This document outlines key concepts in business ethics including: - Different ethical perspectives that guide decision making - How companies can influence their ethics environment - A process for making ethical decisions involving awareness, judgement, and character - Issues around corporate social responsibility and managing environmental impacts It provides learning objectives focused on understanding ethics, corporate social responsibility, and sustainable business practices.

1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Learning Objectives L01: Describe how different ethical perspectives guide decision making. L02 : Explain how companies influence their ethics environment. L03: Outline a process for making ethical decisions.

3. Learning Objectives L04: Summarize the important issues surrounding corporate social responsibility. L05: Discuss reasons for businesses’ growing interest in the natural environment. L06: Identify actions managers can take to manage with the environment in mind.

4. Ethics The system of rules that governs the ordering of values.

5. Things to Ponder… What kind of manager do you want to be? What reputation do you hope to have? How would you like others to describe your behavior as a manager?

6. Is it legal? Is it balanced? How will I feel about myself (OR what would my mother say if she knew?)

7. Ethics…it’s a big issue In a recent survey, more than 1/3 of U.S. adults have observed unethical conduct at work. In another survey, top justification for unethical behavior was “pressure to meet unrealistic goals and deadlines.”

8. Ethics…it’s a personal issue Most of us think we are good ethical decision makers, but the fact is, most people are not. People lie or commit ethical transgressions without realizing the consequences . Managers often hire people who are like them , think they are immune to conflicts of interest , take more credit than they deserve , and blame others when they deserve some blame themselves

9. Where are the Business Ethics? In a recent survey of 700 employees: 39% said their supervisors sometimes didn’t keep promises 24% said their supervisor had invaded their privacy 23% said their supervisor covered up his or her own mistakes by blaming someone else

10. Ethical Dilemmas YOU may face CEO pay Commercialism in schools Religion at work Sweatshops Wages Brands

11. Sarbanes-Oxley Act An act that established strict accounting and reporting rules to make senior managers more accountable and to improve and maintain investor confidence. Requires that organizations Have more independent board directors , not just company insiders Adhere strictly to accounting rules Have senior managers personally sign off on financial results

12. Compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley Act Establish written standards of ethical conduct and controls for enforcing them Assign responsibility to top managers to ensure that the program is working as intended Exclude anyone who violates the standards from holding management positions Provide training in ethics to all employees Monitor compliance Give employees incentives for complying and consequences for violating the standards Respond with consequences and additional preventive measures if criminal conduct comes to light

13. Downside of Sarbanes-Oxley Distracts from real work Makes executives more risk averse Costly time and money expenditures for compliance

14. The GE example of an ethical climate Top executives are committed to promoting high levels of integrity without sacrificing the commitment to business results. Established global standards for behavior to prevent ethical problems. Managers are expected to consider legal and ethical developments as they monitor the external environment.

15. Ethical Criteria for making decisions Why do it? Good or bad motives? My responsibility or someone else’s? Who gets the credit or the blame?

16. What would you do? You are international vice president of a multinational chemical corporation. Your company is the sole producer of an insecticide that will effectively combat a recent infestation of West African crops. The minister of agriculture in a small, developing African country has put in a large order for your product. Your insecticide is highly toxic and is banned in the United States. You inform the minister of the risks of using your product, but he insists on using it and claims it will be used “intelligently.” The president of your company believes you should fill the order, but decision is ultimately yours.

17. Danger signs Excessive emphasis on short-term revenues over longer-term considerations Failure to establish a written code of ethics Desire for simple, “quick fix” solutions to ethical problems Unwillingness to take an ethical stand that may impose financial costs

18. Danger signs (cont’d) Consideration of ethics solely as a legal issue or a public relations tool Lack of clear procedures for handling ethical problems Responsiveness to the demands of shareholders at the expense of other constituencies

19. Corporate Ethical Standards Managers formally and informally shape employees’ behavior with money, approval, good job assignments, a positive work environment Managers must be ethical and lead others to behave ethically “ Set a goal for yourself to be seen by others as both a “moral person” and also as a “moral manager.”

20. Ethical Leader One who is both a moral person and a moral manager influencing others to behave ethically. Imagine how you would feel if you saw your decision and its consequences on the front page of the newspaper.

