This document discusses using power line carrier communication (PLCC) to control the manufacturing of insulators through an embedded supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. PLCC allows communication between different plants over existing power lines, eliminating the need for new wiring. An engineer could monitor and control the insulator manufacturing process from a control room. Key components of the PLCC system include line matching units, wave traps, coupling capacitors, and power line modems to transmit data over power lines using modulation/demodulation. The document also describes the process for manufacturing insulators and components of a basic SCADA system for remote monitoring and control.

1. 1
MANUFACTURING OF AN INSULATOR
THROUGH EMBEDDED SCADA USING
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
RAHUL S. KALRA
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION,
VADODARA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING,
KOTAMBI VILLAGE,
VADODARA-HALOL TOLL ROAD,
GUJARAT, INDIA.
Kalrarahul15@yahoo.com
“Sometimes hidden wires in the infrastructure
can be used to bridge the gap between two
nodes.”
Abstract-
Different communication technologies are
being used for information transmission.
Ample amount of information revolves
through entire globe every day, creating an
essential need for a transmission medium that
is not only fast but also reasonable. One such
technology is Power Line Carrier
Communication. Industries comprise several
units/plants. An engineer would take hours to
move across different plants. To ease the
communication between two plants, this paper
comes up with an idea of sending information
over Power Line Network. As industry consist
same power line moving across various plants,
Engineer can access functioning of plant1
when he is actually in plant2 by using Power
line networking. This way the paper reveals
fact of communicating between two distant
entities by using an existing electrical network,
offering a "no new wires” solution. The paper
uses pre-existing patent filed which is with
respect to invention of Computers. This paper
also uses the most famous GUI to monitor
status of the plant comfortably from control
room itself, thus, giving born to a Custom
Scada to which the paper title refers to
Embedded Scada. This paper urges to merge
data communication over DC and AC lines to
efficiently manage the Manufacturing Plant of
an Insulator.
Keywords-
Power Line Networking, Communication,
SCADA, Programming.
CITATIONS
 Research paper on communicating
through power lines
 A Power Line Communication Tutorial -
Challenges and Technologies, Phil
Sutherlin and
 Walter Downey
 Power line communication, John Wiley
and Sons
 Dhiraj S. Bhojane, Saurabh R.
Chaudhari, Eshant G. Rajgure, Prakash
D. More / International
 Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA)
 http://www.datasheetcatalog.com //
LM1893, LM2893 Carrier Current
Transceiver
 http://www.agilent.com/semiconductors
 http://freecircuitdiagram.com/2008/11/1
6/power-line-modem-circuit-for-home-
automationapplication/
 http://www.xtentechnology.com
 http://www.avagotech.com
 http://www.TexasInstruments.com
 http://www.ebook.com
 http://www.robokits.com
 http://www.sunromtechnologies.com
 http://www.freescalesemiconductor.com,
Motorola.com/Semiconductor
DRM035/D
 http://www.slideshare.com
 http://www.wikipedia.com
 http://www.microsoft.com
 http://youtube.com

