The intern was assigned tasks related to the design of busbar trunking systems at Larsen & Toubro. The major task was to develop a system to design busbars considering factors like skin effect and proximity effect that influence dimensions. Minor tasks included finding an alternative method to calculate AC resistance and compiling competitor data. The intern gained experience in busbar design and analysis through completing these assignments under guidance.
The document discusses current limiting transformers. Current limiting transformers limit secondary current under short circuit conditions by using core gaps in the magnetic shunt paths. This prevents damage to secondary windings or loads from infinite current in short circuits. They work by bypassing increased flux from a short circuit through an iron core placed between transformer limbs. Current limiting transformers have distributed primary and secondary windings and increased leakage inductance from an extra flux path between core limbs. This limits current without dissipating power. The transformer discussed has three functions - voltage transformation, fault current limitation, and voltage regulation as a substitute for other equipment.
The document discusses Havells cables and wires product range and certifications. It summarizes that Havells produces various types of low and high voltage PVC and XLPE power and control cables that are certified according to Indian and international standards. It also produces special cables, overhead cables, and wires. Havells uses quality raw materials from reputed suppliers and has state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities.
Comparison of overhead and underground transmission linesahmed usama
Overhead transmission lines and underground cables both have advantages and disadvantages for transmitting electric power over long distances. Overhead lines are cheaper to install and maintain but are vulnerable to weather damage, while underground cables are more reliable but significantly more expensive. The choice between overhead and underground transmission depends on technical, economic and environmental factors for each specific situation.
The document provides an overview of power distribution systems. It discusses how electricity is delivered from power plants to end users through a series of steps including increasing voltage at transmission substations, transporting energy along transmission lines, stepping down voltage at distribution substations, and carrying power along distribution lines to homes and businesses. It also describes the key components of distribution systems including overhead lines, underground cables, transformers, and different types of poles, insulators, and conductors used.
Bus duct and computer networks by vivek kushwahaVivek Kushwaha
This document provides a summary of a presentation on bus ducts and computer networking. It begins with an introduction to bus ducts, explaining their purpose of transferring power from generators to transformers in power stations. It describes the three main types of bus ducts: isolated phase, segregated phase, and non-segregated phase. The second part of the document discusses computer networking, explaining the need for networking and its advantages. It provides an overview of the basic components of BHEL Rudrapur's computer network, including its internet connection, intranet, switches, firewall server, and shared services.
This document discusses computer networking at BHEL Rudrapur and bus ducts used in power plants. It describes three types of bus ducts - isolated phase, segregated phase, and non-segregated phase bus ducts. Isolated phase bus ducts have individually enclosed conductors and are used for large power units. Segregated phase ducts have barriers between conductors and are for medium voltages. Non-segregated ducts only have air barriers between conductors and are used at lower voltages. The document also outlines the basic components of BHEL Rudrapur's computer network, including an internet connection, firewall server, switches, active directory and shared services.
The document discusses current limiting transformers. Current limiting transformers limit secondary current under short circuit conditions by using core gaps in the magnetic shunt paths. This prevents damage to secondary windings or loads from infinite current in short circuits. They work by bypassing increased flux from a short circuit through an iron core placed between transformer limbs. Current limiting transformers have distributed primary and secondary windings and increased leakage inductance from an extra flux path between core limbs. This limits current without dissipating power. The transformer discussed has three functions - voltage transformation, fault current limitation, and voltage regulation as a substitute for other equipment.
The document discusses Havells cables and wires product range and certifications. It summarizes that Havells produces various types of low and high voltage PVC and XLPE power and control cables that are certified according to Indian and international standards. It also produces special cables, overhead cables, and wires. Havells uses quality raw materials from reputed suppliers and has state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities.
Comparison of overhead and underground transmission linesahmed usama
Overhead transmission lines and underground cables both have advantages and disadvantages for transmitting electric power over long distances. Overhead lines are cheaper to install and maintain but are vulnerable to weather damage, while underground cables are more reliable but significantly more expensive. The choice between overhead and underground transmission depends on technical, economic and environmental factors for each specific situation.
The document provides an overview of power distribution systems. It discusses how electricity is delivered from power plants to end users through a series of steps including increasing voltage at transmission substations, transporting energy along transmission lines, stepping down voltage at distribution substations, and carrying power along distribution lines to homes and businesses. It also describes the key components of distribution systems including overhead lines, underground cables, transformers, and different types of poles, insulators, and conductors used.
Bus duct and computer networks by vivek kushwahaVivek Kushwaha
This document provides a summary of a presentation on bus ducts and computer networking. It begins with an introduction to bus ducts, explaining their purpose of transferring power from generators to transformers in power stations. It describes the three main types of bus ducts: isolated phase, segregated phase, and non-segregated phase. The second part of the document discusses computer networking, explaining the need for networking and its advantages. It provides an overview of the basic components of BHEL Rudrapur's computer network, including its internet connection, intranet, switches, firewall server, and shared services.
This document discusses computer networking at BHEL Rudrapur and bus ducts used in power plants. It describes three types of bus ducts - isolated phase, segregated phase, and non-segregated phase bus ducts. Isolated phase bus ducts have individually enclosed conductors and are used for large power units. Segregated phase ducts have barriers between conductors and are for medium voltages. Non-segregated ducts only have air barriers between conductors and are used at lower voltages. The document also outlines the basic components of BHEL Rudrapur's computer network, including an internet connection, firewall server, switches, active directory and shared services.
1. The document provides an overview of a training module on overhead line work. It covers power system structure, design principles of distribution lines, and installing/maintaining electrical equipment.
2. The objectives are to address distribution line problems, energize 33kV lines, develop awareness of installing/maintaining 33kV lines, and discuss insulation and equipment selection.
3. The target group are trainees in categories S1-S4 and W3-W6.
Investigation into possible electrical fire outbreaks at welders’ worksho...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an investigation into potential electrical fire risks at welding workshops in Siwdo Kokompe, Ghana. The researcher examined the wiring, electricity distribution, and welding practices. The wiring and fittings at most workshops were found to be in good condition. However, the overuse and improper handling of sockets could pose fire risks due to power overload. The researcher concluded that their investigation did not find significant risks, but improvements could still be made to electrical safety.
