This study evaluated the dissipation of thiophanate methyl residue in grapes grown in India. Field trials were conducted in four locations at two application rates of 500 and 1000 g ai/ha. Samples were collected up to 15 days after application and residues were analyzed. The fungicide dissipated following first order kinetics with half-lives ranging from 4.74 to 6.52 days depending on location and dose. More than 50% of the initial residue degraded within 7 days irrespective of location or treatment. The initial deposits were below India's maximum residue limit of 5 ug/g.
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Potential role of microbial surfactants in environment control recovered from...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
A total of 20 samples were collected from contaminated (oil contaminated) as well as non-contaminated (agricultural) sites. A
total of 10 bacterial isolates were recovered from these samples out of which 6 were recovered from non contaminated sites
and 4 were recovered from contaminated sites gave emulsification index ranged from 44% to 73%. Different carbon sources
viz. maltose, starch, sucrose, mannitol and nitrogen sources viz. urea, peptone, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate
were screened to obtain optimum emulsification activity by KMSS09 and KIWS11. In this study mannitol and peptone was
evaluated as best carbon and nitrogen source for the production of bioemulsifier. Further these potential isolates were
evaluated for some environmental applications viz. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery and Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon
assay having important role in bioremediation. The percentage oil recovered by KMSS09, KIWS11 and P. aeruginosa MTCC
2297 was 51.67%, 71.67% and 85.0% respectively. In BATH assay, percentage of bacterial adherence by KMSS09, KIWS11
and P. aeruginosa MTCC 2297 was 80.4%, 86.3% and 93.2% respectively showing wide applicability in bioremediation for
pollution remediation of metal and hydrocarbon contaminated field.
Extraction and Quantification of Anthocyanin from Banana Bracts Using Differe...Premier Publishers
Banana (Musa balbisiana) bracts were investigated as a potential source of natural colorant. In this study, the total anthocyanin from selected banana bracts was extracted with ethanol solutions and characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry and their content was found 224.41 ± 1.91 mg/kg, which was highest at 40% solvent concentration with pH 4. Moreover, the color characteristics were varied with the variation of solvent concentration and pH. Similarly, the values of chroma and hue angle were also investigated and the value of chroma was higher at pH 4 in all different concentrations. The results revealed that the color of anthocyanin was decreased due to increase of pH. The value of hue angle was in the range of (73.69±0.33) to (-71.14±1.39), which indicated the color from yellow to magenta, and this is the natural color of anthocyanin. Therefore, banana bracts can be used as a potential source of extracting natural colorant instead of synthetic dyes in different food industries.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
Solvent free synthesis of malonyl chlorides a green chemistry approacheSAT Journals
Abstract Methyl malonyl chloride and ethyl malonyl chloride are the acid chlorides of malonic acid diester. The present study focuses on the study of the synthesis of monomethyl malonyl chloride and monoethyl malonyl chloride. The synthesis was a three step process of selective saponification of dialkyl malonate followed by hydrolysis and then chlorination of monoalkyl malonic acid. The reaction was studied in the presence of solvent and absence of solvent (which is methylene chloride). Kinetics of the process was studied. Reaction was found to be first order by integrated rate law. The green process was evaluated with maximum conversion. The conversion of methyl malonic acid in solvent process was found to be 78.67% and in without solvent process was found to be 93.08% from the experiments carried out. The conversion of ethyl malonic acid in solvent process was found to be 84.39% and in without solvent process was found to be 98.23% from the experiments carried out. Keywords: Green chemistry, methyl malonyl chloride, ethyl malonyl chloride, malonic acid.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Drug Binder from Tobacco WastePremier Publishers
In Indian agriculture, tobacco has a prominent place. So, it is but natural that tobacco waste or dust is generated at various stages of post-harvest processing of tobacco and also while manufacturing various products. As rational production and processing of tobacco plant must include the entire biomass, both the main product leaves as well as stalks that remain after harvest. Residues (stalks and small leaves) and significant amounts of leaf scrap and waste generated during processing of tobacco, can serve as a very important secondary raw material from after final processing, a great number of products could be obtained in industry considering that these stalks contain a certain amount of cellulose. The waste obtained after nicotine extraction was utilized for cellulose extraction. The extracted cellulose was converted to value-added product such as cellulose acetate. Prepared cellulose acetate is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Potential role of microbial surfactants in environment control recovered from...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
A total of 20 samples were collected from contaminated (oil contaminated) as well as non-contaminated (agricultural) sites. A
total of 10 bacterial isolates were recovered from these samples out of which 6 were recovered from non contaminated sites
and 4 were recovered from contaminated sites gave emulsification index ranged from 44% to 73%. Different carbon sources
viz. maltose, starch, sucrose, mannitol and nitrogen sources viz. urea, peptone, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate
were screened to obtain optimum emulsification activity by KMSS09 and KIWS11. In this study mannitol and peptone was
evaluated as best carbon and nitrogen source for the production of bioemulsifier. Further these potential isolates were
evaluated for some environmental applications viz. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery and Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon
assay having important role in bioremediation. The percentage oil recovered by KMSS09, KIWS11 and P. aeruginosa MTCC
2297 was 51.67%, 71.67% and 85.0% respectively. In BATH assay, percentage of bacterial adherence by KMSS09, KIWS11
and P. aeruginosa MTCC 2297 was 80.4%, 86.3% and 93.2% respectively showing wide applicability in bioremediation for
pollution remediation of metal and hydrocarbon contaminated field.