21. Writing an Effective Ethics Code Principles Involve those who have to live with the code in the development of the code Focus on real-life situations that employees can relate to Keep it short and simple, so it is easy to understand and remember Write about values and shared beliefs that are important and that people can really believe in Set the tone at the top, having executives talk about and live up to the statement

22. Ethics Programs Compliance-based ethics programs company mechanisms typically designed by corporate counsel to prevent, detect and punish legal violations . Integrity-based ethics programs company mechanisms designed to instill in people personal responsibility for the ethical behavior.

23. How to make ethical decisions Moral awareness – realizing the issue has ethical implications Moral judgment – knowing what actions are morally defensible Moral character – the strength and persistence to act in accordance with your ethics despite the challenges

24. Process for Ethical Decision Making

25. Excuses for Unethical Behavior Denying responsibility Denying injury Denying the victim Social weighting Appealing to higher loyalties

26. Evaluate your Ethical Duties Would you be proud to see the action widely reported in newspapers? Would it build a sense of community among those involved? Would it generate the greatest social good? Would you be willing to see others take the same action when you might be the victim? Does it harm the “least among us”? Does it interfere with the right of all others to develop their skills to the fullest?

27. Whistleblowing Telling others, inside or outside the organization, of wrongdoing. People decide whether to whistleblow based on their perceptions of the wrongful act, their emotions, and a cost-benefit analysis Can be either an asset or a threat to an organizations depending on the situation Letter of the Law, WSJ 04 SEP 2008

28. Corporate Social Responsibility Obligation toward society assumed by business

29. Pyramid of Global Corporate Social Responsibility and Performance

30. Global Corporate Social Responsiblity Economic responsibility – to produce goods and services that society wants at a price that perpetuates the business and satisfies its obligations to investors. Legal responsibility – to obey local, state, federal, and relevant international laws. Ethical responsibility – to meet other societal expectations, not written as law. Philanthropic responsibility – to behave and act in ways that society finds desirable and valuable.

31. Do businesses really have a social responsibility? Managers act as agents for shareholders and are obligated to maximize the present value of the firm Unethical for business leaders to decide what is best for society Unethical for business leaders to spend shareholders’ money on projects unconnected to key business interests. Managers should be motivated by principled moral reasoning Adam Smith defined sympathy as proper regard for others and the basis for a civilized society Organizations have a wider range of responsibilities beyond profitability

32. Doing well by doing good Companies can maximize profits as well as act as good corporate citizens. Corporate social responsibility can be used as a competitive advantage. The effects of corporate social responsibility on the bottom line depends on the corporate strategy

33. Environmental consequences of economic activity Air pollution Smog Global warming Ozone depletion Acid rain Toxic waste sites Nuclear hazards Obsolete weapons arsenals Industrial accidents Hazardous products

34. Biodynamic Wine Discussion Questions Describe how Benziger Family Winery represents sustainable growth practices Review the description of life-cycle analysis in the text. Based on what you know, what are the total inputs and outputs for Benziger Family Winery? For more information visit www.benziger.com

35. YOU should be able to: L01: Describe how different ethical perspectives guide decision making L02: Explain how companies influence their ethics environment. L03: Outline a process for making ethical decisions

36. YOU should be able to: L04: Summarize the important issues surrounding corporate social responsibility L05: Discuss reasons for businesses’ growing interest in the natural environment L06: Identify actions managers can take to manage with the environment in mind.

37. The Nuts and Bolts of Ethics Read Sam Colt’s ethical dilemma on page 53. If you were Sam, what would you do?

38. Test Your Knowledge How do the five different ethical perspectives guide decision making?

39. Test Your Knowledge NovaCare and Wetherill Associates are examples of companies with: A) strong integrity-based ethics programs B) strong compliance-based ethics programs C) weak integrity-based ethics programs D) weak compliance-based ethics programs E) none of the above is correct

40. Test your knowledge Outline the process for ethical decision making

41. Test Your Knowledge All About U (AAU) Salon believes in and engages in meeting societal expectations whether or not written as law. AAU can be described as operating at which level of the pyramid of corporate social responsibility? A) Preconventional B) Conventional C) Economic D) Ethical E) Legal

42. The Natural Environment Then: industrial-age systems took a “take-make-waste” approach to the natural environment Now: organizations are incorporating environmental values into competitive strategies and into the design and manufacturing of products

43. Test Your Knowledge What are the reasons for businesses’ growing interest in the natural environment?

44. Telling the Truth and Lying

45. Ethical climate Processes by which decisions are evaluated and made on the basis of right and wrong.

46. The J & J Example