2. 2
INTRODUCTION-
This research paper talks about controlling the
manufacturing plant using embedded
technologies. Until now embedded applications
were meant to perform real time task and were
not bothered about its security and monitoring.
The paper gives keen emphasis on monitoring the
manufacturing of an Insulator by controlling its
various machine parameters and thereby gives
the world a broader perspective to make an
Industrial stand in the Electronics & Electrical
Market.
An Engineer will be able to manufacture and
control the Insulator sitting at one corner in the
Control Room from where he will able to control
the entire process on-going on the Field.
Research Paper derives the concept of Power
Line Communication from an Electrical
background with which it urges to transmit
certain information over power line from Plant1
and receive it at the Plant2, thereby initiate the
manufacturing process at Plant2. In this way
paper will eliminate wires moving all around on
the field and send the data at negligible speed
which will lead to a reliable data transmission.
Hence Paper mainly focuses on two modes of
communication viz. Wired Communication (USB
to Serial Cable) which is in respect to Embedded
Scada Concept and Power Line communication
in-order to notify the kind of event taking place
to the USER no matter whether the operator is in
the vicinity, a few steps away or at a distance.
In this way the paper concatenates data
communication over DC lines and AC lines to
efficiently manage the manufacturing plant of an
Insulator. From Transmitter Side, Data travels
over DC power line and is then followed by AC
power line leading to the concept of Modulation.
Exact opposite to it occurs at receiver side giving
rise to Demodulation.
AIMS-
1. To control the Manufacturing of an
Insulator by implementing Custom
Scada.
2. To communicate two plants of an
Industry situated in different corners by
using existing Power Line Network.
OBJECTIVES-
1. To provide Visual representation of
the Manufacturing plant for the ease
of the user.
2. Data Communication over the
cheapest channel (i.e. over Power
Line)
REASONS FOR SELECTING THE SUBJECT-
One can undoubtedly go for implementing
external wired network but it will limit one’s
freedom of movement by wandering all around in
the workspace which would in turn make one feel
restricted and annoyed. Untidiness is an
additional disadvantage of implementing an
External Wired Network. “Wires… Urghh…”
One can even think of implementing a wireless
network as they can penetrate through walls but
are again limited to ranges; moreover their
implementations is not that easy and are costly as
well.
So, apart from the above stated ideas, idea that
can overcome the mentioned facts is of “Hidden
Wires.” Yes, the wires hidden into the
Infrastructure, the Power Line Cables.
Then the question arises: Is Data communication
possible over Power Line?
Yes, it is!
These Hidden wires are so much capable of
carrying data over power signals. Power Line
reaches there where RF fails to reach. Power
Lines are though not seen by naked eyes, their
contribution in the field of data communication
cannot be left unseen.

3. 3
LITERATURE SURVEY
INSULATOR-
An electrical insulator is material whose electric
charges do not flow freely and which therefore
does not conduct an electric current under the
influence of electric field. Insulators are used to
isolate two live lines such that they do not come
into contact. Live lines are suspended from
insulator and supported by the towers or poles.
Span between the two poles or tower is
dependent on allowable sag in the line. Sag
between the towers should be such that it does
not touch the ground. Touching of which will
cause severe accidents. Sag should be such that it
is less than 10% of the total span. In all,
Insulators are substances which resist the flow of
electric current.
TYPES OF INSULATORS-
1) Pin insulators.
2) Solid post insulators.
3) Suspension insulators.
4) Hollow insulators.
5) Long rod single piece porcelain insulators.
One must be wondering how manufacturing of an
Insulator takes place, what all machines are
involved and of course how many processes are
included in it. The below figure discloses all
those facts.
Raw materials:
China Clay, Feldspar, Quartz, Alumina,
Toughened glass, Glazed porcelain
Mixer (Ball mill):
Used for preparation of slurry
Conveyor:
Used to guide output from the mixer to the filter
press
Filter press:
Used to form cake by applying pressure of 250-
300 kg/cm²
Extruder (Pug mill):
Used for blank formation (Pug)
Dryer:
Used to reduce moisture of the formed pug up to
0.1 % to 0.4 % where maximum temperature is
140° C for 400 hrs.
Storage Sector:
It is used to store dried pugs. It is also known as
Pug Godown.
Turning Machine:
A Numerically controlled machine used to cut
the pug as per the design parameters which take
reference of the values stored in its X, Y and Z
co-ordinates. Pug is now in the shape of an
Insulator.
Heater:
Minimum temperature is 50° C and Maximum
temperature is 1235 ° C. Heating continues for
several hrs.
Glazing:
Insulator is dipped into the glaze. Gravels sprays
on top and bottom outer diameter.
Firing:
Insulators are fired after glazing. High speed
diesel or Propane gas is used for firing. Process
continues for 24 hours where shrinkage is around
- 11 to 14 %.
Fig.1: Process of manufacturing insulators.

