Waste management and slum formation are two major problems worldwide; they can be seen as interrelated problems in the sense that the more slums are formed, the more wastes are accumulated which raises the bar for reaching a solution to urbanization and waste management problems. Hence, the products of construction waste recycling can be the stimulating factor for slum upgrading which will give dual benefits to the city.
Construction industry is one of the biggest sector in India with increasing demand. We need to take certain actions and precautions on site to reduce construction waste. Metro cities like Pune, Mumbai and Bangalore etc. are most congested cities. So, the need of flats, apartments, row houses etc. is increasing with higher rate. We need to demolish the existing old structures and build new structures to have the maximum space for environmental purpose. So, there is increasing in demolition waste as compared with construction waste.
There should be certain provisions for the checking of this waste management cycle to prevent its impact on environment. Construction and demolition waste can be classified into 2 components; major components include cement concrete, bricks, cement plaster, steel from RCC, doors & windows, roofing support systems, rubble, stones, timber etc. and minor components includes conduits, GI pipes/Iron pipes/Plastic pipes, electrical fixtures, panels, glass etc.
Please view presentation for detailed report.
Construction industry is one of the biggest sector in India with increasing demand. We need to take certain actions and precautions on site to reduce construction waste. Metro cities like Pune, Mumbai and Bangalore etc. are most congested cities. So, the need of flats, apartments, row houses etc. is increasing with higher rate. We need to demolish the existing old structures and build new structures to have the maximum space for environmental purpose. So, there is increasing in demolition waste as compared with construction waste.
There should be certain provisions for the checking of this waste management cycle to prevent its impact on environment. Construction and demolition waste can be classified into 2 components; major components include cement concrete, bricks, cement plaster, steel from RCC, doors & windows, roofing support systems, rubble, stones, timber etc. and minor components includes conduits, GI pipes/Iron pipes/Plastic pipes, electrical fixtures, panels, glass etc.
Please view presentation for detailed report.
Construction and Demolition Waste and its management. There are many less known facts stated in C&D Waste Rules, 2016 published by MoEF&CC, Govt. of India and other Authors. Here is a brief description in the slides.
Construction and demolition waste recyclingAnand Vallala
Now a days as the construction is increasing the demolition waste from the buildings is also increasing. We have to increase the usage of waste materials and to help for the future generation.
Construction activities generate millions of tonnes of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste materials each year. These materials contain a lot of reusable materials. If not properly managed, they will become wastes, a burden to the society, which will be extremely expensive to handle and will occupy precious landfill space.
Now even for small projects it has been made mandatory to use Ready mix concrete or compulsory use of Batching plant. However, except for large projects and some industrial projects, Demolition of structures is not yet mechanised. This waste is also affects the air, noise pollution in the form of releasing dust and noise respectively.
Recycling can turn the waste materials into usable products, which can help conserve our natural resources for our next generations and for the sustainable development of the society. In the recent years, C&D waste management issues have attracted the attention from researches around the world.
The ultimate aim is to create the awareness among the Civil Engineers is to do the research on this topic and to reuse these materials.
Main points of this PPT:
• An overview of the concept on Waste management.
• Brief description on “Recycled Concrete Aggregates”.
• Waste reduction and Reuse.
• Demolition techniques.
• Use of proper Waste Management plan.
This course on sustainable construction materials aims to serve those professionals involved in construction in order to help them assist in achieving a sustainable environment.
In addition to covering some fundamental properties of traditional construction materials that are used in construction, this course devotes concepts to sustainability, including life-cycle assessment, embodied energy, recycled and reclaimed aggregates, and durability of construction materials.
Integrated Solid Waste Management - Managing waste an environmentally sustainable, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner.
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Economic evaluation and comparison between green building and conventional bu...Manthan Shah
This is a presentation on my own Project report from BE.
It is about the economic compression between green house and a conventional house.
it might be useful for Environmental engineering students or any one interested in he subject
Construction and Demolition Waste and its management. There are many less known facts stated in C&D Waste Rules, 2016 published by MoEF&CC, Govt. of India and other Authors. Here is a brief description in the slides.
Construction and demolition waste recyclingAnand Vallala
Now a days as the construction is increasing the demolition waste from the buildings is also increasing. We have to increase the usage of waste materials and to help for the future generation.
