1. The document provides guidance on first aid and management of burn injuries. It discusses stopping the burning process, cooling minor burns, and not removing clothing or applying creams/ointments for severe burns.
2. Hospitalization is necessary for optimal burn care. The acute management phase focuses on airway management, fluid resuscitation, wound care including debridement and dressings, and infection prevention.
3. During the intermediate recovery phase, ongoing treatment focuses on wound healing and avoiding complications through regular cleaning, topical antimicrobials like silver sulfadiazine, and treating any infections.
This document provides an overview of different types of burns, including thermal, chemical, electrical, and frostbite. It discusses burn classification based on depth, extent, location, and patient risk factors. The depth of burn is categorized as partial thickness (superficial or deep) or full thickness. Extent is measured using the Lund-Browder chart or rule of nines. Burn management involves three phases - emergent/resuscitative, acute wound healing, and rehabilitative - with the initial focus on resolving life-threatening problems in the first 24-48 hours.
The document describes the "Rule of Nines", which is a method used to estimate the percentage of total body surface area that is burned. The body is divided into 11 sections, with each section representing approximately 9% of the total body surface area. Adding up the burned areas according to this scale allows healthcare providers to quickly assess the severity and extent of the burns.
Burns are injuries caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction or radiation. There are different types of burns including thermal, chemical, electrical and radiation burns. Burns are classified by depth from superficial to full thickness. Management of burns involves three phases - emergent, intermediate and rehabilitative. The emergent phase focuses on fluid resuscitation while the intermediate phase involves wound care and the rehabilitative phase aims to return the patient to their normal activities. Nursing plays an important role in assessing burns, providing wound care, pain management and rehabilitation.
This document discusses the management of burn wounds. It begins by defining burns and assessing the severity based on airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure. The percentage of body surface area burned is determined using the Rule of 9s. Burns are then classified based on depth, from very superficial to full thickness. Different types of dressings are recommended based on burn depth, from moisturizing creams for very superficial burns to silver-based antimicrobial dressings for full thickness burns. Nutrition is also discussed as being extremely important for recovery, with high calorie and protein intake needed.
The document discusses burn injuries and their management. It begins by defining burns as wounds caused by exposure to heat, chemicals, fire, radiation, or electricity. Burns can result in 10-20 thousand deaths annually. Survival is best for burns covering less than 20% of the total body surface area and for patients aged 15-45 years old. The document then covers types of burns including thermal, chemical, electrical, and radiation burns. It discusses burn wound assessment and classification according to depth and extent of body surface area involved. The phases of burn care and plastic surgery for burn management are also summarized.
The skin is the largest organ of the body. It protects the body from microbes, regulates temperature, and allows for sensation. The skin has three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. Burns are injuries caused by heat, chemicals, electricity or radiation and are classified based on depth and extent of damage. Burn management involves emergent care to address life threats, the acute phase during wound healing, and rehabilitation to address scarring and return the patient to normal activities.
Burn management and plastic surgeries ppt copyshaveta sharma
This document provides information on burn management and plastic surgeries. It discusses assessing the ABCDEs of trauma patients with burns, including airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure. Essential management points are stopping the burning, IV access and fluid replacement. The severity of burns is determined by surface area, depth and other considerations. The Rule of Nines is used to estimate burned surface area. Serious burns requiring hospitalization include over 15% burns in adults, 10% in children, full thickness burns, and burns involving special regions. Treatment involves the ABCs, determining burn percentage, fluid resuscitation to maintain urine output, and wound care including cleaning, debriding and dressing changes. Complications discussed include in
medical surgical nursing , nursing management of burn patients, it includes definition, classification of burn injury, clinical manifestaion, assessment of burn injury , management of patient with burn, care given to the patient.
This document provides an overview of different types of burns, including thermal, chemical, electrical, and frostbite. It discusses burn classification based on depth, extent, location, and patient risk factors. The depth of burn is categorized as partial thickness (superficial or deep) or full thickness. Extent is measured using the Lund-Browder chart or rule of nines. Burn management involves three phases - emergent/resuscitative, acute wound healing, and rehabilitative - with the initial focus on resolving life-threatening problems in the first 24-48 hours.
The document describes the "Rule of Nines", which is a method used to estimate the percentage of total body surface area that is burned. The body is divided into 11 sections, with each section representing approximately 9% of the total body surface area. Adding up the burned areas according to this scale allows healthcare providers to quickly assess the severity and extent of the burns.
Burns are injuries caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction or radiation. There are different types of burns including thermal, chemical, electrical and radiation burns. Burns are classified by depth from superficial to full thickness. Management of burns involves three phases - emergent, intermediate and rehabilitative. The emergent phase focuses on fluid resuscitation while the intermediate phase involves wound care and the rehabilitative phase aims to return the patient to their normal activities. Nursing plays an important role in assessing burns, providing wound care, pain management and rehabilitation.
This document discusses the management of burn wounds. It begins by defining burns and assessing the severity based on airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure. The percentage of body surface area burned is determined using the Rule of 9s. Burns are then classified based on depth, from very superficial to full thickness. Different types of dressings are recommended based on burn depth, from moisturizing creams for very superficial burns to silver-based antimicrobial dressings for full thickness burns. Nutrition is also discussed as being extremely important for recovery, with high calorie and protein intake needed.
The document discusses burn injuries and their management. It begins by defining burns as wounds caused by exposure to heat, chemicals, fire, radiation, or electricity. Burns can result in 10-20 thousand deaths annually. Survival is best for burns covering less than 20% of the total body surface area and for patients aged 15-45 years old. The document then covers types of burns including thermal, chemical, electrical, and radiation burns. It discusses burn wound assessment and classification according to depth and extent of body surface area involved. The phases of burn care and plastic surgery for burn management are also summarized.
The skin is the largest organ of the body. It protects the body from microbes, regulates temperature, and allows for sensation. The skin has three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. Burns are injuries caused by heat, chemicals, electricity or radiation and are classified based on depth and extent of damage. Burn management involves emergent care to address life threats, the acute phase during wound healing, and rehabilitation to address scarring and return the patient to normal activities.