This document provides details on calculating various losses that occur in high voltage underground power cables, including dielectric losses, conductor losses, and sheath losses. It presents formulas to calculate voltage-dependent and current-dependent dielectric losses, as well as ohmic conductor losses and sheath eddy current and circulating current losses. The document also provides methods to calculate cable parameters like inductance, impedance, and mutual impedances between conductors and screen. It describes using these calculations and ETAP modeling to analyze losses in an existing 33kV cable network and determine that installing VAR compensators could reduce total daily power losses by approximately 2471 kW.
Analysis of Electric Field and Current Density on XLPE Insulator IJECEIAES
Good condition and size of the insulator are important to ensure the excellent electric field and current density performance because of aging and degradation HVDC cable problem. At present, the existing insulator which is XLPE insulator that had been used does not meet the capabilities criteria of HVDC cable due to the problem in terms of the condition of the insulator which is the presence of a void in the insulator. A research had been made with Quickfield Software to calculate the electric field and current density in the XLPE insulator of HVDC cable. A void is created in the XLPE insulator by using Quickfield Software by varying diameter of void and distance of void from conductor. XLPE insulator is taken as main research object. The results show that largest diameter of void and nearest distance of void from conductor distorts highest electric field and lowest current density. Therefore, it is important to study both electric field and current density to ensure good capabilities and safety of HVDC cable.
Electrical cables come in many forms and are used to transmit electricity or data. Cables can be made of multiple wires twisted or braided together. Some key types of cables include coaxial cables, which have an inner conductor surrounded by insulating and conducting layers; twisted pair cables, which twist two conductors together to reduce interference; and fiber optic cables, which transmit data using light signals through glass fibers. Cables are used widely in power transmission, electronics, communications, and other applications.
Basic Difference Between Wires and CablesDr.Raja R
Basic Difference Between Wires and Cables
What’s the basic difference between Wires and Cables?
List some of the basic differences between Wires and Cables
Different uses of Wire and Cable
Types of Wire and Cable
Different advantages of using Wire and Cable
Construction of cables
Parts of a cable
Properties of cable insulators
Properties of conductors
Types of cables
Underground cables
Methods of laying underground cables
Types of cable faults
Comparison between overhead and underground cables
This document provides information about electrical installation and maintenance. It discusses key figures in the history of electricity such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison, and Nikola Tesla. It also covers topics like types of electric current and circuits, components of electrical systems like wires and cables, and how to perform splices and joints. Classification of wires, cables, circuits and raceways are described along with diagrams to illustrate concepts.
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domest...maharshi solanki
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domestic installation
Prepared by: Maharshi Solanki
Guided by:Prof. Jaydeep Vanpariya
Europacable is an association of European cable manufacturers that promotes the use of XLPE cables for electricity transmission. They believe XLPE cables are a reliable and innovative technology that have manageable environmental impacts and comparable life-cycle costs to overhead lines. Partial undergrounding using XLPE cables can facilitate grid extension by addressing local concerns and enable the integration of renewable energy sources into Europe's future energy mix.
This document provides an overview of different electronic manufacturing techniques used to assemble electronic components onto substrates like printed circuit boards. It describes three main component assembly methods: through-hole technology, surface mount technology, and hybrid technology. It then focuses on printed circuit boards, describing different types including single layer boards, two layer boards, and multilayer boards. The document is intended to provide information on electronic manufacturing techniques for an electrical engineering design course.
SAM Cables is an ISO certified company that manufactures power cables including LT aerial bunched cables, LT power cables, instrumentation cables, and control cables. It has headquarters in Rudrapur, Uttarakhand, India and multiple manufacturing plants and branch offices across India. The company provides ISI marked cables that meet various international and Indian standards. LT aerial bunched cables offer advantages over bare overhead conductors like increased safety, reduced maintenance costs, and better reliability of supply. SAM Cables is a leading manufacturer of aerial bunched cables in India.
In three single phase high voltage underground cable induce voltages and currents in their sheaths. The sheath induced currents are undesirable and generate power losses and reduce the cable ampacity whereas the induced voltages can generate electric shocks to the workers that keep the power line. This means that when dealing with three single phase high voltage underground cable, it is very important to know the sheath currents called circulating currents that can circulate throughout the sheath and sheath voltage of the cables. It is very useful to know their values and the technique to reduce the sheath voltage of the high voltage Cable. This study presents as technique known as Mixed bonding technique combination of cross bonding and single point bonding to reduce the sheath voltage of the long length cable route. Manish Kumar | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Mixed Bonding Method of High Voltage Cable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2348.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2348/mixed-bonding-method-of-high-voltage-cable/manish-kumar
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on high voltage AC transmission lines. It discusses the need for high voltage transmission, components of transmission lines including conductors, insulators and towers. It covers the methodology for designing transmission lines including selecting the transmission voltage and size of conductors. The advantages of high voltage transmission include reduced losses and increased efficiency while disadvantages include corona losses and increased costs. It concludes that high voltage transmission is important for economically transmitting bulk power over long distances.
This document discusses key questions to ask about electronic components, focusing on resistors and capacitors. For resistors, reasonable parameter values include resistances from 0.1Ω to 10MΩ, power ratings up to 1W, and tolerances of ±5% for carbon film and ±1% for metal film. Resistors have parasitic inductance and capacitance that affect behavior at high frequencies. Capacitors can store energy in an electric field according to the relationship between current, voltage, and capacitance.
Factors considered for High Voltage Cable Joint design Shahab Khan
This document discusses key factors to consider for high voltage cable joint design. It outlines several important design factors, including the types of cables being joined, voltage levels, expected transient overvoltages, number of phases, dielectric strength of interfaces, choice of materials, and location of installation. The document emphasizes that cable joints are vulnerable points that require reliable designs to ensure good thermal performance, electrical stress control, and environmental and mechanical protection. Proper consideration of cable joint design factors is important for safety and long-term reliability of cable systems.
This document discusses electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in an electrical engineering design chapter. It covers minimizing susceptibility to electromagnetic interference (EMI) through primary, secondary, and tertiary controls like component layout, input filtering, and shielding. Primary controls include avoiding inductive and capacitive coupling through layout and using ground planes. Secondary controls involve input filtering. Tertiary controls use shielding as a last resort. The document also discusses minimizing generated EMI through design techniques.
Installation & maintenance of power cableAmbuj Mishra
The document discusses the selection and installation of power cables. It describes the different types of cables used for transmission and distribution lines. The key factors for selecting cables are the system voltage, load conditions, and installation environment. The document provides guidelines for laying cables directly in the ground, on racks inside buildings and tunnels, including the minimum bending radii, depth of laying, and clearance between cables. It also covers packing, transport and storage of cables during delivery.