Construction activities generate millions of tonnes of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste materials each year. These materials contain a lot of reusable materials. If not properly managed, they will become wastes, a burden to the society, which will be extremely expensive to handle and will occupy precious landfill space.
Now even for small projects it has been made mandatory to use Ready mix concrete or compulsory use of Batching plant. However, except for large projects and some industrial projects, Demolition of structures is not yet mechanised. This waste is also affects the air, noise pollution in the form of releasing dust and noise respectively.
Recycling can turn the waste materials into usable products, which can help conserve our natural resources for our next generations and for the sustainable development of the society. In the recent years, C&D waste management issues have attracted the attention from researches around the world.
The ultimate aim is to create the awareness among the Civil Engineers is to do the research on this topic and to reuse these materials.
Main points of this PPT:
• An overview of the concept on Waste management.
• Brief description on “Recycled Concrete Aggregates”.
• Waste reduction and Reuse.
• Demolition techniques.
• Use of proper Waste Management plan.
This course on sustainable construction materials aims to serve those professionals involved in construction in order to help them assist in achieving a sustainable environment.
In addition to covering some fundamental properties of traditional construction materials that are used in construction, this course devotes concepts to sustainability, including life-cycle assessment, embodied energy, recycled and reclaimed aggregates, and durability of construction materials.
Integrated Solid Waste Management - Managing waste an environmentally sustainable, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Indian Cities including collection, transportation, processing and final disposal.
It also provides details on designing a collection system, procedure for composting, RDF and Sanitary Landfill.
Economic evaluation and comparison between green building and conventional bu...Manthan Shah
This is a presentation on my own Project report from BE.
It is about the economic compression between green house and a conventional house.
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BIM Competencies for Minimizing the Construction Remnant of Project Moving Fo...ijtsrd
A modern lifestyle, alongside the advancement of technology has led to an increase in the type of waste and its amount and being generated, leading to a waste disposal catastrophe. Therefore in the past decades, construction and demolition CandD waste issues have received increasing attention from both practitioners and as well as from researchers around the world. An affordable waste management action to reduce waste at all phases of design and construction with special consideration to the long term environmental and economic impacts of continuous waste generation. Therefore, many studies on coherent CandD waste minimization and management have been conducted. Although 21 process related and 8 technology related limitations in CandD waste management and minimization have not yet been resolved. Building information modeling BIM helps project participants improve the processes involved and technologies in the planning, design, construction, and demolition phases, thereby managing and minimizing CandD waste efficiently. Therefore, this paper identifies for coherent CandD waste management and minimization, such as phase planning, site utilization planning, 3D coordination, design review, quantity take off, construction system design, digital fabrication, and 3D control and planning BIM has the potential opportunities. The BIM based approaches would CandD waste management and minimization processes and technologies by addressing existing limitations through in depth literature review. Ms. K. Niranjana | Mrs. G. Anbu Neema "BIM Competencies for Minimizing the Construction Remnant of Project Moving Forward from Linear to Circular Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38642.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38642/bim-competencies-for-minimizing-the-construction-remnant-of-project-moving-forward-from-linear-to-circular-economy/ms-k-niranjana
The presentation demonstrates the importance of refurbishment because of few environmental concerns and space constrains exclusively in urban cities like Mumbai which has high demography, It also talks about the importance of Life cycle analysis of a building for better understanding of the environmental impacts that a newly built structure has on our environment.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate: A Solid Wealth
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Use of Recyclable Material in Civil ConstructionYogeshIJTSRD
In today’s scenario the cement concrete is one of the most widely used construction material in the world. Increase in the population growth is leads to increase in the demands of various fields like cultivation, transportation and building construction etc. Nowadays, there is a very much increase in the demand for construction works like residential buildings, commercial buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc. and because of this increase in demand the availability of resources for the cement concrete ingredients is getting very complex. Hence people are looking for the alternative resources for the concrete ingredients in order to meet their requirements. This thesis work deals with the study of physical properties of the cement concrete with using Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mixture. The major objective of this research work is to determine that what percentage of Used Aggregate can be utilized in the cement concrete mixture to achieve its target mean strength. In this research work it is concentrated on the use of Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mixture. A series of tests were carried out to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength with and without addition of Used Aggregate. The use of recyclable material in cement concrete mixture also helps in preservation of the environment by saving the natural resources. However, in coming few decades, it can raise new challenges for the construction industry. It is essential to investigate the properties of fresh and hardened concrete to encourage and escalate its application in the civil engineering construction industry. This research investigates the properties of fresh and hardened concrete made with different quantity Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mix. Arpit Mathur | R. C. Patil "Use of Recyclable Material in Civil Construction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41102.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/41102/use-of-recyclable-material-in-civil-construction/arpit-mathur
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Incorporating construction and demolition waste in walling technologies for slum development
1.
