefits only going to the rich, and human dignity. It also covers evidence from calorie restriction experiments in mice and humans, Aubrey de Grey's 7 point plan to defeat aging, and predictions that robust human rejuvenation could be achieved within 15-100 years if research continues. Finally, it discusses donating to foundations researching life extension to help "kick-start the war on aging."
Healthy Longevity Promotion as a scientific and social taskMoshe Kenigshtein
This document discusses the promotion of healthy longevity as both a scientific and social task. It argues that extending healthy longevity is feasible based on emerging anti-aging therapies and interventions targeting the basic processes of aging. Promoting longevity is also deemed desirable given ethical arguments that longevity is correlated with well-being and human development. The document calls for action to further research on aging and aging-related diseases in order to improve health and longevity, which could provide substantial healthcare savings and economic returns.
Healthy Longevity Promotion as a scientific and social taskMoshe Kenigshtein
This document discusses the promotion of healthy longevity as both a scientific and social task. It argues that extending healthy longevity is feasible based on emerging anti-aging therapies and interventions targeting the basic processes of aging. Promoting longevity is also deemed desirable given ethical arguments that longevity is correlated with well-being and human development. The document calls for action to further research on aging and aging-related diseases in order to improve health and longevity, which could provide substantial healthcare savings and economic returns.
Aging is a natural phenomenon. it is the law of nature
this slide is about the various factors which independently or in combinations contribute to aging in humans
This document discusses how nanobiotechnology can accelerate precision medicine through targeted drug delivery at the nanoscale. It provides examples of how nanomedicine has improved drug formulations by increasing bioavailability and permeability. Case studies demonstrate how nano-encapsulation and active targeting of drugs with ligands has increased efficacy and safety for cancer chemotherapy and other diseases. The document argues that advances in nanomedicine will continue to enable more personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and improve outcomes through multi-functional systems and regenerative applications.
The TAME trial aims to test the geroscience hypothesis by targeting aging processes to delay age-related diseases. The trial will involve 3000 participants aged 65-80 randomized to receive metformin or placebo for 6 years. The primary outcome is time to incidence of age-related conditions like heart disease, cancer, dementia or death. Secondary outcomes include declines in mobility and cognition. Biomarkers of aging will also be measured to assess biological effects. If successful, the trial could establish a new indication for metformin to treat age-related multimorbidity and serve as a model for future anti-aging interventions.
Glucagon is a 29 amino acid hormone secreted by the pancreas that functions opposite to insulin, being released when blood glucose levels fall to stimulate the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and increase gluconeogenesis from other substrates to raise blood sugar. Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that also impacts metabolism, being a glucocorticoid that helps regulate metabolic processes.
This document discusses steroid biotransformation, which is the biological modification of steroids through microbial enzymes. It describes various types of microbial transformations of steroids including hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, epoxidation, aromatization, and degradation. These transformations are commercially important for producing steroid hormones used in pharmaceuticals. The document outlines fermentation conditions for transforming some steroids and notes advantages like enzyme selectivity and ability to produce novel reactions, though yields can be low and not all chemical transformations have biological equivalents.
This document discusses the use of animals in biomedical research and animal biotechnology. It describes several animal models commonly used in research, including mice, rats, zebrafish, dogs, cats, pigs and primates. It also discusses alternatives to animal models like cell cultures. The document outlines regulations around animal research, focusing on reducing and replacing animal use. It provides examples of veterinary medicine informing human treatments and transgenic techniques like cloning, transgenesis, and producing human antibodies in animals.
Fatty liver can develop due to an imbalance between the uptake and export of fatty acids in the liver. Excessive dietary intake of fat and carbohydrates can overwhelm the liver's ability to metabolize and export fatty acids, leading to their accumulation. Other contributing factors include insulin resistance, excess alcohol consumption, and certain genetic disorders.
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is associated with dysfunction of lipid metabolism pathways. The document analyzes the molecular mechanisms of MAFLD by examining the functional analysis of lipid metabolism pathways. Figure 3 provides a visual representation of lipid metabolism pathways that are relevant to understanding the molecular mechanisms of MAFLD.