Burn management and plastic surgeries ppt copyshaveta sharma
This document provides information on burn management and plastic surgeries. It discusses assessing the ABCDEs of trauma patients with burns, including airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure. Essential management points are stopping the burning, IV access and fluid replacement. The severity of burns is determined by surface area, depth and other considerations. The Rule of Nines is used to estimate burned surface area. Serious burns requiring hospitalization include over 15% burns in adults, 10% in children, full thickness burns, and burns involving special regions. Treatment involves the ABCs, determining burn percentage, fluid resuscitation to maintain urine output, and wound care including cleaning, debriding and dressing changes. Complications discussed include in
medical surgical nursing , nursing management of burn patients, it includes definition, classification of burn injury, clinical manifestaion, assessment of burn injury , management of patient with burn, care given to the patient.
An ideal wound dressing provides protection, maintains moisture, reduces pain, and absorbs exudate. It should not induce pain or itching, be easy to change, allow gaseous exchange, and be inexpensive and readily available. Common types include gauze, tulle, hydrocolloid, hydrogel, alginate, and foam dressings. Vacuum assisted closure (VAC) uses negative pressure to contract the wound and remove exudate, promoting healing through micro and macrostrain. The appropriate dressing depends on the wound characteristics, with dry wounds suited to hydrocolloid or hydrogel and exudating wounds to hydrocolloid or foam.
Burn injuries are caused by thermal, chemical, electrical, or radiation sources and result in tissue damage. Thermal burns are caused by flame, hot liquids, steam, or explosions and can range from superficial to full thickness. Chemical burns destroy tissue through strong acids or alkalies. Electrical burns generate intense heat from passing electrical energy. Radiation burns result from exposure to radioactive sources. Burn severity is determined by depth, size, location, and patient factors. Treatment involves wound care, pain management, infection prevention, and rehabilitation.
Emergency nursing involves providing immediate treatment to patients experiencing medical emergencies or injuries. Key principles of emergency nursing include establishing an airway, controlling hemorrhaging, monitoring circulation and neurological status, documenting findings, and starting cardiac monitoring. The scope of emergency nursing is to treat patients of all ages for a wide range of illnesses and injuries, from minor issues to heart attacks. General principles of emergency care involve early detection and response, on-scene care, transportation to definitive care facilities, and following triage and assessment approaches like ABCD, EFGHI, and AMPLE.
This document discusses colostomy care, including:
1. Defining a colostomy as an opening in the large intestine brought to the surface of the abdomen for bowel evacuation.
2. Describing the different types of colostomies based on duration, stoma site, and number/type.
3. Explaining the purpose and importance of proper colostomy care for skin protection, drainage collection, and patient acceptance of self-care.
This document provides information on burns, including definitions, types, classification, pathophysiology, assessment, and management. It defines burns as thermal injuries to the skin and tissues. Burns are classified based on depth and extent of damage. First and second degree burns involve the epidermis and dermis, while third degree burns extend deeper. Burn severity is also classified according to percentage of total body surface area affected. Management involves fluid resuscitation, wound care, pain control, and nutrition support. Complications can impact various organ systems. The goal is to prevent infection, contractures, and other issues through proper acute care and rehabilitation.
it consist definition, types of burn, its cause, scales to measure degree of burn, first aid management and supportive management along with rehabilitation therapy.
BURN - Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid Haroon Rashid
Subject is Medical Surgical Nursing - II & Topic is Burn, Presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid Basci B.Sc Nursing 3rd Year in Florence College of Nursing
Burns are caused by direct contact with or exposure to thermal, chemical, electrical or radiation sources. The document discusses the classification, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of burns. It covers the different types of burns according to etiology, depth and severity. Assessment methods like the Rule of Nine and Palm Method are also described. Common signs include pain, fluid loss, edema, respiratory issues and potential psychological impacts.
This document defines and classifies different types of burns, including thermal, electrical, chemical, and radiation burns. It describes burns based on depth, with first degree involving the epidermis, second degree also involving the dermis and causing blisters, third degree being full thickness and causing charring, and fourth degree extending into underlying tissues. Burns are also classified based on percentage of total body surface area affected as minor, moderate, or major. The pathophysiology of burns is described, including increased vascular permeability, fluid shifts leading to hypovolemia, and increased risk of infection, renal failure, and multiorgan dysfunction. Infections from bacteria such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas are common complications. Causes
this slide contain inteoduction, definition, causes, risk factor, clinical manifestaion, types , treatment, medical management, nursing management, nursing care given in the intial stage, in case of emergency .
This document discusses types, classification, assessment, pathophysiology, effects, management, and complications of burns. It covers topics such as thermal, electrical, chemical, and inhalation burns. Burns are classified based on thickness of skin involvement from first to fourth degree. Assessment involves determining burn size using the Rule of Nines or Lund and Browder chart. Management consists of fluid resuscitation, wound care, surgery, and treatment of complications like infection and contractures.
1. A burn is an injury to the skin or flesh caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction or radiation. The severity depends on the temperature and duration of exposure.
2. About 2.4 million people suffer burns annually in the US, with 700,000 cases requiring medical treatment. The main causes are thermal, electrical, chemical and radiation burns.
3. Burns are classified by depth and extent of the affected body surface area. Depth is classified as superficial, partial-thickness, or full-thickness. Extent is classified using methods like the Rule of Nines or Lund and Browder chart.
This document provides information on nursing management of patients with burns. It discusses assessment of burns including determining burn depth, size, and severity. It outlines management of minor burns including cleaning, dressing, and ensuring analgesia. Management of major burns involves establishing airway, ensuring breathing and circulation, administering intravenous fluids, and transferring patients to a burn center for specialized care. Immediate steps include stopping the burning process, assessing for inhalation injuries, and providing fluid resuscitation.
- Skin is the largest organ consisting of two layers, the epidermis and dermis.
- Electrical burns can cause necrosis, cardiac and respiratory issues, and renal failure depending on the intensity and path of the current.
- Burn wounds are classified into zones and complications include infection, pulmonary issues, and contractures if not properly managed.
This document discusses burn injuries and their treatment. It describes the different degrees of burns from first to fourth degree. Early excision and autografting has significantly reduced burn mortality. Various wound dressings and antibiotics can be used, including salves, soaks, synthetic dressings, and biological dressings. Excision is done to remove dead tissue from deep second and third degree burns in preparation for skin grafting. Autografts are the mainstay treatment for covering burn wounds when sufficient donor skin is available.
This document provides information on burns, including causes, assessment, treatment and prevention. Burns are injuries caused by heat, chemicals, electricity or radiation. Assessment involves checking the airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure. Treatment depends on the severity and depth of the burn, and may include cleaning, dressing and fluid replacement. Deeper burns require specialist care. Prevention strategies include smoke alarms, fire safety education, and safe cooking and electrical practices.