2. What is Construction and Demolition waste?
Construction and demolition (C and D) waste constitutes a major portion of total solid
waste production in the world. Construction and Demolition waste is generated
whenever any construction / demolition activity takes place, such as buildings roads,
bridges, flyover, subway, demolition of any civil structure etc. These wastes are heavy,
having high density, often bulky and occupy considerable storage space either on the
road or communal waste bin.
Demoiltion waste
45%
Renovation waste
40%
New construction
15%
mixture of unused or
damaged raw materials,
as well as off-cuts
(discardedcut material)
includes actual building
components, such as full
length studs and
concrete slabs.
Occurs whenever any
civil changes are done
3. Problems due to C&D waste
Environmental and economic impacts of construction and demolition waste disposal.
4. Thus, India produces 10 to 15 million tonnes of
Construction & Demolition waste annually. The
traditional practice in India is to dispose of this
waste in landfills.
Indian Statistics
Solid waste generation in India consists of 48 million
tonnes/annum. Out of which 25% waste comes
from construction and demolition waste.
As per central public health and environmental engineering organisation (CPHEEO)
Building industry Shortage of aggregates of
55 billion m³
750 million m³ of aggregate
would be required to achieve
target of Building sector.
Composition of Construction and
demolition wastes in India
Concrete
Bricks and Tiles
Wood
Metals
Plastic
Others
0
5000
10000
3600 3000 2500
7000
9000
2500
Waste metric tonnes/day
Construction and Demolition waste production per day in
Indian cities
The total C&D waste generated in India
just by buildings in one year — 2013 —
amounts to a humungous 530 MT, 44
times higher than the official estimate.
Source:InternationalResearch Journalof Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Source: http://www.cpcb.nic.in/ar 2003/ar2-3 ch 6 .htm
5. •The guidelines on
Construction and
Demolition (C&D) waste
addressed the building
industry.
•IS:383 was introduced
•Permit use of recycled
aggregates up to 25%
in plain concrete, 20%
in reinforced concrete
of M-25 or lower grade
•Incorporation of the
concept of 3Rs, is
reflected in all the
notified waste
management rules.
•Directed States to
set-up recycling
plant facilities in
cities with
population above
10 lakh
•Recognizes need
for C&D waste
management
Ministry of
Urban
Developme
nt (MoUD)
Ministry of
Environment
, Forest and
Climate
Change
(MoEF&CC)
Building
Material &
Technology
Promoting
Council
(BMTPC)
Bureau of
Indian
Standards
(BIS)
The demand for aggregates in 2007 has seen an increase by 5% to over 21 billion tonnes, the
largest being in developing countries like India.
Construction accounts for nearly 65% of the total investment in infrastructure and the trend is
increasing, hence all the more important how to effectively manage C&D waste with respect to
reuse & recycle.
Some key initiatives on C&D waste management in India is given below :
Initiatives to promote recycling of C&D waste in India
Source: guidelines on Environmental management of construction & demolition (c & d) wastes
6. Aim: To study the performance of walling technologies after incorporation of
construction and demolition waste (C&DW) for slum redevelopment.
Objectives:
Aim and Objectives
Understanding advantages of using construction and demolition
waste and its re-use in construction industry.
To study various available walling technologies and to incorporate
recycled construction and demolition waste into it.
To compare the physical and environmental properties of walling
technology after incorporation of construction and demolition
waste.
To analyze cost benefits and environmental performance of walling
technology after incorporation of construction and demolition waste
to benefit slum redevelopment projects.
7. Scope
Foundation
Walling
Roofing
Partitions C&D waste
1.Reduce
2. Reuse
3.Recycle
Physical parameters
Chemical parameters
Conventional technology
Concrete technology
Cladding
Alternative technology
Sustainability Index
Life cycle
Assessment
As the study is project specific, the scope is utilisation of C&D waste in walling technologies by
recycling it for the replacement of raw materials in building technology.
