This document provides a summary of a presentation on bus ducts and computer networking. It begins with an introduction to bus ducts, explaining their purpose of transferring power from generators to transformers in power stations. It describes the three main types of bus ducts: isolated phase, segregated phase, and non-segregated phase. The second part of the document discusses computer networking, explaining the need for networking and its advantages. It provides an overview of the basic components of BHEL Rudrapur's computer network, including its internet connection, intranet, switches, firewall server, and shared services.
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
Types of Insulators:
1. Pin type insulators
2. Suspension type insulators
3. Strain insulators
4. Shackle insulators
string efficiency
methods of improving string efficiency
sag in overhead lines
sag calculations
1. supports at equal level
2. supports at unequal level
3. effect of wind & Ice loading
Cable sizing to withstand short circuit currentLeonardo ENERGY
In a cable a short circuit causes very extreme stresses which are proportional to the square of the current:
• A temperature rise in the conducting components subjected to current flow such as conductor, screen, metal sheath, armour. Indirectly the temperature of adjoining insulation and protective covers also increases,
• electro-magnetic forces between the current-carrying components.
The temperature rise is important for its effect on ageing, heat pressure characteristics etc., and should be limited to a permissible short-circuit temperature. The thermo-mechanical effects of the current shall also be considered.
For a given short-circuit duty therefore the short-circuit capacity of a cable installation is to be investigated with respect to all these parameters. For multi-core cables in most instances the thermal effect - related to the magnitude of fault current and clearance time - is the critical parameter, since the cable will normally have enough mechanical strength. With single-core cables however, in addition, the mechanical effect - related to the magnitude of the peak short-circuit current - is of such significance that, next to the thermal, the mechanical with- stand of both cable and its supports is to be investigated.
Also accessories must be rated with respect to thermal and mechanical short-circuit stresses.
The short-circuit withstand of a cable system is not quantitatively defined with regard to permissible number of repeated short circuits, degree of deformation or destruction or impairment quality. It is expected, however, that a cable installation will remain safe in operation and that any deformation remains within tolerable limits even after several short circuits.
Traditionally, with reference to line conductors, over certain sections the neutral conductor is downsized. Today, nearly every piece of electrical equipment generates harmonic currents. Harmonic currents cause many problems in electrical installations, including overheating of neutral conductor in power cables.
To ensure the safety and resilience of installations, designers and technicians shall therefore consider harmonics in neutral sizing.
This course gives a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the subject. A case study is also presented.
Design aspects of high voltage transmission linejournalBEEI
The transmission lines are very important in the transmitted of electrical power, and the process of selecting the voltage of the line is an important task in the design and implementation process. The process of transferring electrical power from one side then onto the next place for long away. While maintaining the percentage regulation within the permissible limits is an important problem in the transfer of energy. In electrical transmission line there are important elements are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The purpose of this paper is to study and calculate economic high-tension voltage and selection of overhead line conductor ACSR.
Types of conductors, line parameters, calculation of inductance and capacitance of single and double circuit transmission lines, three phase lines with bundle conductors. Skin effect and
proximity effect.
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
Instrumentation Cable In India are a couple of conductor cables that carry low strength electric indicators used for tracking or controlling electric strength structures and their related approaches.
Types of Insulators:
1. Pin type insulators
2. Suspension type insulators
3. Strain insulators
4. Shackle insulators
string efficiency
methods of improving string efficiency
sag in overhead lines
sag calculations
1. supports at equal level
2. supports at unequal level
3. effect of wind & Ice loading
Cable sizing to withstand short circuit currentLeonardo ENERGY
In a cable a short circuit causes very extreme stresses which are proportional to the square of the current:
• A temperature rise in the conducting components subjected to current flow such as conductor, screen, metal sheath, armour. Indirectly the temperature of adjoining insulation and protective covers also increases,
• electro-magnetic forces between the current-carrying components.
The temperature rise is important for its effect on ageing, heat pressure characteristics etc., and should be limited to a permissible short-circuit temperature. The thermo-mechanical effects of the current shall also be considered.
For a given short-circuit duty therefore the short-circuit capacity of a cable installation is to be investigated with respect to all these parameters. For multi-core cables in most instances the thermal effect - related to the magnitude of fault current and clearance time - is the critical parameter, since the cable will normally have enough mechanical strength. With single-core cables however, in addition, the mechanical effect - related to the magnitude of the peak short-circuit current - is of such significance that, next to the thermal, the mechanical with- stand of both cable and its supports is to be investigated.
Also accessories must be rated with respect to thermal and mechanical short-circuit stresses.
The short-circuit withstand of a cable system is not quantitatively defined with regard to permissible number of repeated short circuits, degree of deformation or destruction or impairment quality. It is expected, however, that a cable installation will remain safe in operation and that any deformation remains within tolerable limits even after several short circuits.