Burns are one of the most common household injuries, especially among children. The term “burn” means more than the burning sensation associated with this injury. Burns are characterized by severe skin damage that causes the affected skin cells to die.
Triage is the term derived from the French verb trier meaning to sort or to choose
It’s the process by which patients classified according to the type and urgency of their conditions to get the Right patient to the Right place at the
Right time with the
Right care provider
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus. It begins with objectives of reviewing the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications, signs, and treatments of diabetes. It then covers the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications of diabetes types I and II. Key differences and clinical manifestations are described for each type. Complications are identified including cardiovascular, renal, and neurological issues. The document concludes with nursing diagnoses and interventions for managing diabetes.
Superficial Thermal Agents :Electrotherapyibtesaam huma
This document summarizes different superficial thermal agents used in physiotherapy including hot packs, paraffin wax baths, whirlpool baths, and infrared radiation. It describes the physiological effects of heat such as vasodilation and increased blood flow. For each modality, it outlines the set up, therapeutic effects, indications, contraindications, precautions, and potential dangers. The document is intended to help learners understand various heating modalities and their applications in physiotherapy treatment.
RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY AND WOUND CARE MANAGEMENT OF BURN final.pptxArpitaHalder8
Burn injuries involve three phases - emergent, acute, and rehabilitation. In the emergent phase, the priority is resolving life-threatening issues within 72 hours. Treatment includes airway management, fluid resuscitation, wound care, and infection control. The acute phase begins 48-72 hours later and focuses on wound healing through several weeks/months. Complications can include infection and scarring. Rehabilitation addresses functional recovery and reconstructive surgery over months. Reconstructive techniques include skin grafts, tissue expansion, and flap surgery to repair damage.
An ideal wound dressing provides protection, maintains moisture, reduces pain, and absorbs exudate. It should not induce pain or itching, be easy to change, allow gaseous exchange, and be inexpensive and readily available. Common types include gauze, tulle, hydrocolloid, hydrogel, alginate, and foam dressings. Vacuum assisted closure (VAC) uses negative pressure to contract the wound and remove exudate, promoting healing through micro and macrostrain. The appropriate dressing depends on the wound characteristics, with dry wounds suited to hydrocolloid or hydrogel and exudating wounds to hydrocolloid or foam.
Burn injuries are caused by thermal, chemical, electrical, or radiation sources and result in tissue damage. Thermal burns are caused by flame, hot liquids, steam, or explosions and can range from superficial to full thickness. Chemical burns destroy tissue through strong acids or alkalies. Electrical burns generate intense heat from passing electrical energy. Radiation burns result from exposure to radioactive sources. Burn severity is determined by depth, size, location, and patient factors. Treatment involves wound care, pain management, infection prevention, and rehabilitation.
Emergency nursing involves providing immediate treatment to patients experiencing medical emergencies or injuries. Key principles of emergency nursing include establishing an airway, controlling hemorrhaging, monitoring circulation and neurological status, documenting findings, and starting cardiac monitoring. The scope of emergency nursing is to treat patients of all ages for a wide range of illnesses and injuries, from minor issues to heart attacks. General principles of emergency care involve early detection and response, on-scene care, transportation to definitive care facilities, and following triage and assessment approaches like ABCD, EFGHI, and AMPLE.
This document discusses colostomy care, including:
1. Defining a colostomy as an opening in the large intestine brought to the surface of the abdomen for bowel evacuation.
2. Describing the different types of colostomies based on duration, stoma site, and number/type.
3. Explaining the purpose and importance of proper colostomy care for skin protection, drainage collection, and patient acceptance of self-care.
This document provides information on burns, including definitions, types, classification, pathophysiology, assessment, and management. It defines burns as thermal injuries to the skin and tissues. Burns are classified based on depth and extent of damage. First and second degree burns involve the epidermis and dermis, while third degree burns extend deeper. Burn severity is also classified according to percentage of total body surface area affected. Management involves fluid resuscitation, wound care, pain control, and nutrition support. Complications can impact various organ systems. The goal is to prevent infection, contractures, and other issues through proper acute care and rehabilitation.
it consist definition, types of burn, its cause, scales to measure degree of burn, first aid management and supportive management along with rehabilitation therapy.
BURN - Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid Haroon Rashid
Subject is Medical Surgical Nursing - II & Topic is Burn, Presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid Basci B.Sc Nursing 3rd Year in Florence College of Nursing
Burns are caused by direct contact with or exposure to thermal, chemical, electrical or radiation sources. The document discusses the classification, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of burns. It covers the different types of burns according to etiology, depth and severity. Assessment methods like the Rule of Nine and Palm Method are also described. Common signs include pain, fluid loss, edema, respiratory issues and potential psychological impacts.
This document defines and classifies different types of burns, including thermal, electrical, chemical, and radiation burns. It describes burns based on depth, with first degree involving the epidermis, second degree also involving the dermis and causing blisters, third degree being full thickness and causing charring, and fourth degree extending into underlying tissues. Burns are also classified based on percentage of total body surface area affected as minor, moderate, or major. The pathophysiology of burns is described, including increased vascular permeability, fluid shifts leading to hypovolemia, and increased risk of infection, renal failure, and multiorgan dysfunction. Infections from bacteria such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas are common complications. Causes
this slide contain inteoduction, definition, causes, risk factor, clinical manifestaion, types , treatment, medical management, nursing management, nursing care given in the intial stage, in case of emergency .
This document discusses types, classification, assessment, pathophysiology, effects, management, and complications of burns. It covers topics such as thermal, electrical, chemical, and inhalation burns. Burns are classified based on thickness of skin involvement from first to fourth degree. Assessment involves determining burn size using the Rule of Nines or Lund and Browder chart. Management consists of fluid resuscitation, wound care, surgery, and treatment of complications like infection and contractures.
1. A burn is an injury to the skin or flesh caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction or radiation. The severity depends on the temperature and duration of exposure.
2. About 2.4 million people suffer burns annually in the US, with 700,000 cases requiring medical treatment. The main causes are thermal, electrical, chemical and radiation burns.
3. Burns are classified by depth and extent of the affected body surface area. Depth is classified as superficial, partial-thickness, or full-thickness. Extent is classified using methods like the Rule of Nines or Lund and Browder chart.