Scope and Limitation:
Scope:
Limitation:
The study is limited up to building envelope only.
The study is limited up to change in proportion and composition of secondary raw materials only.
For embodied energy calculation, only cradle to gate boundary has been considered.
8. Secondary Data
Incorporation of
recycled C&D waste
Selection of walling
technology
Case study
Primary Data
C&D waste
Literature review
(research papers,
internet documents)
Walling
technologies
Proposal
Physical parameters
Environmental
parameters
Data Analysis and
Conclusion
Data Analysis
Methodology:
9. Mumbai: construction and urbanisation trends
Mumbai, the financial capital of India, is the largest
city in India. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) is
one of the fastest growing regions of India. Population
growth, inward migration, urbanisation and increasing
economic activity is driving the growth in the
construction sector.
Construction activities are concentrated within the city
limits. Buildings are being demolished and
reconstructed for vertical development. The height of
buildings demolished range from G+5 to 7.
Construction in the suburbs is mostly on virgin land. Red
bricks and fly ash bricks are commonly used for
construction.
Town Name Mumbai
Government body MCGM
Total city area 603.4 km²
Total Population 22 million
No. of wards/zones 24/6
Mumbai at a glance
10. Construction wastes in Mumbai
As per BMC, Mumbai generates approximately 8,600 metric tonnes (MT) of municipal solid waste
every day. Out of which around 2000 metric tonnes of debris and silt are generated everyday,
debris includes construction waste, demolition waste and renovation waste, whereas silt comprises
earth and clay from drains and road corners. Utilising recycled C&D waste in building materials will
not only save landfill space but also reduces the dependence on natural resources.
Place: Gorai dumpsite
Area : 19 ha
Capacity: 2000 TPD
Place: Mulund dumpsite
Area : 25 ha
Capacity: 1500 TPD
Place: Kanjurmarg dumpsite: new
Area : 141 ha
Capacity: 6000 TPD
Place: Deonar dumpsite
Area : 110 ha
Capacity: 5000 TPD
11. Mumbai to Slumbai: Building a Slum-free Mumbai
Today, nearly 5.2 million people live in slums, and the
number is still increasing. Over the years, the
population of the city grew at a high speed and so
did the number of slum Dwellers. Nearly one million
people live in Dharavi, the largest slum in Mumbai as
well as in Asia.
It is home to a large number of micro industries,
including pottery, tanning and leatherworking, and
plastic recycling.
A walk through Dharavi or any other slum would
completely change the mind about what slums mean
in Mumbai: they are not clusters of temporary shelters,
but complex ecological and economic systems, “a
city within a city.”
The percentage of slum dwellers in the city is so high that locals joke that Mumbai
should be renamed “Slumbai.”
Dharavi, Mumbai
12. Government initiative: Building a Slum-free Mumbai
The re-developmental works undertaken by Government and Private Agencies generates large
quantum of C&D waste and non-availability of suitable land for disposal, lead to deposit of waste
on the roads and the low lying area, which creates nuisance to ULBs and environmental hazards.
This re-developmental works will generate huge amount of Construction and demolition waste and
hence can be utilized in new construction projects by recycling the quantum of waste in walling as
well as roofing materials.
In 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the vision of “Housing for All,” in the hope of
providing more affordable housing to the poor. This is the first time that the Indian government has
brought up housing as a major issue on its agenda, but it is up to each state to formulate its own
plans on how to achieve the goal.
The Government of Maharashtra (which administers Mumbai) formulated a comprehensive and
ambitious New Housing Policy and Action Plan that aims to provide 1.9 million houses, of which 0.8
million will be in Mumbai, for low-and middle-income groups in the state.
Demolition of slum generates huge
amount of C&D waste
Redevelopment of affordable
houses by recycling C&D waste in
building materials.
14. Project proposal
Alternative technologies
BMTPC Recommended
technology
Construction
time
Cost saving
Monolithic Concrete Construction
using plastic aluminium composite
formwork
Monolithic Concrete Construction
using aluminium formwork
Expanded Polystyrene Core Panel
System
Industrialized 3S System using
Cellular Light weight concrete slabs
& precast columns
Factory Made Fast Track Modular
Building System
Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum
(GFRG) Panel System
Because of the initiative taken by
government to under PMAY with
target of 20 million affordable
housing by 2022
Energy and
resource
Saving ?