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is associated with dysfunction of lipid metabolism pathways. The document analyzes the molecular mechanisms of MAFLD by examining the functional analysis of lipid metabolism pathways. Figure 3 provides a visual representation of lipid metabolism pathways that are relevant to understanding the molecular mechanisms of MAFLD.
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is associated with dysfunction of lipid metabolism pathways. The document analyzes the molecular mechanisms of MAFLD by examining the functional analysis of lipid metabolism pathways. Figure 3 provides a visual representation of lipid metabolism pathways that are relevant to understanding the molecular mechanisms of MAFLD.
This study investigated the role of hepatocyte osteopontin (OPN) in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression. The researchers found that mice lacking OPN expression specifically in hepatocytes (OpnΔHep) were protected against NASH when fed a high-fat diet. OpnΔHep mice had less liver steatosis, inflammation, and ballooning compared to wild-type mice. Mechanistically, OpnΔHep inhibited fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis, as indicated by reduced expression of genes involved in these pathways and enrichment analysis. The protective effect of OPN ablation may be through decreased activity of lipid-sensing nuclear receptors like LXR and SREBF1/
1. Lipid metabolism involves the oxidation of fatty acids and cholesterol biosynthesis. Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to produce acetyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle. Cholesterol is synthesized from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol.
2. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids occurs through four steps in the mitochondria to ultimately produce acetyl-CoA. Cholesterol synthesis involves multiple enzyme-catalyzed steps beginning with the formation of mevalonate from acetyl-CoA.
3. Lipid transport involves chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. Diseases can arise from defects in lipid metabolism pathways or lipid transport systems. Blood lipid levels
Fatty liver can develop due to several factors including obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, and metabolic disorders. Obesity contributes to fatty liver by increasing the delivery of free fatty acids to the liver from adipose tissue. Excessive alcohol intake can induce fatty liver by increasing the synthesis and impairing the oxidation and export of fatty acids in the liver. Metabolic disorders like diabetes and dyslipidemia can also promote fatty liver formation.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
3. 1) Comparative biology: How does ageing and longevity
vary between species? Are there non ageing organisms?
10 questions about ageing
Urticina felina (Dahlia anemone) Non ageing
110 years
59 years
Maximum lifespans in mammals
3 years
Pinus longaeva (Bristlecone pine) ~5000 years
4. 3) Genetics: Are ageing and longevity controlled by the
genome, and if so how?
4) Model organisms: Can aging be suppressed and lifespan
increased?
•Reduced insulin/
IGF-1 signalling
•Caloric restriction
2) Evolutionary biology: How/why does ageing evolve? How
does it contribute to fitness?
Caenorhabditis
elegans
Time (days)
0 25 50 75 100
Genotype Median lifespan
+/+ ~44 days
chico/chico ~65 days
0
Genotype Median lifespan
+/+~ 18.7 months
Igf1r+/- ~24.9 months
Time (months)
12 24 36
%
Survival
Time (days)
100
50
0 15 30 45 60
Genotype Median lifespan
+/+ ~16 days
daf-2/daf-2 ~35 days
Drosophila
melanogaster Mus musculus
5. 6) Cell biology: How does cellular senescence contribute to
ageing and cancer? How are telomeres important?
7) Gerontology: How does ageing give rise to ageing-related
disease?
8) Immunology: Why does the immune system fail in
ageing? How does this impact health in later life?
5) Molecular biology/ biochemistry: What is the basis of
ageing and longevity?
6. 9) What are the prospects for treatments for ageing?
10) What should the aims of ageing research be? Is ageing a
disease?