This document provides information on nursing management of patients with burns. It discusses assessment of burns including determining burn depth, size, and severity. It outlines management of minor burns including cleaning, dressing, and ensuring analgesia. Management of major burns involves establishing airway, ensuring breathing and circulation, administering intravenous fluids, and transferring patients to a burn center for specialized care. Immediate steps include stopping the burning process, assessing for inhalation injuries, and providing fluid resuscitation.
- Skin is the largest organ consisting of two layers, the epidermis and dermis.
- Electrical burns can cause necrosis, cardiac and respiratory issues, and renal failure depending on the intensity and path of the current.
- Burn wounds are classified into zones and complications include infection, pulmonary issues, and contractures if not properly managed.
This document discusses burn injuries and their treatment. It describes the different degrees of burns from first to fourth degree. Early excision and autografting has significantly reduced burn mortality. Various wound dressings and antibiotics can be used, including salves, soaks, synthetic dressings, and biological dressings. Excision is done to remove dead tissue from deep second and third degree burns in preparation for skin grafting. Autografts are the mainstay treatment for covering burn wounds when sufficient donor skin is available.
This document provides information on burns, including causes, assessment, treatment and prevention. Burns are injuries caused by heat, chemicals, electricity or radiation. Assessment involves checking the airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure. Treatment depends on the severity and depth of the burn, and may include cleaning, dressing and fluid replacement. Deeper burns require specialist care. Prevention strategies include smoke alarms, fire safety education, and safe cooking and electrical practices.
Burns are one of the most common household injuries, especially among children. The term “burn” means more than the burning sensation associated with this injury. Burns are characterized by severe skin damage that causes the affected skin cells to die.
Triage is the term derived from the French verb trier meaning to sort or to choose
It’s the process by which patients classified according to the type and urgency of their conditions to get the Right patient to the Right place at the
Right time with the
Right care provider
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus. It begins with objectives of reviewing the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications, signs, and treatments of diabetes. It then covers the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications of diabetes types I and II. Key differences and clinical manifestations are described for each type. Complications are identified including cardiovascular, renal, and neurological issues. The document concludes with nursing diagnoses and interventions for managing diabetes.
Superficial Thermal Agents :Electrotherapyibtesaam huma
This document summarizes different superficial thermal agents used in physiotherapy including hot packs, paraffin wax baths, whirlpool baths, and infrared radiation. It describes the physiological effects of heat such as vasodilation and increased blood flow. For each modality, it outlines the set up, therapeutic effects, indications, contraindications, precautions, and potential dangers. The document is intended to help learners understand various heating modalities and their applications in physiotherapy treatment.
RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY AND WOUND CARE MANAGEMENT OF BURN final.pptxArpitaHalder8
Burn injuries involve three phases - emergent, acute, and rehabilitation. In the emergent phase, the priority is resolving life-threatening issues within 72 hours. Treatment includes airway management, fluid resuscitation, wound care, and infection control. The acute phase begins 48-72 hours later and focuses on wound healing through several weeks/months. Complications can include infection and scarring. Rehabilitation addresses functional recovery and reconstructive surgery over months. Reconstructive techniques include skin grafts, tissue expansion, and flap surgery to repair damage.
The document provides guidelines for the initial care of burn patients. It describes evaluating the patient's airway, breathing, and circulation as top priorities in the primary survey. It recommends establishing intravenous access and monitoring vital signs. The secondary survey involves a full head-to-toe examination to assess the extent and depth of burns and check for other injuries. Proper wound care includes cleaning and dressing burns, with topical antibiotics like silver sulfadiazine applied. Fluid resuscitation is also critical based on the percentage of total body surface area burned. Admission to a burn unit is recommended for deeper or more extensive burns.
The document discusses burns, including:
1. The structure of skin and how burns damage the epidermis and dermis layers.
2. The main causes of burns are thermal, chemical, inhalation, electric, and radiation burns.
3. Burn classification includes depth, extent, location, and patient risk factors which determine prognosis.
4. Burn management has three phases - emergent, acute, and rehabilitative - and the emergent phase focuses on airway management, IV fluids, wound care, drugs, and nutrition to stabilize the patient.
Initial assessment of burn injuries should focus on ABCs. Evaluate airway for inhalation injury and need for intubation. Assess circulation and signs of shock. Complete secondary survey including burn size, depth, other trauma, and history. Treat for smoke inhalation with 100% oxygen and cyanide antidote if needed. Calculate total body surface area burned using rule of nines or Lund and Browder chart. Follow Parkland formula for fluid resuscitation over first 24 hours. Refer large or complex burns to burn center. Control pain aggressively. Consider non-accidental trauma in pediatric burns and monitor closely.
Burns are one of the most serious injuries that can damage the skin and lead to complications. They are classified based on the percentage of total body surface area affected and depth of tissue damage. Common causes include scalds, flames, electricity, and chemicals. Proper management involves fluid resuscitation, wound care to prevent infection, and skin grafting for deep burns. Complications can be local, such as infection, contractures and scarring, or systemic like shock, organ failure and sepsis. Special consideration is needed for electrical or chemical burns.
Burns management presentation by 2nd yr MSC nursing studentSigymol John
this ppt deals with the management part of burns, mainly divided as pre-hospital care, emergent phase,acute phase and rehabilitation phase along with nursing management,nursing diagnosis and interventions.
Paraffin wax bath therapy involves applying molten paraffin wax to parts of the body. It is an effective way to apply moist heat that can reduce pain, swelling, and stiffness. The wax is heated to 47-55°C and applied using techniques like direct pouring, dipping, or brushing layers onto the skin. This raises the temperature of the skin and underlying tissues, causing vasodilation and an analgesic effect. Precautions must be taken to prevent burns, and the paraffin wax unit requires regular cleaning to remove sediment buildup.
This document provides information about burn injuries including:
1. Definitions of burn depth including first, second, and third degree burns. Common causes of burns are also listed.
2. The pathophysiology of burns is described affecting several body systems like hemodynamic changes, electrolyte imbalance, renal and pulmonary function, hematologic and GI systems, and decreasing immunity.
3. Burn severity is determined by depth, extent of total body surface area burned, age, and location of burns on the body. Common classifications of burns and methods to estimate burn extent are also summarized.