This document provides a summary of a book that covers cable installation and serves as a reference for electrical engineers and other professionals. The book comprehensively covers aspects of cable estimation, installation, testing and commissioning. It addresses concepts of cable construction, application and sizing, insulating materials, conductor types, communication cables, fault location, testing equipment, installation procedures, sheath earthing, and terminology. The content is intended to help electrical engineers, designers, contractors and others working with cable installation.
1) The intern completed a 180-hour internship in the human resources department at Hôpital Notre Dame De Liban.
2) Key tasks included assisting with scanning applications, conducting interviews, classifying employee files, and conducting an annual risk audit.
3) The internship improved their skills in administrative tasks, risk management, and enhanced their interpersonal skills for effective communication.
1. The document provides an overview of a training module on overhead line work. It covers power system structure, design principles of distribution lines, and installing/maintaining electrical equipment.
2. The objectives are to address distribution line problems, energize 33kV lines, develop awareness of installing/maintaining 33kV lines, and discuss insulation and equipment selection.
3. The target group are trainees in categories S1-S4 and W3-W6.
Investigation into possible electrical fire outbreaks at welders’ worksho...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an investigation into potential electrical fire risks at welding workshops in Siwdo Kokompe, Ghana. The researcher examined the wiring, electricity distribution, and welding practices. The wiring and fittings at most workshops were found to be in good condition. However, the overuse and improper handling of sockets could pose fire risks due to power overload. The researcher concluded that their investigation did not find significant risks, but improvements could still be made to electrical safety.
This document provides details on calculating various losses that occur in high voltage underground power cables, including dielectric losses, conductor losses, and sheath losses. It presents formulas to calculate voltage-dependent and current-dependent dielectric losses, as well as ohmic conductor losses and sheath eddy current and circulating current losses. The document also provides methods to calculate cable parameters like inductance, impedance, and mutual impedances between conductors and screen. It describes using these calculations and ETAP modeling to analyze losses in an existing 33kV cable network and determine that installing VAR compensators could reduce total daily power losses by approximately 2471 kW.
Analysis of Electric Field and Current Density on XLPE Insulator IJECEIAES
Good condition and size of the insulator are important to ensure the excellent electric field and current density performance because of aging and degradation HVDC cable problem. At present, the existing insulator which is XLPE insulator that had been used does not meet the capabilities criteria of HVDC cable due to the problem in terms of the condition of the insulator which is the presence of a void in the insulator. A research had been made with Quickfield Software to calculate the electric field and current density in the XLPE insulator of HVDC cable. A void is created in the XLPE insulator by using Quickfield Software by varying diameter of void and distance of void from conductor. XLPE insulator is taken as main research object. The results show that largest diameter of void and nearest distance of void from conductor distorts highest electric field and lowest current density. Therefore, it is important to study both electric field and current density to ensure good capabilities and safety of HVDC cable.
Electrical cables come in many forms and are used to transmit electricity or data. Cables can be made of multiple wires twisted or braided together. Some key types of cables include coaxial cables, which have an inner conductor surrounded by insulating and conducting layers; twisted pair cables, which twist two conductors together to reduce interference; and fiber optic cables, which transmit data using light signals through glass fibers. Cables are used widely in power transmission, electronics, communications, and other applications.
Basic Difference Between Wires and CablesDr.Raja R
Basic Difference Between Wires and Cables
What’s the basic difference between Wires and Cables?
List some of the basic differences between Wires and Cables
Different uses of Wire and Cable
Types of Wire and Cable
Different advantages of using Wire and Cable
Construction of cables
Parts of a cable
Properties of cable insulators
Properties of conductors
Types of cables
Underground cables
Methods of laying underground cables
Types of cable faults
Comparison between overhead and underground cables
This document provides information about electrical installation and maintenance. It discusses key figures in the history of electricity such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison, and Nikola Tesla. It also covers topics like types of electric current and circuits, components of electrical systems like wires and cables, and how to perform splices and joints. Classification of wires, cables, circuits and raceways are described along with diagrams to illustrate concepts.
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domest...maharshi solanki
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domestic installation
Prepared by: Maharshi Solanki
Guided by:Prof. Jaydeep Vanpariya
Europacable is an association of European cable manufacturers that promotes the use of XLPE cables for electricity transmission. They believe XLPE cables are a reliable and innovative technology that have manageable environmental impacts and comparable life-cycle costs to overhead lines. Partial undergrounding using XLPE cables can facilitate grid extension by addressing local concerns and enable the integration of renewable energy sources into Europe's future energy mix.
This document provides an overview of different electronic manufacturing techniques used to assemble electronic components onto substrates like printed circuit boards. It describes three main component assembly methods: through-hole technology, surface mount technology, and hybrid technology. It then focuses on printed circuit boards, describing different types including single layer boards, two layer boards, and multilayer boards. The document is intended to provide information on electronic manufacturing techniques for an electrical engineering design course.
SAM Cables is an ISO certified company that manufactures power cables including LT aerial bunched cables, LT power cables, instrumentation cables, and control cables. It has headquarters in Rudrapur, Uttarakhand, India and multiple manufacturing plants and branch offices across India. The company provides ISI marked cables that meet various international and Indian standards. LT aerial bunched cables offer advantages over bare overhead conductors like increased safety, reduced maintenance costs, and better reliability of supply. SAM Cables is a leading manufacturer of aerial bunched cables in India.
In three single phase high voltage underground cable induce voltages and currents in their sheaths. The sheath induced currents are undesirable and generate power losses and reduce the cable ampacity whereas the induced voltages can generate electric shocks to the workers that keep the power line. This means that when dealing with three single phase high voltage underground cable, it is very important to know the sheath currents called circulating currents that can circulate throughout the sheath and sheath voltage of the cables. It is very useful to know their values and the technique to reduce the sheath voltage of the high voltage Cable. This study presents as technique known as Mixed bonding technique combination of cross bonding and single point bonding to reduce the sheath voltage of the long length cable route. Manish Kumar | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Mixed Bonding Method of High Voltage Cable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2348.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2348/mixed-bonding-method-of-high-voltage-cable/manish-kumar
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on high voltage AC transmission lines. It discusses the need for high voltage transmission, components of transmission lines including conductors, insulators and towers. It covers the methodology for designing transmission lines including selecting the transmission voltage and size of conductors. The advantages of high voltage transmission include reduced losses and increased efficiency while disadvantages include corona losses and increased costs. It concludes that high voltage transmission is important for economically transmitting bulk power over long distances.