16. Material: Technology profile of expanded polystyrene core panel system
EPS core panel is a 3D panel consisting of 3-dimensional welded wire space frame provided with
the polystyrene insulation core. Panel is placed in position and shotcrete on both the sides.
EPS panel includes welded reinforcing meshes of high-strength wire, diagonal wire and self
extinguishing expanded polystyrene uncoated concrete, manufactured in the factory and
shotcrete is applied to the panel assembled at the construction site, which gives the bearing
capacity of the structure.
Typical block of shotcreteon two sides with two wire mesh surfaces,
diagonal links and an EPS core.
Source: EPS manual, Bmtpc
17. In 2011, Unitech, using the expertise provided by the Italian company Schnell, built a 200 sq mt
commercial centre in Gurgaon.
Completed in two months.
Replacing EPS panels instead of using brick or concrete block masonry allows them to cut
construction time by over 50%.
Schnell uses a panel-based building system to cut down on construction time. Their factory-made
panels which are 1.2 m wide and 3 m high consist of a sheet of expanded polystyrene
sandwiched between two steel meshes. The panels are assembled on-site and concrete is then
sprayed on them, rather than building a wall brick by brick.
EPS panel project in India:
Source: https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/foot-soldier/a-10-storey-building-built-in-48-hours-it-happened-in-india/
Potential in India:
• The technology minimizes labour cost.
• It saves the duration of construction while maintaining quality standards.
• It has a bright future in India where demand for lost cost housing is rising.
• Since it is an inert material, EPS does not rot, therefore, it does not attract termite making the
building more durable.
• The technology offers other benefits such as thermal insulation which makes the building
comfortable regardless of temperature change.
Material: Technology profile of expanded polystyrene core panel system
18. Original material composition After partial (75:25) replacement
of Recycled material made out
of C&D waste as per IS:383
After complete (100%)
replacement of Recycled
material made out of C&D
waste
130 to150mm thick EPS panel
Sintered polystyrene Galvanised
steel wire with zinc coating.
Shotcrete
Shotcrete composition:
1:1.5:3 (40mm thick on either side)
1 part Cement
1.5 part sand (100% natural sand)
3 part aggregate (100% natural
aggregate 6mm and down gauge)
Silica
Water
Water reducing admixtures
Air entering admixtures
Super plasticizer
130 to150mm thick EPS panel)
Sintered polystyrene
Galvanisedsteel wire with zinc coating
Shotcrete
Shotcrete composition:
1:1.5:3 (40mm thick either side)
1 part Cement
1.5 part mix sand (75% natural
sand+25%
crushed building materials such as
bricks, plaster etc.)
3 part mixed aggregate (75% natural
aggregate 6mm and down
gauge+25% broken concrete to the
size of 6mm and down gauge)
130 to150mm thick EPS panel
Sintered polystyrene
Galvanisedsteel wire with zinc
coating
Shotcrete
Shotcrete composition:
1:1.5:3 (40mm thick on either side)
1 part Cement
1.5 part sand (100% crushed
building materials such as bricks,
plaster etc.)
3 part aggregate (100% broken
concrete to the size of 6mm and
down gauge)
EPS: Material proportion and composition:
19. EPS: Physical properties
Physical properties Permissible values
as per BMTPC manual
Properties after partial
(75:25) replacement of
recycled C&D waste as
per IS:383
Properties after full
(100%) replacement of
recycled C&D waste
Compressivestrength
Shall not be less than
20 MPa
20.4 Mpa 16.8 Mpa
Density
20 Kg/m3 (As per IFC
material database)
20 Kg/m3 21Kg/m3
Water absorption
2.3% after immersion in
water for 7 days
( water absorption
decreases as density
increases.)
2.4% by weight after
immersion in water for 7 days
4.2% by weight after
immersion in water for 7
days
Fire Resistance
With 40 mm of shotcrete
applied to both sides, each
panel should achieve a fire
rating of 90 minutes. It can
withstandthe temp. of upto
163⁰C.