4. 4
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION-
PLCC is a method of transmitting information
using power network spread over several miles of
geographical area. PLCC is a communication
technique that follows point to point protocol.
Signals that can travel over this hidden channel
are speech signals (300- 2000Hz) & data signals
(200 – 3000Hz). PLCC basically works on the
principle of superimposing an information signal
onto the carrier signal which is power signal in
this case.
For superimposing information over the carrier, it
is important to take below mentioned
considerations.
1) PLCC station (power line node)
2) Line matching unit (LMU) / CV
3) Wave trap (WT) / line trap (LT)
4) Coupling devices (cc)
Let us now design a basic network using these
considerations as real electrical devices.
Fig. 2: Basic Network Diagram.
PLCC equipment is solely responsible for
transmitting or receiving information. But this
transmission or reception is not that easy, it
involves modulation and demodulation
techniques installed for data encryption and
decryption which may refer to amplitude
modulation, frequency modulation, orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing or any other
modulation schemes. Now there comes time to
turn the table round, when it comes to
superimposing an information signal on power
lines actually.
There are different ways by which one can
connect a PLC unit with power lines or
superimpose information onto the carrier signal –
i.e. through Capacitive Coupling or by Inductive
Coupling.
In capacitive coupling, a capacitor is used to
superimpose the modulated signal on to networks
voltage waveform. Another way is inductive
coupling which employs an inductor to couple
the signal with networks waveform. No physical
connection is required to establish inductive
coupling. This makes it safer as compared to
capacitive coupling. However this method has
higher tendency to lose the signal during
coupling and therefore is not used. So we have
capacitive coupling giving a reliable result.
If we categorize capacitive coupling we have,
1) Phase to Ground Coupling
2) Phase to Phase Coupling
3) Interline/ Inter circuit Coupling
1) Phase to Ground Coupling:
Fig.3: Phase to ground coupling

5. 5
2) Phase to Phase Coupling:
Fig. 4: Phase to Phase coupling
3) Inter circuit coupling:
Fig.5: Inter Circuit Coupling
SIGNIFICANCE OF EACH DEVICE:
Wave trap:
- Wave traps are used between the
transmission line and the power stations
to avoid carrier power dislocation in the
power plant and cross talk with other
power line carrier circuits connected to
the same power station.
- It consists of number of choke coils
connected in series. It prevents carrier
current from entering the power
equipment. It offers negligible
impedance to power frequency & high
impedance to carrier frequency.
Fig.6: Wave Trap
Coupling Devices – Coupling Capacitor:
- Used for line impedance matching.
- Used as high voltage, high stability mica
capacitors with low losses
- For lower voltage class of tuning units
with impulse test voltage rating up to 40
KV, polystyrene capacitors are used.
- For higher voltage class of tuning units
with impulse test voltage rating up to 150
KV, capacitors with mineral oil
impregnated paper dielectric are used.
Line Matching Unit:
- The output of PLCC is connected to the
matching unit before to the power lines
to achieve the proper impedance

6. 6
matching in between PLCC equipment
and the power line.
Fig. 7: Line Matching Unit
CVT
- It is Control Voltage transformer/
Coupling capacitor.
- This is used for blocking the high voltage
entering to the PLCC Equipment
Fig.8: Control Voltage Transformer
SOME SUBSIDIARY DEVICES WHICH WHOSE
SIGNIFICANCE CANNOT BE IGNORED
Earth Switch
- Earth Switch is used at the time of
maintenance of Line Matching Unit.
Lightening Arrestor
- Used to protect the system from the
damaging effect of lightening
- It works as an insulator between light
and the power line
Fig.9: Lightning Arrestor
Coaxial Cable
- This is used for inter connection between
PLCC & L.M.U for carrying the high
frequency signal.

7. 7
Fig. 10: Coupling Arrangement of PLCC installation
PLCC INSTALLATION:
Now as we are familiar with carrier signal and
power signal we can say that carrier signal will
have some carrier frequency current and power
signal will have some power frequency current.
As per the coupling arrangement shown, carrier
current are prevented to enter station bus by the
wave trap and power frequency current is
blocked by coupling capacitor to enter PLC
equipment. This leads to collision free data
communication over the cheapest channel which
is undoubtedly the Power Line channel.
SUMMARY
PLC is like any other communication technology
whereby a sender modulates the data to be sent,
injects it onto medium, and the receiver de-
modulates the data to read it. The major
difference is that PLC does not need extra
cabling, it re-uses existing wiring. Considering
the pervasiveness of power lines, this means with
PLC, virtually all line- powered devices can be
controlled or monitored (explained below). The
communication device used for the
communication over the power lines is a
MODEM, commonly known as Power Line
MODEM (PLM) or Power Line
equipment/unit/panel. It works as both
transmitter and receiver, i.e., it transmits and
receives data over the power lines. A power line
modem not only modulates the data to transmit it
over the power lines and but also demodulates
the data it receives from the power lines. By
using modulation techniques, binary data stream
is keyed on to a carrier signal and then coupled
on to the power lines by PLM. Coupling is
defined earlier. At the receiver end another PLM
detects the signal and extracts the corresponding
bit stream.
Explanation can be made clearer by the following
block diagram (fig.11):
The block diagram (fig.11) shows the working of
entire PLCC system. Data is processed before
transmission on power lines. First data is
modulated & filtered and then by using couplers,
it is sent over the power lines.