This document discusses key questions to ask about electronic components, focusing on resistors and capacitors. For resistors, reasonable parameter values include resistances from 0.1Ω to 10MΩ, power ratings up to 1W, and tolerances of ±5% for carbon film and ±1% for metal film. Resistors have parasitic inductance and capacitance that affect behavior at high frequencies. Capacitors can store energy in an electric field according to the relationship between current, voltage, and capacitance.
Factors considered for High Voltage Cable Joint design Shahab Khan
This document discusses key factors to consider for high voltage cable joint design. It outlines several important design factors, including the types of cables being joined, voltage levels, expected transient overvoltages, number of phases, dielectric strength of interfaces, choice of materials, and location of installation. The document emphasizes that cable joints are vulnerable points that require reliable designs to ensure good thermal performance, electrical stress control, and environmental and mechanical protection. Proper consideration of cable joint design factors is important for safety and long-term reliability of cable systems.
This document discusses electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in an electrical engineering design chapter. It covers minimizing susceptibility to electromagnetic interference (EMI) through primary, secondary, and tertiary controls like component layout, input filtering, and shielding. Primary controls include avoiding inductive and capacitive coupling through layout and using ground planes. Secondary controls involve input filtering. Tertiary controls use shielding as a last resort. The document also discusses minimizing generated EMI through design techniques.
Installation & maintenance of power cableAmbuj Mishra
The document discusses the selection and installation of power cables. It describes the different types of cables used for transmission and distribution lines. The key factors for selecting cables are the system voltage, load conditions, and installation environment. The document provides guidelines for laying cables directly in the ground, on racks inside buildings and tunnels, including the minimum bending radii, depth of laying, and clearance between cables. It also covers packing, transport and storage of cables during delivery.
This document provides a summary of a book that covers cable installation and serves as a reference for electrical engineers and other professionals. The book comprehensively covers aspects of cable estimation, installation, testing and commissioning. It addresses concepts of cable construction, application and sizing, insulating materials, conductor types, communication cables, fault location, testing equipment, installation procedures, sheath earthing, and terminology. The content is intended to help electrical engineers, designers, contractors and others working with cable installation.
1) The intern completed a 180-hour internship in the human resources department at Hôpital Notre Dame De Liban.
2) Key tasks included assisting with scanning applications, conducting interviews, classifying employee files, and conducting an annual risk audit.
3) The internship improved their skills in administrative tasks, risk management, and enhanced their interpersonal skills for effective communication.
Bus ducts are used to carry high currents between generators and transformers in power stations. They use thick aluminum conductors that are enclosed in aluminum to safely carry large currents up to 20,000 amps. Aluminum is used as the conducting material due to its lower cost compared to copper. There are two main types of bus ducts: isolated phase and segregated phase. Isolated phase ducts have each phase conductor enclosed separately while segregated phase ducts house the three phases together with insulating barriers between them.
This document provides an internship report on the HR policies of Zeal Knitwear Ltd. It begins with an introduction and background on the study. It then discusses the objectives of the study and data collection methods. The literature review covers topics like HR planning, recruitment, training, compensation, succession planning, and retention.
The findings chapter provides an overview of Zeal Knitwear, including its mission, vision, and products. It describes the core activities of the HR department and the intern's responsibilities, which included orientation, recruitment assistance, reviewing manpower, attendance maintenance, and policy review.
The recommendations chapter suggests recruiting more HR personnel, providing more job satisfaction facilities, monitoring line managers better, and introducing career
NRB Commercial Bank Limited is a private commercial bank in Bangladesh that was established in 2013 to serve non-resident Bangladeshis and help boost foreign exchange inflows. The bank has over 50 branches across Bangladesh and aims to provide world-class banking services while building confidence among NRBs to invest in Bangladesh. NRB Commercial Bank's mission is to expand banking access beyond specific groups and bring more unbanked people into the formal financial system through fast and transparent customer service.
This document provides information about the Human Resource Information System (HRIS) of Unique Group. It begins with an introduction and title page, followed by a letter of transmittal from the author to their academic supervisor submitting the internship report. It then includes an acknowledgement section thanking various individuals. The remainder of the document contains chapters that provide details on the company history and structure of Unique Group, the outcomes of the author's internship, a literature review on HRIS, an analysis of Unique Group's HRIS system and its functions, findings and recommendations from the study.
The document provides details about the intern's experience interning at ATHENA Co., Ltd, including:
1) The intern was assigned tasks in HR, marketing, and assisting the technical manager during the 33 day internship. As the major task, the intern worked as vice manager of the HR department managing interns and helping establish HR solution services.
2) After completing the internship, the intern realized two areas for improvement at ATHENA: employee motivation and balancing customer expectations with experience of services.
3) The intern gained beneficial experiences in communication skills, online marketing knowledge, encouraging others, and recruitment processes from completing varied tasks during the internship.
Internship Report on Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd.Mahfuz Tushar
The internship report primarily focuses on the Recruitment and Selection process of the
company. This report points out the existing conditions regarding employee recruitment and
selection that means find out the best personnel for the organization.
The document provides information about the internship of Sajjad Ashraf at Kay & Emms, including dedications, acknowledgements, and an abstract. It then discusses various aspects of Kay & Emms' operations, including merchandising, production planning and control (PPC), industrial engineering (IE), work study, standard minute value (SMV), time study, line balancing, and efficiency. The key areas covered are the types of merchandising, responsibilities of merchandisers, sampling processes, costing methodology, benefits of PPC, functions of IE, concepts of work study, SMV, and how efficiency is calculated.
This document provides an overview of the cement industry in India and the manufacturing process. It discusses that India is the 2nd largest cement producer globally. It also outlines the key raw materials, production processes (wet vs. dry), types of cement produced, and basic chemical reactions involved. The performance of Malabar Cements, a state-owned cement company in Kerala, is impacted by industry trends like consolidation and rising costs.
The document provides details about a project report submitted by LLLL MMMMM for the partial fulfillment of a Master of Management Studies degree from the University of Mumbai. The project focuses on human resources recruitment and was conducted under the guidance of Prof. SSSSS at the College of Management, KKKKKK (East) during the 2012-2013 academic year. The document includes declarations, certificates, acknowledgements, and an index of the contents of the full project report.