Future prospect and bioethics
8. Ageing (“aging” U.S.) vs. senescence
Senescence: “The decline of fitness components of an
individual with increasing age, owing to internal
deterioration” Michael Rose
Gerontology: The scientific study of the biological,
psychological, and sociological phenomena associated
with old age and aging
Geriatrics: The branch of medicine that deals with the
diagnosis and treatment of diseases and problems
specific to the aged
Biogerontology: The study of the biology of ageing and
longevity
Ageing: the basics
9. Demography: The numerical and mathematical analysis of
populations and their distributions
Demographic senescence = population senescence
Survival curves in the US since 1900
10. Life expectancies as calculated for year (US)
Life expectancy Life expectancy
at birth at age 65
Year Men Women Men Women
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1900 47.9 50.9 11.3 12.0
1930 58.0 61.3 11.8 12.9
1950 65.6 71.1 12.8 15.1
1970 67.1 74.9 13.1 17.1
1980 69.9 77.5 14.0 18.4
1990 71.4 78.3 14.9 18.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Increase 23.5 27.4 3.6 6.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15. J.B.S. Haldane in
the Haldane
Lecture Theatre
Evolution of Ageing First Understood Through Work at UCL
• Huntington's chorea: a genetic, neurodegenerative
disease caused by a highly penetrant dominant mutation.
• 1941 Haldane: why has natural selection not acted to
remove the Huntington's mutation from populations?
• Average age of onset of Huntington's 35.5 years.
• For much of the evolutionary history of mankind, most
people did not live to be that old.
• The selective pressure to remove the Huntington's
mutation is therefore weak
• Giant conceptual leap... perhaps that is what ageing
is, the result of late-acting deleterious mutations?
16. Peter Medawar
Nobel Laureate for the
discovery of immune
tolerance
Mutation accumulation theory
Even in a population free of ageing, death will none the less
occur, from extrinsic hazards such as disease, predators and
accidents.
Age
Number
alive
17. Age
Number
alive
Early acting mutation,
most bearers still alive,
strong force of
natural selection
Late acting mutation,
few bearers still alive,
weak force of
natural selection
• Recurrent, deleterious, GERM LINE mutations occur
• Fewer bearers survive to express later-acting
mutations
• The force of natural selection against them declines
with age
• These mutations can therefore reach a higher
frequency under mutation-selection balance
18. The Pleiotropy or Trade-off Theory for the Evolution of Ageing
George Williams
American
evolutionary
biologist
• Suppose there are mutations are beneficial in youth,
but at the price of a higher rate of ageing
• More individuals will survive to express the early
benefit than will survive to suffer the higher
rate of ageing
• Mutations like this can therefore be incorporated by
natural selection
Ageing evolves as a side-effect of natural selection in
favour of mutations that cause a benefit during youth
20. The Rate-of-Living Theory (1928)
Loeb and Northrop (1916, 1917): increasing
temperature reduces Drosophila lifespan
“…the duration of life varies inversely as the rate of
energy expenditure … the length of life depends on the
rate of living”
Raymond Pearl
Coefficient relating lifespan to ambient temperature = 2-3, like that of
chemical reactions
Effect of temperature on
Drosophila lifespan
18˚C
21˚C
27˚C
30˚C
21. Effect of temperature on metabolic rate and lifespan in Drosophila
Lifetime oxygen consumption constant over physiological temperature range
Miquel et al
1976
The life energy potential (LEP) is constant
22. The free radical theory of ageing
Denham Harman (1956)
“A free radical is any species capable of
independent existence (hence the term ‘free’) that
contains one or more unpaired electron”
Barry Halliwell & John Gutteridge
X -> e- + X.+
Y + e- -> Y.-
O2 + e- -> O2
.-
Superoxide
23. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS)
Radicals Non-radicals
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Superoxide, O2
.- Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
Hydroxyl, OH. Hypochlorous acid, HOCl
Peroxyl, RO2
. Ozone, O3
Alkoxyl, RO. Peroxynitrite, ONOO-
Hydroperoxyl, HO2
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
‘Superoxide theory of ageing?’
Oxidative damage theory of ageing
24. Cellular Theories
The Hayflick Limit (1961)
Pre-1961: “All metazoan cells are potentially
immortal. Ageing not cell autonomous”
Is replicative senescence the cause of ageing?