MANAGEMENT & TREATMENT OF BURN WOUND In AnimalsDR AMEER HAMZA
- The document discusses the classification, treatment, and management of burn wounds in animals. It covers superficial burns affecting only the epidermis, deep partial thickness burns affecting the dermis, and full thickness burns affecting all skin structures. Burn wound treatment involves fluid resuscitation, analgesia, wound cleaning, dressing, and surgical excision of dead tissue. Wound management progresses from the emergent phase through intermediate excision and grafting to the rehabilitation phase focusing on nutrition and scar management.
A detailed study on burns /all about burns ( manag, treat, preven, diagnosis) martinshaji
this is a detailed study on burns , and all the aspects such as definition , management, types , home remedies ,clinical aspects & evaluation, surgical methods , images & newer findings etc ,I hope this will be useful among medical professionals and others,
please comment
thank u
BURNS AND ITS MANAGEMENT.pptx PREPARED BY NEHA KEWATNehaKewat
This document provides an overview of burn injuries and their management. It defines different types and causes of burns, describes methods for assessing burn severity, and outlines the pathophysiology of burns. It then details the three phases of burn management: emergent/resuscitative, acute/intermediate, and rehabilitation. Key aspects of each phase include fluid resuscitation, infection prevention, wound care, pain management, and physical therapy/rehabilitation. Nursing priorities are restoring fluid balance, preventing infection, and supporting the patient's recovery process.
A burn is an injury to the skin or tissue caused by heat, radiation, electricity, friction or chemicals. Thermal burns are caused by hot liquids, flames, or objects. First aid involves removing the person from the heat source, cooling the burn with water, and keeping them warm. Burn types include thermal, chemical, smoke inhalation, electrical and radiation burns. Proper management includes wound care, fluid resuscitation to prevent shock, preventing infection and complications, and reconstructive surgery for scarring and contractures.
Burns are tissue damage that results from heat, overexposure to the sun or other radiation, or chemical or electrical contact. Burns can be minor medical problems or life-threatening emergencies. The treatment of burns depends on the location and severity of the damage.
Pediatric burn injuries require specialized management due to children having limited physiologic reserves. Scald burns are most common in young children and abuse must be ruled out. Fluid resuscitation follows the Parkland formula and aims to maintain blood pressure, heart rate, and urine output. Wounds are debrided and covered to prevent infection while excision and grafting are used for deeper burns. Inhalation injuries require pulmonary support and burn patients are at high risk for infections due to immunosuppression. Hypermetabolism persists for months requiring aggressive calorie and protein supplementation.
This document discusses the management of burn wounds. It begins by defining different types of burns including thermal, electrical, and chemical burns. It then covers burn wound classification including superficial/first degree burns affecting just the epidermis, deep partial thickness/second degree burns causing major dermis destruction, and full thickness/third degree burns destroying all skin structures. The document outlines burn wound examination, emergency management including cooling and removing restrictive objects, fluid administration, wound dressing, excision and grafting/closure approaches, and rehabilitation including nutritional support. It also addresses smoke inhalation injury management.
Burns can be caused by heat, chemicals, electricity or radiation and result in injury to body tissues. The severity depends on temperature, contact time and type of tissue affected. Common causes include kitchen accidents, fires, electricity and chemicals. Burns are classified by depth and extent of injury. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, wound care, pain management, nutrition and rehabilitation. Nursing focuses on monitoring for fluid shifts, infection risk, nutrition and mobility impairments as well as supporting psychosocial adjustment.
Burns can be caused by heat, chemicals, electricity or radiation. The severity depends on temperature, duration of contact and type of tissue injured. Common causes include kitchen accidents, fires, chemicals and electricity. Burns are classified by depth and extent. First degree burns affect the epidermis only, second degree involve the dermis and third degree destroy all skin layers. Burn management involves fluid resuscitation, wound care, infection prevention and rehabilitation. Care includes wound cleaning, debridement, skin grafting and splinting to prevent contractures. Pain management and nutrition are also important aspects of collaborative burn care.
Burns are classified by depth and extent of injury. Superficial burns only affect the epidermis while deep burns damage the dermis. Full thickness burns destroy the entire dermis. Management involves fluid resuscitation, wound care, prevention of infection and complications. Local wound care includes cleaning, silver sulfadiazine cream and dressing changes. For deep burns, debridement and skin grafting may be needed. Monitoring of vitals, urine output and blood work is important. Escarotomy may be required for circumferential full thickness limb burns to prevent limb loss.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when gastric contents reflux into the esophagus in excessive amounts, causing symptoms or mucosal injury. The most common cause of GERD is abnormal relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter that allows gastric contents to back up into the esophagus. Typical symptoms include heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia. Diagnosis is usually made clinically based on symptoms, but endoscopy or pH monitoring may be used to confirm the diagnosis or assess complications like esophagitis or stricture. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications and medications to reduce acid exposure in the esophagus.
Hydronephrosis is the distension and dilation of the kidney due to urine retention caused by urinary tract obstruction. Structural abnormalities that cause backward pressure on the kidney when urine flow is obstructed include birth defects, enlarged prostate, scarring of the ureters, cancer, rectal impaction, and pregnancy. Left untreated, hydronephrosis can lead to infection, loss of kidney function, and end stage renal disease.
ca-bladder cancer of bladder ca blad.pptZellanienhd
This document provides an overview of bladder cancer, including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, staging, treatment options, complications, nursing diagnoses, and recent research evidence. Specifically, it discusses that bladder cancer is a tumor in the bladder, risk factors include smoking and occupational exposures, symptoms include hematuria, and treatment depends on stage but may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy like BCG. Complications can include issues with body image, recurrence, and metastasis.
Paget's disease is a skeletal disorder characterized by increased and disorganized bone remodeling which results in structurally weaker bones. It most commonly affects the pelvis, spine, skull, and long bones. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic and viral factors may play a role. Diagnosis involves x-rays showing abnormal bone growth and density as well as increased markers of bone turnover in blood and urine tests. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, correcting deformities, and using calcitonin to decrease bone resorption.
breastcancer breast cancer cancer ca.pptZellanienhd
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. A woman's risk is about 1 in 8. Modern treatments have reduced the need for radical mastectomy. The breast contains lobes, lobules, ducts, and lymph nodes. Early detection through breast self-exams, clinical exams, and mammography can improve prognosis. Diagnostic tests include biopsy, ultrasound, and MRI. Treatment may involve surgery such as lumpectomy or mastectomy, radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy. Risk factors include genetics, age, reproductive history, and lifestyle factors.
head-injury head injury HEAD INJURY .pptZellanienhd
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
2. MANAGEMENT OF BURN:
The burning agent must be stopped from
further damage, example: fires are extinguished.