The document provides approval for an industrial report from the on-site and academic supervisors. It includes a declaration by the author that the report is original work. The acknowledgements section thanks various individuals and organizations for their support during the internship. The table of contents outlines the document structure. The introduction provides background information on Uganda Wildlife Education Center (UWEC), including its location, history, mission, vision, roles, values, and departments. It also includes an analysis of UWEC's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The objectives are to fulfill requirements for a business administration degree and gain practical experience in different tasks.
A Training Report Of Saltlake 132/33kv SubstationSubhrajit Ghosh
This document provides a summary of a report on winter training at a 132/33kV substation in West Bengal, India. It defines an electrical substation and introduces the 132/33kV substation. It describes key equipment found at the substation, including busbars, insulators, isolating switches, circuit breakers, protective relays, transformers, direct lightning stroke protection, line isolators, wave traps, and metering instruments. It also discusses site selection, layout, insulation coordination, and common transformer faults and protection schemes.
Busbars, busducts, and busways using copper conductors have several advantages compared to their counterparts fabricated from other materials.
The main advantages of copper arise from its high electric conductivity (low electric resistance). These characteristics make it possible to create busways with the same current carrying capacity but that are smaller and/or more energy efficient.
In addition, the use of copper results in highly durable connections that can resist strong mechanical forces.
Cost of the conductor should not be the only consideration when evaluating the cost of a busway. The cost of the mechanical support systems, the energy losses over the lifetime of the installation, and the scrap value of the material at its end-of-life must all be taken into consideration in order to gain an accurate picture. When this is done, it becomes clear that the initial price of copper has only a minor influence on the total life cycle cost of the busway.
This document discusses transmission line parameters and components. It covers:
- The major components of transmission lines including conductors, towers, earth wires, and insulators.
- Types of transmission lines such as overhead lines, underground cables, and their classifications.
- The four parameters that characterize transmission lines: resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance.
- Factors that influence resistance like skin effect, temperature, conductor material, and bundling.
The document discusses India's vision for water and environment through various government programs like AMRUT, Smart Cities Mission, and Swachh Bharat Mission. It focuses on a drinking water treatment project that involves intake of water, aeration, coagulation, flocculation, clarification, filtration and chlorination processes. The project scope includes design, engineering, supply, installation and commissioning of instruments, PLC, SCADA systems and civil works for the water treatment plant. It also discusses electrical works, automation, control systems, earthing designs and surge protection recommendations for the project.
This document is a certificate from the JKPDD substation in Wanpoh, Anantnag certifying that Sheikh Shakir Zahoor underwent project training there from June 26th to August 14th, 2014. It provides an overview of his training at the 132/33kV substation where incoming power at 132kV is stepped down to 33kV before being distributed. The document also includes an acknowledgment from Sheikh Shakir thanking those involved in his training and an introduction describing the components and functions of electrical substations.
Micro-alloyed copper overhead line conductors - Wire & Cable Technology Inter...Leonardo ENERGY
http://www.bluetoad.com/publication/?i=217299&p=90
Overhead line conductors are traditionally a domain for aluminium, using either steel reinforced aluminium or aluminium alloys. Using copper for overhead lines might surprise some people because it is a substantially heavier material. Weight, however, is not the most crucial characteristic of the conductor. Its smaller section and hydrophobic coating reduces the wind and ice loads on the conductors, which makes the overhead line more resistant and resilient to weather conditions.
Also, the higher conductivity of copper reduces the losses and the life cycle cost of the overhead line.
Transmission lines are used to transmit energy from one point to another effectively without power loss. They conduct alternating current of radio frequency. There are four main types of transmission lines: two-wire parallel lines, coaxial lines, strip lines, and waveguides. Transmission line theory accounts for the distributed nature of voltages and currents along the line. Key parameters are resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. The characteristic impedance is the ratio of voltages to currents with no reflections. Impedance matching minimizes reflections to maximize power transfer. Standing waves form from reflections. Losses occur due to impedance mismatch and line properties. Stub matching can be used to achieve impedance matching. Different modes of propagation include
Training report-in-a-132-k-v-substationankesh kumar
This document provides a training report for a summer internship at the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited 132/33 kV substation in Chandauli, Barabanki, India.
The report includes an introduction to the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation and the purpose of the internship. It also provides a preface describing the learning experience and thanks to those involved.
The report then gives an acknowledgement and thanks to those who guided the internship. It provides a rough description of the Chandauli, Barabanki substation including incoming and outgoing voltages and feeders. It also includes definitions and descriptions of substations and the equipment within them.
Transmission lines have four parameters that characterize them: resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. These distributed parameters determine the power carrying capacity and voltage drop across the line. Short lines only consider the series resistance and inductance, while medium and long lines must also account for the distributed shunt capacitance. The resistance of overhead transmission lines is affected by factors like skin effect, temperature, bundling of conductors, and proximity effect between phases.
Electrical services WITH WIRING FUSES DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSMADHUMITHA355894
The document discusses electrical services including power generation, transmission, and distribution. It provides information on:
- How electricity is generated at power plants and increased in voltage for transmission through high voltage lines.
- How transmission substations reduce the voltage for further distribution and distribution substations further reduce the voltage for commercial and residential use.
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Similar to AMAN LONARE SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT (20)
1. SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT
(22/05/2015 – 25/07/2015)
ON
BUSBAR TRUNKING SYSTEM
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mr. UDIT SHARMA
Assistant Manager
Switchgear Design and Development Centre
Electrical & Automation Independent Company
AT
LARSEN AND TOUBRO
SUBMITTED BY
AMAN LONARE
ROLL NO – 13085
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR
2. ABOUT THE ORGANISATION
Larsen & Toubro Limited, also known as L&T, is an Indian multinational
company head quartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded by
Danish engineers taking refuge in India, as well as an Indian financing partner.
The company has business interests in engineering, construction, manufacturing
goods, information technology, and financial services,and also has an office in
the Middle East and other parts of Asia.
L&T is India's largest engineering and construction company. Considered to be
the “bellwether of India's engineering & construction sector", L&T was
recognized as the Company of the year in Economic Times 2010 awards.
L&T has delivered Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) services
for many projects in the upstream hydrocarbon sector over the last two decades,
in India, Middle East, Africa, South East Africa and Australia.
L&T Power has set up an organization focused on coal-based, gas-based and
nuclear power projects. L&T has formed two joint ventures with Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries, Japan to manufacture super critical boilers and steam turbine
generators.
The design wing of L&T ECC is called EDRC (Engineering Design and
Research Centre). EDRC provides consultancy, design and total engineering
solutions to customers. It carries out basic and detailed design for both
residential and commercial projects.