8. 8
Fig.11: Block Diagram of PLCC Installation
Power-line communication is based on electrical
signals, carrying information, propagating over
the power-line. A communication channel is
defined as the physical path between two
communication nodes on which the
communication signal is propagated. The quality
is estimated from how good the communication
is on a channel. The quality is mostly a parameter
of the noise level at the receiver and the
attenuation of the electrical signal at different
frequencies. The higher the noise level the harder
it is to detect the received signal. If the signal
gets attenuated on its way to the receiver it could
also make the decision harder because the signal
gets more hidden by the noise.
A Power Line Modem/Unit would consist of an
opto-coupler which would play a major role in
isolating DC signals and AC signals. It would
also contain a RC filter, Coupler as a transformer
module, an amplifier and a well programmed
power line IC dedicated to transfer information
from one point to another through supplementary
devices.
One would observe characteristics of power line
communication as progresses with reading.

9. 9
EMBEDDED SCADA:
SCADA (supervisory control and data
acquisition) is a type of industrial control system
(ICS). Industrial control systems are computer
controlled systems that monitor and control
industrial processes that exist in the physical
world. SCADA systems historically distinguish
themselves from other ICS systems by being
large scale processes that can include multiple
sites, and large distances. These processes
include industrial, infrastructure, and facility-
based processes. Industrial processes include
those of manufacturing, production, power
generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run
in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete
modes.
Common System Components:
A SCADA system usually consists of the
following subsystems:
o A human–machine interface or HMI is
the apparatus or device which presents
processed data to a human operator, and
through this, the human operator
monitors and controls the process.
o SCADA is used as a safety tool as in
lock-out tag-out
o A supervisory (computer) system,
gathering (acquiring) data on the process
and sending commands (control) to the
process.
o Remote terminal units (RTUs)
connecting to sensors in the process,
converting sensor signals to digital data
and sending digital data to the
supervisory system.
o Scada is a Communication infrastructure
connecting the supervisory system to the
remote terminal units in simple terms.
Fig.12: Details of Embedded SCADA

10. 10
SYSTEM CONCEPTS
- The term SCADA usually refers to
centralized systems which monitor and
control entire sites, or complexes of
systems spread out over large areas
(anything from an industrial plant to a
nation).
- Data acquisition begins at the
Controlling level and includes meter
readings and providing status reports that
are communicated to Host Computer
where SCADA is installed as required.
Data is then compiled and formatted in
such a way that a control room operator
using the HUMAN MACHINE
INTERFACE can make supervisory
decisions. Data may also be fed to a
Historian, often built on a commodity
Database Management System, to allow
trending and other analytical auditing.
HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE
A human–machine interface or HMI is the
apparatus which presents process data to a human
operator, and through which the human operator
controls the process.
HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system's
databases and software programs, to provide
trending, diagnostic data, and management
information such as scheduled maintenance
procedures, logistic information, detailed
schematics for a particular sensor or machine,
and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
The HMI system usually presents the information
to the operating personnel graphically, in the
form of a mimic diagram. This means that the
operator can see a schematic representation of the
plant being controlled. For example, a picture of
a pump connected to a pipe can show the
operator that the pump is running and how much
fluid it is pumping through the pipe at the
moment. The operator can then switch the pump
off. The HMI software will show the flow rate of
the fluid in the pipe decrease in real time. Mimic
diagrams may consist of line graphics and
schematic symbols to represent process elements,
or may consist of digital photographs of the
process equipment overlain with animated
symbols.
The HMI package for the SCADA system
typically includes a drawing program that the
operators or system maintenance personnel use to
change the way these points are represented in
the interface. These representations can be as
simple as an on-screen traffic light, which
represents the state of an actual traffic light in the
field, or as complex as a multi-projector display
representing the position of all of the elevators in
a skyscraper or all of the trains on a railway.
METHODOLOGY:
Block diagram:
As depicted in figure 13, the block diagram
comprises of:
1) Transmitting and Receiving Controllers
2) GUI (Computer)
3) LCD
4) Outputs and Inputs
5) PLCC Transmitter
6) PLCC Receiver
7) Power Supply
Fig.13: Methodology: Block Diagram