Hospitalization is necessary for optimal
care of burns.
Example: elevated a severely burned arm or
leg above the level of the heart to prevent
swelling is more easily accommodated in a
hospital.
3.
4. First aid for Burn injury:
A person with a burn is to stop the burning
process at the source, & cool the burn wound.
1. First aid for Minor burn: (first-degree)
If skin is not broken, run cool water over
burned area or soak in a cool water (not ice
water) bath, if burn occur in cool environment
water should be applied, a cold, wet towel will
reduce pain
5. Burns can be painful, reassure the victim &
keep them clean
After flushing or soaking the burn for few
minutes, cover the burn with a sterile non-
adhesive bandage or clean cloth
Protect burn from friction & pressure
6. 2. First aid for severe Burns: (second & third degree)
Do not remove burnt clothing
Check breathing, if breathing has stopped or
victim’s airway is blocked, open airway & begin
CPR
If patient is breathing, cover burn with cool moist
sterile bandage or clean cloth
Do not use blanket/towel. Sheet can be used.
Do not apply ointments & avoid breaking blisters
If fingers/toes are burned, separate them with
dry sterile, non-adhesive dressing
7. Elevate burned area & protect it from
pressure or friction
To prevent shock, lay victim flat elevates
the feet about 12 inches, & cover victim with a
coat or blanket, do not placed victim in shock
position if a head, back, leg injured is suspected
or if it makes victim uncomfortable
Monitor victim’s vital sign’s continously
8. Do Not:
Do not apply ointment, butter, ice,
medications, fluffy cotton dressing, adhesive
bandages, cream, oil spray or household remedy
to a burn.
.
9. Avoid breathing or coughing on burned area
to avoid contamination
Don’t apply cold compress & do not
immerse a severe burn in cold water, can cause
shock
Do not placed a pillow under victim’s head
if there is an airway burn & they are lying down.
10. Management of Burn According to Burn Phase:
a. Immediate Management of Burn:
Emergent period of burn management
refers to first 48-72 hours post burn when patient
is admitted to the hospital, it includes:
1. Airway Management:
For mild pulmonary injury, inspired air is
humidified & patient is encourage to cough so
that secretions can be removed by suctioning, in
more severe situations, secretions to be removed
by bronchial suctioning & administer
bronchodilators.
11. Endotracheal intubation & mechanical
ventilation may be required, head & chest to be
elevated by 20 degree to 30 degree to reduce
neck & chest wall edema.
If a full thickness burn of chest wall leads
to severe restriction of chest wall motion, chest
wall escharotomy may be required (burn incised
into subcutaneous fat & underlying soft tissue)
12. • (Escharotomy is the surgical division of the
nonviable eschar, the tough, inelastic mass of
burnt tissue that results from full-thickness
circumferential and near-circumferential skin
burns.
• An escharotomy is an emergency medical
procedure that involves the removal of the full-
thickness burn (eschar) down to the
subcutaneous fat to release it and prevent further
complications. It restores blood flow and allows
adequate ventilation).
13.
14.
15. 2. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT):
It is a non-invasive mode of treatment.
Here patient is entirely enclosed in a pressure
chamber filled with oxygen at a pressure greater
than one atmosphere, it can also be done in a
mono place chamber (one patient), multiplace
chamber (two patient).
Chamber is pressurized with 100% pure
oxygen, it delivers 100% O2 to an open, moist
wound through special devices.
16.
17. 3. Fluid Management:
Burn cause fluid loss through wound as
well as into the burn wound & adjacent tissues in
the form of edema, fluid loss is replaced through
2 large caliber peripheral intravenous catheters
Adults with more than 15% burn or a child
with 10% burn of the body surface area require
fluid resuscitation.
Foley’s catheter is inserted to maintain
intake & output chart.
18. Replacing body fluid: Guidelines & formulas
for fluid replacement in burn patients:
Consensus formula:
• Lactated ringer’s solution (or other balanced
saline solution): 2-4ml × kg body weight × %
body surface area (BSA) burned.
• Half of fluid is to be given in first 8 hours &
remaining half to be given over 16 hours.
19.
20. Evans formula:
Colloids: 1ml ×kg body weight ×% body
surface area (BSA) burned.
Electrolytes (saline) : 1ml ×body weight × %
body surface area (BSA) burned.
Glucose: (5% in water): 2000 ml for
insensible loss.
Day 1: Half to be given in first 8 hours, remaining
half over next 16 hours.
Day 2: Half of previous days colloids &
electrolytes all of insensible fluid replacement
Maximum of 10,000 ml is given over 24 hours
21. Brooke army formula:
Colloids: 0.5 ml × kg body weight × % body
surface area (BSA) burned.
Electrolytes (saline): 1.5 ml × kg body
weight × body surface area (BSA) burned.
Glucose: (5% in water): 2000 ml for
insensible loss
Day 1: Half to be given in first 8 hours. Remaining
half over 16 hours.
Day 2: Half of colloids, half of electrolytes, all of
insensible fluid replacement.
22. Second & third degree (partial & full
thickness) burns exceeding 50% of BSA are
calculated on the basis of 50% BSA
Parkland/Baxter formula:
Lactated ringer’s solution (or other balanced
saline solution): 4 ml × kg body weight × %
body surface area (BSA) burned.
Hypertonic saline solution:
Concentrated solutions of sodium chloride
(NACL) & lactate with concentration of 250-300
meq of sodium per liter, administered at a rate
sufficient to maintain a desire volume of urinary
output.
23. 4. Wound Management:
Assessment to be done to determine burn
area & depth, then debridement (removing
devitalized tissue & contamination), cleaning
than dressing.
24. • (Debridement is a procedure for treating a
wound in the skin. It involves thoroughly
cleaning the wound and removing all
hyperkeratotic (thickened skin or callus),
infected, and nonviable (necrotic or dead) tissue,
foreign debris, and residual material from
dressings).
25. Circumferential burns of digits, limbs or
chest may need urgent surgical release of burnt
skin (escharotomy) to prevent problems with
distal circulation or ventilation.
Early excision & skin grafting of full
thickness & deep dermal burn wounds.