3. ABOUT THE PROJECT
I was assigned to the Busbar Trunking Team, where I and my fellow interns
were assigned work on the design of the three phase Busbars that L&T is
currently in the stage of developing, improving upon the work of their recently
acquired partner Henikwon’s S-Line busduct systems for low and medium
voltages.
BUSBAR TRUNKINGSYSTEM
In electric power distribution a Busbar is a metallic strip or bar (typically copper,
brass or aluminium) that conducts electricity within switchgear, distribution
board, substation, battery bank, or other electrical apparatus. Its main purpose is to
conduct a substantial current of electricity, and not to function as a structural member.
The material composition and cross-sectional size of the busbar determine the
maximum amount of current that can be safely carried.
Busbar trunking system in compact design is the most efficient, safe and ideal system
for electricity supply to industrial installations and high rise structures, offering a
wide current range from 125A to 2000A in type CBC (Copper conductor) and 160A
to 1250A in type CBA (Aluminium conductor). The system has been designed
especially for installations and projects where power supply has to be made available
rapidly. These are most suitable for applications where exact location and power
consumption is not sure and possible changes in physical distribution of loads are
envisaged.
BUSDUCT SYSTEM
Busduct system is an assembly comprising a system of conductors with one or more
bars separated or supported by insulating material and contained in a conduit or
similar casing
There are mainly two types of Busduct system:
1. Conventional System.
2. Sandwich System.
Busduct is manufactured into totally enclosed, pre-fabricated sections consisting of
copper or aluminium busbars. Power is simply tapped off by plug-in points
positioned at required intervals. Typically, a Busduct system will consist straight
lengths, elbows, end feed boxes, end covers, tap-off units and other special
components.
Busduct system has several key advantages over conventional forms of power
distribution:
4. • Reduced on site installation time when compared to hard wired system, thus leading
to costsaving.
• Increased flexibility in design and versatility for future modifications.
• Increased safety features brought about by the use of high-quality manufactured
components, which provide greater safety and peace of mind for specifies,
contractors and end users.
Sandwich Busduct System
The Sandwich system is a lightweight, low impedance, non-ventilated, naturally
cooled and totally-enclosed system. The system is available with 50% internal
earthing, 50% or 100% neutral busbar. To address harmonics, 200% neutral busbar is
also available.
99.99% pure copper Busbars are tin/silver coated to protect them from water and
moisture that can cause reduction in dielectric strength. Likewise, aluminium Busbars
are made of high-conductivity electrical grade aluminium (99.96% pure aluminium).
All joints are direct contact joints, which ensures total and higher surface area
contact, results in less power-loss and cooler performance. A maintenance-free lock
nut is provided where the outer head will be twisted off, once it reaches the
appropriate torque.
The housing is of galvanized steel or aluminium with epoxy power-coated by an
automated process to achieve fire resistance. The housing also gives integral ground
as standard requirement where it acts as an earth conductor. Due to its compact,
sandwich type construction, it does not require an internal fire-stop barrier.
Conventional System
This is a totally metal-enclosed air insulated Busduct system and are low-capacity
power supply systems which are widely used for various factories, machine shops,
school laboratories and commercial buildings. For most indoor locations where there
is a need for small blocks of conveniently available power, the conventional system
serves as a highly rationalized solution with various features.
The bus conductor is available in tin-plated 99.99% pure copper. Busbar is
supported with fibreglass reinforced SMC insulator which withstands above 180
5. degree Celsius.
The indoor Busduct is totally enclosed in non-ventilated housing made of 1.6mm
thick epoxy powder-coated electro-galvanized steel sheet.
We were assigned three broad tasks (two minor and one major) which will
be outlined in this report. The first minor task, which would later form a subset
of the major task, was to find an alternative method for the computation of the
AC resistance of the conductors as affected by skin and proximity effects, in
order to verify the previously assembled data by the engineers at Henikwon.
The second minor task was to collate data collected from L&T’s competitors
and assemble it into a coherent and user friendly format so that it may be easily
subjected to quick analysis. Where necessary we were also required to perform
numerical analysis on this data and calculate certain data that was not
mentioned. This task had the added benefit of allowing us to familiarize
ourselves with busbar trunking and the considerations involved in its design.
The third, major task assigned to us, which may be said to have formed the bulk
of our training, was to develop a system to design busbars and present their
dimensions, keeping in mind the various factors that come into play so that the
most efficient use may be got out of it while keeping physical conditions in
mind.
SKIN EFFECT
Skin effect is the tendency of Alternating current (AC) to become distributed within
a conductor such that the current density is largest near the surface of the conductor,
and decreases with greater depths in the conductor. The electric current flows mainly
at the "skin" of the conductor, between the outer surface and a level called the skin
depth. The skin effect causes the effective resistance of the conductor to increase at
higher frequencies where the skin depth is smaller, thus reducing the effective cross-
6. section of the conductor. The skin effect is due to opposing eddy currents induced by
the changing magnetic field resulting from the alternating current.
An alternating current in a conductor produces an alternating magnetic field in and
around the conductor. When the intensity of current in a conductor changes, the
magnetic field also changes. The change in the magnetic field, in turn, creates an
electric field which opposes the change in current intensity. This opposing electric
field is called counter-electromotive force (back EMF). The back EMF is strongest at
the centre of the conductor, and forces the conducting electrons to the outside of the
conductor, as shown in the diagram.
PROXIMITY EFFECT
In the foregoing consideration of skin effect it has been assumed that the conductor is
isolated and at such a distance from the return conductor that the effect of the current
in it can be neglected. When conductors are close together, particularly in low voltage
equipment, a further distortion of current density results from the interaction of the
magnetic fields of other conductors.
In the same way as an e.m.f. may be induced in a conductor by its own magnetic flux,
so may the magnetic flux of one conductor produce an e.m.f. in any other conductor
sufficiently near for the effect to be significant.
If two such conductors carry currents in opposite directions, their electro-magnetic
fields are opposed to one another and tend to force one another apart. This results in a
decrease of flux linkages around the adjacent parts of the conductors and an increase
in the more remote parts, which leads to a concentration of current in the adjacent
parts where the opposing e.m.f. is a minimum. If the currents in the conductors are in
the same direction the action is reversed and they tend to crowd into the more remote
parts of the conductors.
7. This effect, known as the 'proximity effect' (or 'shape effect'), tends usually to
increase the apparent a.c. resistance. In some cases, however, proximity effect may
tend to neutralise the skin effect and produce a better distribution of current as in the
case of strip conductors arranged with their flat sides towards one another.