11. 11
Power Supply:
The power supply module provides 5V supply to
drive the two microcontrollers with the help of
5V regulator IC.
Inputs:
This block gives logic “0” to the microcontroller
to which the microcontroller responds and
performs a dedicated task. It is because
microcontroller does not understand logic ‟1‟
signal since the ports are pulled up.
Outputs:
This block comprises of 230V Lamps connected
through some drivers to indicate the functioning
of the Machines as programmed in the
microcontroller. Please note – These outputs
devices consume low power.
LCD:
This block displays the Current happenings and
the previous status of the Manufacturing plant of
an Insulator.
Transmitting Controller:
It transmits a byte of information with reference
to the given input, to the PLCC transmitter where
transmitted byte is modulated over a carrier
signal
PLCC Transmitter:
This block accepts byte of information from the
Transmitting Controller or from the GUI Scada
system and transmits it on to the power bus
thereby modulating information signal on the
carrier (power) signal.
PLCC Receiver:
This block receipts a byte of information that is
transmitted from the PLCC transmitter, decodes
it and apply error checking phenomenon, thereby
inputs it to the Receiving Controller.
Receiving Controller:
It receives a byte of information from PLCC
receiver and performs the operation as per the
received stream of bits.
SCADA (GUI):
This block is so designed to easily communicate
with the user using c# coding language.
Graphical user Interface is simply a programmed
screen to which when clicked performs some task
as guided in its backend window. This way the
screen creates an illusion of the real event that is
taking place on the field. Hence we can say this
SCADA technique creates a Virtual On-Field
environment in the control room.
FLOWCHART:
Main tools used
- Power line communication modem
- USB to serial cable
Fig. 14: Flow chart of methodology.

12. 12
SOFTWARES:
Intense study of below mentioned software will
lead an upcoming Engineer to run a successful
application like this.
Following software were used to design &
program the model, they are as follows:
- PROTEUS
- HMI-DOP SOFT
- EAGLE
- MICRO-C FOR AVR
- VIRTUAL SERIAL PORT DRIVER
SOFTWARE
- VISUAL STUDIO
Proteus:
Single application with many service modules
offering different functionality like schematic
capture, PCB layout, etc. makes it so popular
amongst all. Proteus is a wrapper that enables all
of the various other tools to communicate with
each other as it has got virtual terminal built in. It
has got different frameworks ISIS and ARES
sharing the same data base. Moreover 3D feature
makes its use more frequent and easy.
Eagle:
Eagle is a widely used design tool for PCB
designing and manufacturing.
It allows us to draw schematic with the help of its
inbuilt wide library. Moreover the circuit
designer can also make new packages according
to his product configurations easily. The
Software automatically defines the routes as
drawn in the Schematic which is nicely depicted
by the Auto-routing tool in the Board Window.
This feature saves lots of time of the Circuit
Designer. Eagle software allows us to make till
16 layers of PCB which would make the design
more compact and efficient.
Mikro c:
It is easy to create embedded programs on AVR
series through this software. It allows project
management, source code editing, debugging and
complete simulation in one powerful
environment. It is more user friendly then C-
Programming. The Mikro-C PRO for AVR is a
powerful, feature-rich development tool for AVR
microcontrollers. It is designed to provide the
programmer with the easiest possible solution to
develop application program for embedded
systems, without compromising performance or
control. It allows quickly develop and deploy
complex applications.
Visual studio:
Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated
development environment (IDE) from Microsoft.
It is used to develop computer programs for
Microsoft Windows superfamily of operating
systems. It can produce both native code and
managed code. Visual Studio includes a code
editor supporting IntelliSense as well as code
refactoring. The integrated debugger works both
as a source-level debugger and a machine-level
debugger. Other built-in tools include a forms
designer for building GUI applications, web
designer, class designer, and database schema
designer. It accepts plug-ins that enhances the
functionality at almost every level. The term
Visual denotes a brand-name relationship with
other Microsoft programming languages such as
Visual Basic, Visual FoxPro, Visual C#, Visual
J# and Visual C++. All of these features are
packaged with a graphical IDE and support rapid
application development of Windows-based
applications.
HMI-DOP Soft:
HMI (Human Machine Interface) is a medium for
information exchange and mutual communication
between electromechanical system's and the user.
This software offer's fast and convenient drawing
for controlling of manufacturing automation
processes. DOP series Human Machine Interface
also offers fast and convenient control functions
for industrial automation machines. By using this
software, the user can quickly edit images and
graphs and set suitable environment in the form
of a mimic by using its various features.
Virtual serial port driver:
Virtual Serial Port Driver creates virtual serial
ports and connects them in pairs. Applications on
both ends of the pair will be able to exchange
data in such a way, that everything written to the
first port will appear in the second one and
backwards. All virtual serial ports work and
behave exactly like real ones, emulating all their
settings. You can create as many virtual port
pairs as you want, so there will be no serial ports
shortage and no additional hardware crowding
your desk.
TESTING
In order to carry out the entire manufacturing of
an Insulator through Embedded Scada using
Power Line Carrier Communication, paper
develops an idea of creating a SCADA design