26. 5. Analgesics & Sedation:
Severely burned patient are restless &
anxious from hypoxemia or hypovolemia rather
than pain.
Simple analgesics such as ibuprofen &
acetaminophen, and Narcotics are used.
A local anesthetic helps reduce pain in
minor first degree & second degree burns.
The patient then responds better to oxygen or
increased fluid administration rather than to
narcotic analgesics or sedatives may mask signs
of hypoxemia & hypovolemia
27. B. Acute period or intermediate phase
It begins at the end of emergent period &
lasts until burn wound is healed. If burn is partial-
thickness injury, acute period extends 10-20 days,
if burn injury is a full thickness injury over a
large percentage of body requiring surgery for
skin grafting, the acute period can lasts for
months.
28. • During acute period, 2 main principle of
management are:
Treatment of burn wound & avoidance, detection
& treatment of complications.
29. a. Infection prevention:
Burned area is cleaned regularly. Wounds
are cleaned & bandages changed 1-3 times per
day.
Infection is promoted by loss of epithelial
barrier, by malnutrition induced by
hypermetabolic response, post burn
immunosuppression.
30. • Tissue specimens are obtained for culture by
swab, tissue biopsy, to monitor colonization of
wound by microbial organisms.
31. Systemic antibiotics are administered
when there documentation of burn wound sepsis
or other positive cultures such as urine, sputum
or blood.
Infection control is a major role of burn
team in providing appropriate burn wound care.
Cap. Gown, mask & gloves are worn while
caring for patient with open burn wounds.
32. b. Topical antimicrobials
Application of topical agents to burn wound
can help decrease infection & hasten healing.
Topical agent includes:
Silver sulfadiazine:
Most commonly used topical
antimicrobial agent in burn, its antimicrobial
properties are derived from dual mechanism of
its silver & sulfa moieties & has broad spectrum
of microbial coverage.
It is painless on application, has high
patient acceptance, easy to use with or without
dressing.
33. Allergic sensitivity can develop where
patient will develop transient leukopenia 3 to 5
days following its continued use secondary to
margination of circulating WBCs. If WBC count
drops below 3000, medication to be withheld
until WBC counts returns to >4000-5000
34. Mafenide:
Broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity,
unlike other topical agents, mafenide has good
penetration through eschar, it is used on dirty or
infected burn wounds or electrical burns and burn
ears.
after application, mafenide produces a
manful sensation for several minutes, therefore it
is called “white lightning’
Sites of mafenide application can be rotated
every 2 hours until entire burn has been treated.
35.
36. Silver Nitrate 0.5% solution:
Broad spectrum, non penetrating , painless
antimicrobial agent, requires multiple daily
application on burn dressing & is messy &
staining.
This dressing is used in treatment of toxic
epidermal necrolysis syndrome & in rare patient
allergic to silver sulfadiazine or mafenide.
The solution is hypotonic, so electrolyte
leeching, hyponatremia & hypokalemia are
common side effects.
37. Povidone iodine (betadine) ointment:
Reddish brown germicidal preparation of
10% povidone iodine with broad spectrum
microbial action, applied 3 times daily.
Can be applied by spreading it with sterile
gloved hand on to burned surface.
Petroleum based antimicrobial ointments:
Such as bacitracin or polymyxin B are clear
on application, painless, allow easy wound
observation.
used for facial burns, grafts sites, healing
donor sites & small partial thickness burns.
38. In severely burned patients (>40% BSA),
combination of mycostatin ointment or powder with
other topical agents reduces incidence of fungal
superinfection & improves antimicrobial action.
Mycostatin 5-15 ml given orally 3 times daily
reduces alimentary fungal overgrowth.
Topical antimicrobial creams are used with
closed dressings.
Dressing to be change every 8-12 hours
In contaminated area, wounds are washed with
an antimicrobial soap or phosphate buffered 0.25%
hypochlorite solution
39. Wound care:
Untill complete re-epithelization occurs, burn
dressing helps in protection against micro-organisms
invasions, minimize metabolic losses
Wound covering:
1. Dressing:
Wet dressing may be used with silver nitrate or
normal saline applications.
Normal saline applied to clean granulation
tissue or to new graft to maintain moisture
Single layer of fine mesh gauze placed over the
wound, covered with thick gauze pads to maintain
moisture, & held in place with a gauze wrapping
40.
41. a. Open or exposure method:
Patient is washed daily & kept of clean dry
sheets with another sheet to reduce contamination
from the environment.
Exudates of partial thickness burn dry in 48-
72 hours, & forms a crust that protects the wound,
epitheliazation occurs beneath this crust in 14-21
days & crust falls off.
Dead skin of a full thickness burn is
dehydrated & converted to black, leathery eschar in
48-72 hours. Exposure is less painful for full-
thickness burn.
42. Loose eschar may be removed with the
use of hydrotherapy & debridement,
Lights & heat lamps to use with caution to
provide warmth, Ambient temperature control is
important to maintain normothermia.
Advantages: Wound is easily inspected &
patient has maximal freedom to perform
exercises for prevention of contractures &
improvement of circulation
43. b. Closed Method or occlusive method:
In this wounds are washed & dressings are
changed at least once a day.
An occlusive dressing is thin gauze that is
applied after topical antimicrobial application,
pressure wrappings or elastic bandages may be
applied. This dressings are used over areas with
new skin grafts to protect the graft, this dressings
remains in place for 3-5 days.
Nursing observation includes: Monitoring for signs
of impaired circulation
44. Nursing observation includes: Monitoring for
signs of impaired circulation (numbness, pain,
tingling) & signs of infection.
C. Bland dressing:
These provides a clean, moist wound
healing environment, absorb exudates, protect
from contamination & provide comfort at a
fraction of cost of antibiotic dressings, paraffin
gauze can be used.
45. Dressing guidelines for minor & moderate burns:
Ensure that the patient is not allergic to any
dressing.
Use a dressing that both the patient & staff
find acceptable & with which both will comply.
Use a dressing that is cost effective ie, do not
use expensive dressing if burn requires frequent
dressing changes.
Consider changing type of dressing as burn
character changes in particular exudates control
46. Decrease the dressing bulk as soon as the
wound will allow for greater freedom of
movement as well as reducing “sick role” effect
of bulky dressings on patients.
47. (Under wound care)
2. Biological Dressing:
Biological dressing have no direct toxins
or antmicrobial properties, however, it creates a
wound environment that prevents dessication,
diminishes bacterial proliferation, reduces loss of
water, protein & red blood cells, promotes rapid
wound healing, reduces burn pain.