Leonard Hayflick
Fibroblasts: connective tissue cells, e.g. from skin
•Isolate cells from human tissue, place in culture vessel with
nutrient medium
•Cells divide and form confluent layer on vessel surface
•Discard half the cells, allow remainder to grow to confluency = one
passage
•Continue to passage the cells
•Cell replication slows and stops after 50 ± 10 passages: cells have
reached the Hayflick limit and undergone replicative senescence
Hayflick and Moorhead (1961)
25. •Isolate mutants with altered rates
of ageing
•Map, clone and sequence genes
concerned
•Identify lifespan-determining
proteins, biochemistry, etc
•Understand ageing?
The Classical Genetic
Approach
26. C. elegans
A microbiverious terrestrial nematode, ~1.2 mm long
Genome: ~97,000,000 bases; ~19,000 genes
Signs of ageing
•Reduced fertility, feeding, movement
•Increased cuticular wrinking (collagen cross linking)
•Increased protein carbonyl, mitochondrial DNA deletions, lipofuscin
Male (X0)
Hermaphrodite (XX)
27. The hunt for lifespan mutants
Short lived or long lived?
Michael Klass (1983): First screen for long-lived mutants
Tom Johnson (1988): age-1(hx546) mutation
65% increase in mean lifespan
110% increase in maximum lifespan
Remains youthful for longer
Tom Johnson
Cynthia Kenyon (1993): Mutations in daf-2
greatly increase lifespan
Cynthia
Kenyon
29. •Non-feeding, buccal cavity sealed,
survive on stored food
•Live for up to 70 days
•Non-ageing: post dauer adults have
normal lifespans
Dauer
Adult
L3
•Developmentally arrested alternative
third stage larva
•Forms in response to high population
density (dauer pheromone), high
temperature, low food
THE DAUER LARVA
30. daf mutations
daf: abnormal in dauer formation
Daf-c: Dauer constitutive
Daf-d: Dauer defective
Genes regulating dauer formation
and life span in C. elegans
age-1
daf-2
Daf-c
daf-16
Daf-d
Dauer formation
Increased lifespan
Longevity
gene!
31.
32. C. elegans lifespan genes
have human homologues!
age-1 Catalytic subunit of phosphatidyl
inositol 3-kinase
daf-2 Insulin or IGF-1 receptor
daf-16 FOXO-class forkhead transcription
factor
age-1
daf-2
Daf-c
daf-16
Daf-d
Dauer formation
Increased lifespan
Gary Ruvkun
34. Is the role of insulin-like signalling evolutionarily
conserved (‘public’) or unique to nematodes
(‘private’)?
35.
36. The insulin-like pathway in Drosophila
Does it control ageing?
dFOXO dFOXO
P P P
Increased longevity?
37. Insulin/IGF-1 signalling modulates ageing
in insects as well as nematodes
Drosophila melanogaster
*Mutations in INR (fly daf-2):
mean female lifespan increased by up
to 85%
*Mutation of chico (insulin receptor
substrate), increases lifespan by up to
48%
Implications
*Wide evolutionary conservation of the role of
insulin/IGF-signalling in the modulation of
ageing: a public mechanism of ageing
chico1
+
38. Insulin/IGF-1 signalling and
ageing in mammals!
Worms, flies: One insulin/IGF-1 receptor
Mammals: insulin receptor, IGF-1 receptor,
insulin-receptor-like receptor….
Insulin receptor
•Mild reduction of function of IR gene: type 2
(non-insulin dependent) diabetes
Insulin signalling promotes ageing? Unlikely?
39. Extended longevity in mice lacking the
insulin receptor in adipose tissue
Ron Kahn (2003): fat-specific insulin receptor
knockout (FIRKO) mouse
Protected against age-related obesity
18% increase in mean lifespan in both sexes
(Blüher et al. Science 2003)
41. IGF-1 receptor regulates lifespan and
resistance to oxidative stress in mice
Holzenberger (2002): Mice heterozygous for a deletion of the
IGF-1 receptor gene
Resistant to oxidative stress
Increased mean lifespan (33% females, males not long lived)
(Holzenberger et al. Nature 2002)