Traditionally, with reference to line conductors, over certain sections the neutral conductor is downsized. Today, nearly every piece of electrical equipment generates harmonic currents. Harmonic currents cause many problems in electrical installations, including overheating of neutral conductor in power cables.
To ensure the safety and resilience of installations, designers and technicians shall therefore consider harmonics in neutral sizing.
This course gives a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the subject. A case study is also presented.
Design aspects of high voltage transmission linejournalBEEI
The transmission lines are very important in the transmitted of electrical power, and the process of selecting the voltage of the line is an important task in the design and implementation process. The process of transferring electrical power from one side then onto the next place for long away. While maintaining the percentage regulation within the permissible limits is an important problem in the transfer of energy. In electrical transmission line there are important elements are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The purpose of this paper is to study and calculate economic high-tension voltage and selection of overhead line conductor ACSR.
Types of conductors, line parameters, calculation of inductance and capacitance of single and double circuit transmission lines, three phase lines with bundle conductors. Skin effect and
proximity effect.
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
Instrumentation Cable In India are a couple of conductor cables that carry low strength electric indicators used for tracking or controlling electric strength structures and their related approaches.
Granularity of efficient energy saving in wireless sensor networkseSAT Journals
Abstract Most existing techniques for reconfigurable processors focus on the computation model. This paper focuses on increasing the granularity of Efficient Energy Saving units without compromising flexibility. This is carried out by matching the granularity to the degree-of-freedom processing in most wireless Networks. A design flow that accelerates the exploration of tradeoffs among various architectures for the configurable unit is discussed in this paper. In this Paper we mentioned in detailed way of evaluates various baseband algorithms and presents the granularity of configurable units, describes the architecture of each configurable unit and presents the methodology used in the architectural tradeoff analyses as well as the tradeoff results. Keywords: Wireless Communication, Low Power Design, OFDM, MIMO.
Granularity of efficient energy saving in wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Program/Course : Computer System Servicing NC II
Unit of Competency : Set-up Computer Networks
Module : Install Network Cables
Learning Outcome 01: Installing Network Cables
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
1. A PRESENTATION ON BUS DUCT AND COMPUTER NETWORKING
PRESENTED BY :- VIVEK KUSHWAHA ECE 4TH year Roll no. 59
2. TABLE OF CONTENT
1.BUSDUCT
Introduction to bus duct.
Types of bus duct.
1.Isolated phase bus duct.
2.Segregated phase bus duct.
3.non segregated bus duct.
Design and selection criteria.
2.COMPUTER NETWORKING
Need for computer networking
Advantage of computer networking
Basic component of networking in BHEL, RUDRAPUR
Sharing services
Active directory
Firewall sever
Other features of networking in BHEL,RUDRAPUR
4. INTRODUCTION
Almost all coal , nuclear , geothermal , solar thermal electric , as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal.
Commercial electric utility power stations are usually constructed on a large scale and designed for continuous operation.
Electrical power typically uses three-phase electrical generators to produce alternating current(AC) electric power at a frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz.
High power generation requires special equipment's to transfer from source to the sink.
5. INTRODUCTION(cont.)
To transfer the power through grids into various sub stations , the power needs to reach the generator transformer(GT) which steps down the high voltage and current.
This transit occurs with the help of bus duct / bus bar which is capable of carrying current up to 21000A and can be subjected to various weather conditions without substantial losses incurred.
6. INTRODUCTION
Bus ducts or bus bars are used to carry very high current between the generator and associated transformers, in the power stations.
In the power stations the generator voltages vary from 12 KV to 24 KV whereas auxiliary supply voltages are 3.3 KV, 6.6 KV, or 12 KV.
Bus duct forms an electrical link between generator , transformers and associated equipment's. It is an assembly of bus bars with associated joints ,connections and supporting insulators within a grounded metal enclosure.
Bus bars are thick metal connectors, usually of aluminium , which carry large current up to 10 KA. The conductors are metal enclosed, usually aluminium to provide safety and reliable operation.
7. BUS DUC(cont.)
Aluminium has been used for the enclosure, as well as it reduces the magnetic losses.
Aluminium is being used increasingly as bus bar material, in power stations, distribution boards, switchgear, etc. one of the main reasons for this is that it is cheaper to use than copper and making allowance for the light metal’s.
8. TYPES OF BUSDUCTS
Isolated phase bus duct.
(21kv)
segregated phase bus duct. (12kv)
Non segregated phase bus duct.
(6.6kv)
There are three types of bus ducts
9. INTRODUCTION:
An IPBD most commonly used for large power generating unit and popularly known as generator bus duct , serves as an interconnection between generator and it’s associated auxiliary equipment .
Conductors are air insulated and supported in the centre of an enclosure by strategically arranging the insulators . phase to phase circuits are eliminated and no current is induced in the steel work, cable pipes or other metal structures in close to proximity bus duct.
In Isolated Phase Bus duct each phase conductor is enclosed by an individual metal housing and separated from adjacent phase conductor housing by an air space.