We were also required to familiarize ourselves with the calculations and results
of the engineers at Henikwon for their design of low and medium voltage
busbar systems. We were particularly recommended to concern ourselves with
the physical dimensions and number of conductors required for the various
generally accepted current ratings and the electrical characteristics for busbars
made of both copper and aluminium and operating at frequencies of 50 and 60
Hz. For these purposes we were given access to the data published by
Henikwon and were provided with the calculations used by the engineers and
aided in familiarizing ourselves with the methods applied by them.
This initial study of generally accepted conditions and practices allowed us an
insight on what methods the electrical industry followed and what theory,
calculations and assumptions this data is based on. A lot of the formulae and
assumptions that we came across were based on experimentally acquired data
and as the general study and understanding of the electromagnetic phenomena
is far from complete a lot of broad assumptions, neglect of certain effects and
anomalies were observed.
Thanks to our introductory studies we were armed with the basic understanding
and knowledge required for the various tasks and challenges assigned to us over
the course of our training.
8. FIRST TASK
The first task assign to us was to calculate the resistance of the three phase copper
busbars with 0.6mm spacing and verify the resistances calculated by engineers of
Henikwon. . This task was deemed necessary as Henikwon’s proposed designs had
not yet been subjected to rigorous testing.
The need to find a different method to calculate ac resistance was felt as the method
used by Henikwon’s engineers was novel and based purely on the curve tracing to
develop a formula based on experimentally acquired data. While this method was
commendable, it had no solid grounding in the numerous books and papers referred
to by us. I would like to state that there seems to be no consensus amongst the
academics about the exact numerical method to calculate the altered resistance of an
ac conductorbased on skin effect and proximity effect. Available methods for
calculating the resistance are based on graphs formed using the results of exhaustive
experimentation. The method we arrived at was based on the following, generally
accepted graph:
9. The use of d.c resistance (represented by Ro in the graph) and frequency, as well as a
ratio of the dimensions could be used to calculate the skin effect ratio. The sketching
of this graph and the approximation of intermediary curves allowed me to arrive at
satisfactory values of the skin effect ratio.
Graph of the above sort for various ratios of width to thickness were used to calculate
the proximity effect ratio for the conductors where the parameter p could be found
using the formula:
The values I calculated using these graphical methods were close enough to the
values calculated by Henikwon engineers to confirm the relative accuracy of
Henikwon’s methods. The method, while productive of desirable results, involved too
many approximations to be entirely satisfactory, and we improved on it later as can
be seen in the section dedicated to the third task, of which the first task could be
viewed as a preliminary subset.
10. SECOND TASK
The next task assigned to us involved the collecting, organizing and comparison of
data concerning the busbardesigns of the various competitors of L&T. The purpose
of this task was to give a quick overview of the current market situation and the
prevalent trends in busbardesign. It would also allow for the comparing of L&T’s
data to the data made available by industry leaders and allow L&T to determine the
position they would be likely to occupyin terms of benefits offered by and the
drawbacks of their products. This data would also be highly helpful in designing
busbars as well as it would provide a region for the calculations for an given current
rating, and outline the area within which the various parameters of a given conductor
may fall, thus providing an alternative system for verification.
11. We used the brochures supplied byABB, C&S, Eaton, Powerbar, Schneider,
Henikwon, and in addition to this we also included L&T’s projected values for their
S-Line technology. Fordifferent current ratings, we considered the busbar cross-
sectional area and the number of conductors used per phase. We compared the
weights of the trunking system for various configurations of conductors (3P, 3W; 3P,
4W; 3P, 5W; 3P, 3W+50% Earth; 3P, 4W+50% Earth, 3P, 5W+50% Earth). The
values of short time current withstand for a fault lasting one second, ac resistance at
20 deg. Celsius, ac resistance at 80 deg. Celsius, reactance, impedance and voltage
drop for different power factors were also compared. All of these parameters were
considered for both copperand aluminium and at frequencies of 50Hz and 60Hz.
In several places the data supplied was insufficient, i.e., data was not available for all
heads of comparison. In certain cases we were able to fill the gap using simple
formulae and deductions. Where voltage drop was missing, our knowledge of the
impedance and the standard formula enabled us to calculate the likely voltage drop
based on the universally accepted formula
I = Rated Current
Rc = A.C resistance
Xc = Reactance
We were also able to estimate the dimensions (width and thickness) and the number
of conductors perbundle based on the general trend for various current ratings and
the assumption that the thickness was constantly considered to be 6mm.
Upon examination of this data we were able to arrive at certain empirical conclusions
about bus bar trunking design and the electrical parameters associated with it. We
were also able to form a general idea of what considerations were involved in the
design of busbars and which parameters ought to be kept in mind while designing a
busbartrunking system.
12. THIRD TASK
The final task that formed the bulk of our training involved the development of a
method to design a busbar with near ideal dimensions that would allow it to be best
suited to its practical applications.
We were requested to start from scratch, our supervisor believing that our lack of
industry exposure may well be an advantage for us. Our initial preparation for the
task involved extensive reading on the subject of busbar trunking, and the formation
of a general picture of the calculations we would be required to do and the data that
would be required for the aforementioned calculations to be performed.
Preliminary forays into the realms of calculations illustrated the inadequacy of the
available data and formulae and the need for several assumptions. We also realised
that the only approachto calculating the dimensions (i.e., the cross-sectional area) of
the conductors was iterative. Therefore it was decided that it would be necessary to
assume values for the cross sectional area and then proceed by trial and error to arrive
at the most suitable value. The suitable value must be decided by the most
advantageous values of the parameters under consideration.
We were already supplied with certain values around which to revolve our trials
owing to the data compiled during the second task, therefore it was deemed
unnecessary by our supervisor for us to actually perform the iterations and arrive at a
value. He recommended we focus instead on developing a method by which to best
calculate the various electrical parameters (dc resistance, ac resistance, reactance,
voltage drop and losses). We were required to make these procedures as accurate as
possible, keeping considerations for practical applications in mind and allowing for
the neglect of minor deviations.
As voltage drop and losses are easily derivative of impedance, the major challenge
was finding the resistance and reactance. I had already studied an approximate
method for the calculation of ac resistance which was sufficient for the task of
verification but highly unsuitable in a scenario where some degree of accuracy was
required. We discovered a formula developed based on the curve already shown
above for the calculation of skin effect factor. Upon testing this formula with respect
to already available data, we found it provided satisfactory accuracy in the values
rendered and thus we considered it suitable to the purpose. In the formula given
below ‘a’indicates the thickness and ‘b’indicates the width of the conductor.