These materials may be organic or synthetic in
origin.
48. Skin grafts:
Skin grafts are applied to cover burn
wound & speed healing, to prevent contractures
& to shorten convalescence, successful grafting
reduces patient’s vulnerability to infection &
prevent loss of body heat & water vapor from the
open wound.
49. Synthetic dressings:
Helps increase rate of wound healing, reduce
discomfort.
Biobrane is a nylon material that contains a
gelatin that interacts with clotting factors in the
wound, it is a synthetic, bilaminate membrane with
an outer semi-permeable silicone layer bonded to an
inner collagen nylon matrix, its elasticity &
transparency allows easy drape ability, fuller range
of motion, easy wound inspection.
It is suited to use on donor sites superficial partial
thickness burns, & clean excised wounds prior to
grafting.
50. Skin substitutes:
Skin substitutes becomes incorporated
permanently, in parts or as a whole, into the
wound closure. An artificial skin developed by
Burke, is composed of an outer silastic
‘epidermis’ (0.1mm thick), and an inner
biodegradable bovine collagen
glycosaminoglycan (GAG) based dermal analog,
Inner surface provides good wound
adherence while the outer layer prevents
exogenous bacterial contamination
51. Surgical Treatment:
Partial thickness burns should heal without
surgical intervention, but full thickness requires
surgical management.
There are 2 alternatives treatment for deep burns:
One can wait for spontaneous desloughing &
apply split thickness skin graft at 3 weeks, this
policy has the advantage that early operation can be
avoided, but had disadvantage of slow healing &
greater scarring.
Early excision of burn is carried out with the
application of skin cover by a skin graft or a flap,
has advantage of rapid healing & early restoration of
function.
52. Early excision of skin grafting is the technique used for
deep dermal burns, preferred within 48 hours, the
layers of burned tissue are shaved with a split skin
grafting knife until a healthy bleeding bed is reached,
upon which partial thickness skin graft is applied.
Surgical reconstruction of burn injury:
Major complication of burn injury is scarring,
hypertrophic scar or keloid scar can be prevented by
application of pressure, & by giving routine Lycra
pressure garments to wear for 14 months. When burn
scar crosses a joint, contractures occur.
53. 3. Rehabilitation period or Long term phase:
Rehabilitation care should commence on
the day of injury.
Goals are:
Limit or prevent loss of motion
Prevent or minimize anatomic deformities
Prevent loss of lean muscles mass
Return the patient to work or normal activities as
soon & completely as possible
54. BARRIER NURSING CARE OF THE BURNS
1. Restoring normal fluid balance:
Nurse closely monitors patient’s IV & oral
fluid intake, maintain intake & output chart,
daily weight are obtained
Changes in blood pressure, pulse rate to be
observed & report to physician if any
Administer medication as prescribed.
55. 2. Preventing infection:
Detection & prevention of infection
Aseptic technique used for wound care
procedure & any invasive procedure
Nurse protects patient from source of
contamination.
3. Maintaining adequate nutrition:
Nurse collaborate with the dietician to plan a
protien & calorie-rich diet
Family members to be encouraged to bring
nutritious & favoured foods for patient
56. Feeding tube is inserted & used for continous or
bolus feeding of specific formulas
check patient weight daily to monitor weight loss
& gain
4.Promoting skin integrity:
Nurse serves as coordinator of complex aspect of
wound care & dressing changes for patient
Nurse must be aware & of the rationale &
nursing implications for various wound management
approaches.
Nurse assists patient & family by instruction,
support & encouragement to take an active part in
dressing changes & wound care.
57. 5. Relieving pain & discomfort:
Assessment of pain & discomfort,
intervention to be made to relieve pain
Analgesics & anti-anxiety medications as
prescribed.
Dressing change & complete treatment to be
done to reduce pain & discomfort
6. Promoting physical mobility:
Deep breathing, turning & proper
repositioning are essential nursing practices to
prevent atelectasis, pneumonia, edema, pressure
ulcers & contractures.
58. Both passive & active exercise to be done from
admission & to be continued after grafting,
within prescribed limitations.
7. Strengthening coping strategies:
Assist patients in developing effective
coping strategies by promoting truthful
communications to build trust, giving positive
reinforcement when appropriate
Helps patients set realistic expectations for
self care, self feeding, assistance with wound
care procedures, exercise.
59. COMPLICATIONS:
Infections:
Burn leaves skin vulnerable to bacterial
infection & increase rick of infections, sepsis is a
life-treatening infection that travels through
bloodstream & affects whole body, progresses
rapidly & can cause shock & organ failure
Low blood volume:
Burn can damage blood vessels & cause fluid
loss, results in low blood volume
60. Hypothermia:
Skin helps control body’s temperature so,
when a large portion of skin is injured, patient
lose body heat, it increases risk of hypothermia.
Breathing problems:
Breathing hot air or smoke can burn airways
& cause respiratory difficulties, smoke inhalation
damages lungs & cause respiratory failure.
Scarring:
Burns can cause scars & ridge areas caused
by an overgrowth of scar tissue (keloids)
61. Musculoskeletal problems:
Deep burns can limit movement of bones &
joints , scar tissue can form & cause shortening &
tightening of skin, muscles or tendons
(contractures), this conditions can permanently
pull joints out of position.
62. Prevention & Health education:
To reduce risk of common household burns:
1. Never leave items cooking on the stove
unattented
2. Turn pot handles towards the rear of the stove
3. Keep hot liquids out of reach of children & pets
4. Keep electrical appliances away from water
5. Test food temperature before serving a child,
don’t heat a baby’s bottle in the microwave
6. Never cook while wearing loose fitting clothes
that could catch fire over the stove
63. 7. In presence of a small child, block his or
her access to heat sources such as stove, outdoor
grill, fireplace & space heater
8. Before placing a child in a car seat, check
for hot straps or buckles.
9. Unplug irons & similar devices when not in
use, store them out of reach of small children
10. Cover unused electrical outlets with safety
caps, keep electrical cords & wires out of the
way so that children don’t chew on them.
64. 11. Avoid smoking in the house & never smoke
in bed
12. Keep fire extinguisher on every floor of your
house.
13. Set water heater’s thermostat below 120 F
(48.9 C) to prevent scalding, test bath water
before placing a child in it.