13. 13
using Visual Studio using C# coding language. In
this way the paper develops virtual on-field
environment in the Control Room. The
developed Scada design is as shown in the figure.
Fig.15: Scada Design using Visual Studio and C#: Login Page
Fig. 16: Scada Design using Visual Studio and C#:Virtual depiction of on field machines.

14. 14
The custom Scada referring to Embedded Scada
welcomes the user with a Login page. This way,
only the authorized user will be able to control
the manufacturing of an Insulator. Thus, it makes
the usage of resources confidential.
Once the user name and password are accepted,
the user is allowed to monitor and control the
field.
Now the user can click anywhere on the form
design to individually control the functioning
of Manufacturing Plant. Scada design is followed
by the cable running into the power line circuitry
including microprocessors and their efficient
logics built in. On every appropriate mouse click
event, SCADA environment transmits some
information through the cable which is connected
to the power line unit. That information so
transmitted moves over the power line and
travels until it detects any power line receiver.
There demodulation of the information takes
place and deciphered data is fed to the
application circuitry which involves output
interfacing with the microcontrollers. If the data
received is same as the destination address then
state of machine would change from idle to
active or vice-versa depending upon previous
state.
Whatever information is sent from the Scada
design is modulated over the power line and
received at the power line receiver modem where
it is demodulated and the data is fed to the
microcontroller based application program as
shown in the figure. Virtual terminal shows the
data received by the receiver modem. Based on
the information received the state of the lamps is
changed. Note: Entire application is based on
Serial Communication.
In order to create virtual environment the paper
uses virtual serial terminal driver to communicate
between the software (Visual Studio & Proteus).
The paper thus reveals all the facts of power line
communication and its one of the Scada based
application which is very cheap and reliable.
Industries need not to pay any service tax or
service amount for this as it has to pay for
installing any wireless network.
On-field machines are depicted in the form of
lamps creating a virtual environment in some
software as shown in the figure 17.
Fig 17: Virtual environment of machine in Proteus software.