165oC 108oC
Thermal conductivity 0.34 W/m C 0.32 0.34
Inference: when comparing proportion of partial replacement (75:25), the values are almost similar to the
permissible values. But in full replacement (100%) of recycled content, the valuesfails in meeting with the
permissible one.
20. EPS: Environmental Properties
EPS panel without C&D waste
Material Embodied Energy
(MJ)
CO₂ emissions
(Kg)
EPS insulation 8894.40 304.46
Shotcrete (40mm each
side)
2849.88 391.51
EPS panel with partial (75:25) replacement of C&D waste
Material Embodied Energy
(MJ)
CO₂ emissions
(Kg)
EPS insulation 8894.40 304.46
Shotcrete (40mm each
side)
2806.10 388.57Quantity of EPS panel = 17.62 m³
Area of wall: 117.456 m²
Inferences:
0.37 % reduction in overall Embodied energy after incorporating C&D waste in EPS panel.
0.75% reduction in carbon emissions after incorporating C&D waste in EPS panels.
Embodied energy and Carbon emissions Comparison (with and without) C&D waste
21. 12.92
10.51
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
without C&D
waste
with C&D
waste
Embodied Energy
205.92
165.26
0
50
100
150
200
250
without C&D
waste
with C&D waste
Embodied
Energy
0.56
0.52
0.5
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
without C&D
waste
with C&D waste
Carbon
Emissions
16.85
13.95
0
5
10
15
20
without C&D
waste
with C&D
waste
Carbon
Emissions
Coarse Aggregate (Natural VsRecycled)
Fine Aggregate (Natural Vs. Recycled)
18.63 % reduction in Embodied energy, if we replace Recycled aggregate instead of Natural aggregate.
7.14 % reduction in Carbon emissions if we replace Recycled aggregate instead of Natural aggregate.
19.74 % reduction in Embodied energy, if we replace Recycled sand instead of Natural sand.
17.21 % reduction in Carbon emissions if we replace Recycled sand instead of Natural sand.
EPS : Environmental parameter
Embodied energy and Carbon emissions Comparison of Recycled Vs. Natural materials
22. Comparison of Embodied energy and Carbon Emissions of GFRG and EPS
In EPS, the difference in reduction in Embodied Energy is 43.47 MJ (0.37 MJ/m²) and carbon
emission is 2.94 kg (0.025 kg/m²) after partial 75:25 replacement C&D waste than in original EPS.
11744.28
11701.21
694.97 692.03
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
EPS (without C&D waste) EPS (with C&D waste)
Emdodied
energy (MJ)
CO₂ Emissions
(Kg)
23. Cost Analysis
Inferences:
Minute Reduction in cost 1.35 Rs/m² of EPS panel after incorporation of recycled content.
Minute Reduction in cost 0.50 Rs/m² of GFRG panel after incorporation of recycled content.
104403.72
104245.72
EPS (without C&D waste)
EPS (with C&D waste)
Cost (In Rs.)
24. Conclusion
0.75%
0.37%
0.15%
EPS
Though the amount of reduction is less, but if considered at broader scale, the quantum of
embodied energy and GHG savings will be huge.
Though there is not much change in the properties between original materials and after partial
replacement (25%-30%) of recycled raw materials made from C&D waste in both EPS and
GFRG, thus recycling C&D waste is beneficial in
• Reducing
depletion of
natural
resources
• Reducing 12%-15%
share from MSW,
thus, Saving Landfill
Space
Embodied
energy
Carbon
emissions
Cost
25. References
GFRG manual. (2012). BuildingMaterials & Technology Promotion Council Ministryof Housing & Urban Poverty
AlleviationGovernment of India, 45.
Agency, I. E. (September 2016). Evaluation of EmbodiedEnergy and CO2eq for Building Construction.
International Energy Agency, 123.
BMTPC. (n.d.). http://www.bmtpc.org
Chini, S. S. (5). Construction Materials and C&D Waste in India. Construction Materials and C&D Waste in India.
CPCB. (2017). Guidelines on Environmental Management of C&D Waste Management in India. Guidelines on
Environmental Management of C&D Waste Management in India (Draft 2017), 39.
EPS manual. (n.d.). BuildingMaterials & Technology Promotion Council Ministryof Housing & Urban Poverty
Alleviation Government of India, 10.
Indian construction material database, IFC