13. The next step was to consider the change in resistance due to proximity effect. The
available data for proximity effect on rectangular copperconductors was inadequate
and there seemed to be a general lack of consensus on methods of calculating its
effects on resistance. The methods available were highly complex and involved the
application of FEM methodology whereas we had been abjured by our supervisor to
use purely non-programming based methods of calculation. No simplified formula
presented itself. We did, however, manage to gather from our research that the
proximity effect depended on the dimensions of the conductor, inter-conductor
spacing and frequency of the current flowing through the conductor. Forlower
frequencies it was allowable to ignore the proximity effect and for the lower cross-
section of area correspondingto lower currents the proximity effect is judged to be
sufficiently low and thus may be safely neglected. Thus we proceeded on to the
considerations of reactance, judging the effects of proximity to be comparatively
unimportant.
The studies concerning skin and proximity effects of conductors onreactance took up
a considerable amount of time as again there was an insufficiency of available
material on how to calculate these effects without the application of integral
techniques or FEM, and we could consider neither method as we were limited by the
need to avoid the use of any programming techniques. However upon examining
several papers it was borne upon us that the industrial and academic researchers were
alike in stating that for the calculation of reactance, proximity effect was in general,
universally ignored, and the reactance was determined using any number of available
formulae for self and mutual inductance. After safely concluding that this was the
accepted norm, and not just an anomalous assumption, we decided to proceed with
the calculation of reactance by finding the inductance of the conductor.
14.
15. It is also possible to calculate the inductances using the formulae developed by Piatek,
Baron, Szczegielniak, Kusiak and Pasierbek
Considering the figure:
For self-inductance:
For mutual Inductance:
The above formula can be considered keeping in mind and accounting for the phase
difference between the two conductors under consideration. It can similarly be
applied to the other phase and the sum of the three terms so obtained may give us the
total inductance at any instant.
Keeping these formulae in mind and assembling them and their results in a systematic
manner we can assemble a procedurefor calculating and comparing the parameters
for various cross sectional areas of the conductors to be used in three phase bus bars.
16. OTHER MINOR TASKS
We were privileged to benefit from many conversations with our supervisor on both
technical issues as well as industrial and marketing ones.
We were given an introductory tutorial in the use of the PRO Engineer and ANSYS
software. We were guided in their application to observing and quantifying the
magnetic field around a current carrying bodyand were allowed some time to
experiment and familiarize ourselves with ANSYS.
I also learned to export 3D model to PDF and editing drawings. I learnt some basic
commands and tools, design few practice models and did some very basic assemblies.
Pro-Engineer
Pro-Engineer is a 3D CAM feature-based, associative solid modelling software. It is a
collaborative applications that provide solid modelling, assembly modelling, 2D
orthographic views, finite element analysis etc for mechanical designers.
Pro-Engineer can be used to create a complete 3D digital model of manufactured
goods. Themodels consistof 2D and 3D solid model data which can also be used
downstream in finite element analysis. A productand its entire bill of materials
(BOM) can be modelled accurately with fully associative engineering drawings.
17. We even went to test station to perform tests on the busbarsample. We were given an
assignment of understanding impulse withstand test. We assisted our seniors during
testing. We learnt the testing procedure, specifications & purposeof test. Before the
test we prepared test set-up & assembled double stack busbar assembly with two joint
blocks. We also assemble the Busduct system and performed an impulse voltage test
on Busduct to check the insulation level and performance.
18. Impulse Withstand Test
Electrical equipment must be capable of withstanding overvoltages during operation.
Thus by suitable testing procedurewe must ensure that this is done.
In addition to the ordinary temporary overvoltages, usually incoming from the supply
line, the plants and the relevant assemblies are prospective victims of peak and
transient not-linear overvoltages due to atmospheric causes (fulminations) both direct,
when they affect materially the structure, as well as
indirect, when their effect is generated by the electromagnetic fields induced around
the impact point of the lightning.
High voltage testing can be broadly classified into testing of insulating materials
(samples of dielectrics) and tests on completed equipment.
The capability of the assemblies to withstand such stresses depends all on the
dielectric strength of the air between the two live parts carrying the impulse.
The test is passed if no discharges are detected
19. ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
The internship I had with Larsen and toubro was a great chance for
learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a
very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of
it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful
people and professionals who led me through this internship period.
I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and special
thanks to the Mr. Udit Sharma (Assistant Manager) who in spite of being
extraordinary busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep
me on the correct path and allowing me to carry out my project at their
esteemed organization and extending during the training.
It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest
sense of gratitude to Mr. Nitin L. Hande, Mr. Atul Asodekar, Ms. Pooja
Deshmukh, Ms. Laxmi Priya, Ms. Jayshree Joshi, Mr. Kiran Patil and Mr.
Ketan Patil for their careful and precious guidance which were extremely
valuable for my study both theoretically and practically.
I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development.
I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way,
and I will continue to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired
career objectives. Hope to continue cooperation with all of you in the
future.
Aman Lonare
20th July 2015
20. REFERENCES:
1. Industrial Power Engineering Handbook-K.C. Agarwal
2. Extra losses caused in high current conductors by skin and proximity effects- A.
Ducluzaux
3. Copperfor Busbars- Guidance for Design and Installation- CopperDevelop-
ment Association
4. Electrical Coils and Conduits- H.B. Dwight
5. Some Proximity Effect Formulas for Bus Enclosures- H.B. Dwight
6. Copperof busbars-www.apqi.org
7. Self-Inductance of long conductors ofrectangular cross-section-Zygmunt Pi-
atek, Bernard Baron, Tomas Szczegielniak, Dariusz Kusiak, Artur Pasierbek
8. Mutual Inductance of long rectangular conductors-Zygmunt Piatek, Bernard
Baron, Tomas Szczegielniak, Dariusz Kusiak, Artur Pasierbek
9. Formulas and Tables for Mutual and Self-inductance- E.B. Roas and F.W.
grover
10.Experimental and numerical evaluation of busbar trunking impedance- Y. Du, J.
Burnett, Z.C. Fu
11.Modeling Skin and Proximity effects with Reduced Reliazable RL Circuits-
Shizhong Mei & Yehea I. Ismail
12.Exact Inductance Equations for Rectangular Conductors with Applications to
More Complicated Geometries- Cletus Hoer and Carl Love