15. 15
OBSERVATIONS
1. It is possible to modulate information
signal on to the power signal. Simulation
of the same is depicted in the figure 18.
The diagram shows the data
communication over AC Mains through
two virtual ports, one acting as a
Transmitter and other as a Receiver.
2. Superimposing information signal in
figure 19, it is continuous square wave
onto the carrier signal which is a
continuous sinusoidal wave.
3. This observation (Fig. 20) is based on
effect of noise (Impulse noise + tonal
noise + high frequency noise) seen on the
power line due to variations in plugging
and unplugging devices having different
wattages. This is because electrical
devices which are connected to the
power mains inject significant noise back
to the network due to presence of
inductors. The characteristic of the noise
of such devices varies widely.
4. Examining the waveform with keen
sense will let you know the difference
between the two. This observation is just
a replica of observation 3 with a clear
view of characteristic noise acting on the
medium due to uneven loads. (Fig. 21)
5. Fig 22 shows variations in the AC
Voltage waveform due to loads acting on
it. The below picture give the closer view
as seen from the oscilloscope. One can
think that how difficult it would be to
modulate the information signal on this
type of noisy environment. One has to
take into consideration various
parameters like impedance matching,
filtration, attenuation, spread spectrums,
couplers and so many other factors as
well. The speed of information signal
that has to travel from one node to
another depends solely on how harsh is
the environment through which it has to
pass through. Moreover it is also
observed that as the number of sockets
increases i.e. number of devices on the
network increases, attenuation (dB) also
increases. Therefore proper amplification
of the signal is necessary. (Fig 22)
EXPECTED INDUSTRIAL CHANGES
 Industrial Manufacturing would become
more fluent.
 Engineers can devote their time in
researching other important parameters
of Industry that are lacking behind.
 Manufacturing Plant is more secured
through continuous monitoring from
control room.
 If industry adopts for any other wireless
network it has to pay amount for the
same. Using existing cables capital of the
industry can be invested in other
progressive efforts.
KEY FACTOR
The carrier frequency range is allocated to
include the audio signal, data signals, protection
and the pilot frequency. Carrier frequency band
ranges from 125 KHz-140 KHz.

16. 16
Fig. 18: Observation 1
Fig.19: Observation 2
Fig. 20: Observation 3 Fig. 21: Observation 4
Fig. 22: Observation 5

17. 17
RESULTS
Results of the paper are as shown below.
A:
B:
Fig 23 (a & b): Practical Results.

18. 18
ADVANTAGES
 Making use of existing electrical cables
 The data can be transfer at reliable rate
over many miles of electrical cable
 Higher mechanical strength and
insulation level of high voltage power
lines result in increased reliability of
communication and lower attenuation
over long-distances
 Power lines usually provide the shortest
route between the power stations.
 Power lines have large cross-sectional
area resulting in very low resistance per
unit length
 Largest spacing between conductors
reduces capacitance, which results in
smaller attenuation at high frequencies.
 The large spacing also reduces the cross
talk to a considerable extent
 Current status of the plant can be known
with the help of using Supervisory
Control and Data
 Acquisition technique
 Visual representation of the plant can be
characterized for the ease of the user.
 Entire Plant can be controlled sitting at
one corner in the control room
 Process Control
 Used to manage a physical process
 SCADA is used to make sure that
productivity targets are met and all
systems run smoothly.
 The SCADA system in place on a
production line tracks how many units
have been produced and how many are in
various stages of completion.
 Monitor and change the state of the
Industrial machines.
 Error Detection and Security
LIMITATIONS
 Persons using PLCC against high
voltages and currents on the lines have to
take care as it can cause frequent
accidents if handled lethargic.
 Proper care should be taken to guard the
carrier equipment
 Reflections are produced on lines
connected to high voltage lines. This
increases attenuation and creates
problem.
 High voltage lines have transformer
connections which attenuate carrier
currents.
 Sub-station equipment adversely affects
the carrier currents.
 Noise introduced by power lines is very
large, proper filters can be overcome this.
This noise is generated by discharge
across insulators & various switching
processes.
 Load imbalance is a frequent issue on
power line due to plugging and
unplugging the devices.
 Environmental changes affect the
characteristics of power line.
 It is obvious that an effective power lines
carrier system must overcome these
difficulties.
CONCLUSION
 Thus the research paper concludes that if
two entities are sharing the same power
line no matter whether they are miles
apart can communicate with each other at
approximately at a negligible data rate
which can vary as per conditions.
 The paper also concludes that
implementing a SCADA kind of
environment in the Industry saves ample
amount of time of an Engineer by
reducing frequent site visits.
VOTE OF THANKS
 I feel privileged to thank Prof. Ashok
Patel, for allowing me to work under his
expert supervision, for his help
throughout graduate studies. I highly
appreciate his continuous motivation
which kept me focused towards my goal.
 I also extend my sincere thanks to H.O.D
Isha Gautam and all faculty and staff of
the Electronics & Communication
Engineering (ECE) Department.
 I am particularly thankful to my family
for their emotional, moral and undying
support.
 Finally I would like to thank Google and
YouTube for being so resourceful to me.
Last but not the least I feel great
gratitude towards thanking god for
giving me that potential of researching
and completing my research paper
effectively.
 I also thank all my well-wishers for
making me a part of their divine prayers!