Each phase conductor is mounted in an individual enclosure and is carrying a much higher current for a given permissible temperature hence it has a large heat dissipation as compared to segregated and non-segregated phase bus duct.
10. SEGREGATED PHASE BUS DUCT (SPBD)
Metal enclosed bus duct in which all the phase conductors housed in common metal enclosure and segregated by metallic barrier between phases.
Segregated phase bus duct is generally employed in medium voltage systems and serves as interconnection between the switchgear and transformer.
The segregated phase bus duct comprises of three phase conductors running along with barrier made of aluminium alloy.
The non-magnetic barrier provided between phase conductor reduces forces during phase to phase faults and also helps in reducing temperature rise.
11. NON SEGREGATED PHASE BUS DUCT (NSPBD)
Metal enclosed bus duct in which all phase conductors are in common metal enclosure with only air barrier and physical separation between the phases.
NSPBD serves as an interconnection between 1.1KV switchgear/indoor power control centre (PCC)/motor control centre(MCC) and its auxiliary transformer. It is also used for trunking connection between two separate switchgear/PCC/MCC, wherever applicable.
12. DIAGRAM SHOWING DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUS DUCT
Isolated Phase Bus-Duct
Segregated Phase Bus- Duct
Non-Segregated Phase Bus-Duct
13. DESIGN AND SELECTION CRITERIA
The bus duct provide a means for carrying high current. It provides high system reliability. The type and rating of bus duct shall be as per system requirement.
The design of bus duct is based on following factors.
The continuous current rating.
Maximum system voltage.
Maximum dynamic and transient forces it may be subjected to during its life span.
The dielectric requirement of the system.
Climatic conditions.
14. SELECTION CRITERIA
The shape and size of bus duct of bus bar/enclosure is selected considering the following aspects.
1)The current carrying capability.
2)The resistivity required for permissible thermal limits.
3)Force between the different conductor in short circuit condition.
4)Skin effect.
5)Proximity effect.
6)Effect of solar radiation on temperature rise.
16. WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORKING ???
•Information and communication are two of the most important strategic issues for the success of every enterprise. While today nearly every organization uses a substantial number of computers and communication tools (telephone , fax , personal hand held devices) , they are often still isolated , many departments still do not communicate and much needed information cannot be readily accessed.
•To overcome these difficulties there is a need for effective computer networking.
17. NEED FOR NETWORKING ???
Computer networks allows the user to access remote program and remote database either from the same organization or from other enterprises or public source.
Computer networks provides communication faster then other facility. Because of these optimal information and communication possibilities , it may increase the organizational learning rate.
18. ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORKING
FILE SHARING : computer networking makes easy for everyone to access the same file and prevents people from accidentally creating different version.
PRINTER SHARING: with the computer networking several computers are inter- connected with the same printer.
COMMUNICATION AND CALLABORATION : it’s hard for people to work together if no one knows what others are doing. A network allows employees to share , view other people’s work , and exchange ideas more efficiently. In a large office , one can use e-mail and instant messaging tools to communicate quickly and to store for future reference.
ORGANIGATION AND DATA PROTECTION.
19. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKING IN BHEL , RUDRAPUR
INTERNET
(2 MBPS)
INTERANET
(MPLS)
SWITCH (to co-ordinate between services and users)
FIREWALL SERVER
VARIOUS PC CONNECTIONS
ACTIVE DIRECTORY
SHARING SERVICE
WEBSITE SERVER
20. ACTIVE DIRECTORY
Active directory(AD) is a directory that Microsoft has developed for windows domain networks and included for in most windows server operating systems as a set of process and services.
When a user logs into a computer that is a part of windows domain , now these active directory checks the submitted password and determines whether the user is a system administrator or normal user .
21. SHARING SERVICES
shared services is the provision of a service by one part of an organization or group where that service had previously been found in more than one part of the organization or group . Thus the funding and resourcing of the service is shared and then provided.
All the departments upload the files that need to be shared on the BHEL , RUDRAPUR website which can only be accessed from within the organization.
22. FIREWALL SERVER
A firewall protect the local area network(LAN) or even a single computer against outside intrusion.
It acts as a filter outside world and private networks.
The term “firewall” doesn’t actually refer to any device . A firewall can be a piece of hardware or a software , and more than one type of firewall can be used to provide extra network security.
The various websites that have blocked for employee access in the organization are:
Social network sites( facebook,twitter,orkut etc.)
Sites for entertainment purpose.
23. OTHER FEATURES OF THE NETWORKING OF BHEL RUDRAPUR
For the organization under study , BHEL , RUDRAPUR out of the 115 computers , 75 are regular computers are while 40 are on contract basis.
Each employees is assigned with a username and a password which is required to unlock his/her assigned computer.
Therefore each PC can be unlocked using two passwords. One , the employee password the other , the ADMIN id and password.