Extraction and Quantification of Anthocyanin from Banana Bracts Using Differe...Premier Publishers
Banana (Musa balbisiana) bracts were investigated as a potential source of natural colorant. In this study, the total anthocyanin from selected banana bracts was extracted with ethanol solutions and characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry and their content was found 224.41 ± 1.91 mg/kg, which was highest at 40% solvent concentration with pH 4. Moreover, the color characteristics were varied with the variation of solvent concentration and pH. Similarly, the values of chroma and hue angle were also investigated and the value of chroma was higher at pH 4 in all different concentrations. The results revealed that the color of anthocyanin was decreased due to increase of pH. The value of hue angle was in the range of (73.69±0.33) to (-71.14±1.39), which indicated the color from yellow to magenta, and this is the natural color of anthocyanin. Therefore, banana bracts can be used as a potential source of extracting natural colorant instead of synthetic dyes in different food industries.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
Solvent free synthesis of malonyl chlorides a green chemistry approacheSAT Journals
Abstract Methyl malonyl chloride and ethyl malonyl chloride are the acid chlorides of malonic acid diester. The present study focuses on the study of the synthesis of monomethyl malonyl chloride and monoethyl malonyl chloride. The synthesis was a three step process of selective saponification of dialkyl malonate followed by hydrolysis and then chlorination of monoalkyl malonic acid. The reaction was studied in the presence of solvent and absence of solvent (which is methylene chloride). Kinetics of the process was studied. Reaction was found to be first order by integrated rate law. The green process was evaluated with maximum conversion. The conversion of methyl malonic acid in solvent process was found to be 78.67% and in without solvent process was found to be 93.08% from the experiments carried out. The conversion of ethyl malonic acid in solvent process was found to be 84.39% and in without solvent process was found to be 98.23% from the experiments carried out. Keywords: Green chemistry, methyl malonyl chloride, ethyl malonyl chloride, malonic acid.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Drug Binder from Tobacco WastePremier Publishers
In Indian agriculture, tobacco has a prominent place. So, it is but natural that tobacco waste or dust is generated at various stages of post-harvest processing of tobacco and also while manufacturing various products. As rational production and processing of tobacco plant must include the entire biomass, both the main product leaves as well as stalks that remain after harvest. Residues (stalks and small leaves) and significant amounts of leaf scrap and waste generated during processing of tobacco, can serve as a very important secondary raw material from after final processing, a great number of products could be obtained in industry considering that these stalks contain a certain amount of cellulose. The waste obtained after nicotine extraction was utilized for cellulose extraction. The extracted cellulose was converted to value-added product such as cellulose acetate. Prepared cellulose acetate is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
Abstract— Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2014 and 2015 with curry leaf variety Suwasini to study the dissipation pattern of carbendazim 50 EC at 500 g a.i. ha-1 and cypermethrin 10 % EC @ 50 g a i/ha (550 ml/ha) 1 by giving two sprays first at vegetative stage and second 10 days later. The leaf samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 45th day after second spray and soil samples at 45th day for residue analysis showed initial deposits of carbendazim 16.00 mg kg-1 and Cypermetrin 13.09 mg kg-1 which ,dissipated to 0.04 mg kg -1 and 0. 28 mg kg – 1 respectively. The residues reached to Below Determination Level (BDL) at 20 and 10 days, respectively. As there were no pesticide recommendations and MRLs fixed for any of the pesticide in curry leaf, the day at which residues reached BDL can be suggested as the safe harvest period for curry leaf.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic
acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2
extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid
methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich
fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-
angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 μg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak
in activity (IC50 = 432.3 μg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert
was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to
Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and
methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of
methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very
strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Performance evaluation of Effluent Treatment Plant of Dairy IndustryIJERA Editor
Dairy industry is among the most polluting of the food industries in regard to its large water consumption. Dairy
is one of the major industries causing water pollution. Considering the increased milk demand, the dairy
industry in India is expected to grow rapidly and have the waste generation and related environmental problems
are also assumed increased importance. Poorly treated wastewater with high level of pollutants caused by poor
design, operation or treatment systems creates major environmental problems when discharged to the surface
land or water. Various operations in a dairy industry may include pasteurization, cream, cheese, milk powder
etc. Considering the above stated implications an attempt has been made in the present project to evaluate one of
the Effluent Treatment Plant for dairy waste. Samples are collected from three points; Collection tank (CT),
primary clarifier (PC) and Secondary clarifier (SC) to evaluate the performance of Effluent Treatment Plant.
Parameters analyzed for evaluation of performance of Effluent Treatment Plant are pH, TDS, TSS, COD, and
BOD at 200C The pH, TDS, TSS, COD and BOD removal efficiency of Effluent Treatment Plant were 26.14 %,
33.30 %, 93.85 %, 94.19 % and 98.19 % respectively.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
ABSTRACT- The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-bacterial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanol extract obtained from the whole part of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts
were determined as gallic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power of these extract were evaluated as ascorbic
acid and gallic acid equivalents, respectively. ABTS free radical scavenging activity is expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC). The antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate
activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Key words: Jurinea dolomiaea; Total phenolic; Total flavonoid; Total antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity; Antibacterial activity.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
Validation and uncertainty analysis of a multi-residue method for 42 pesticides in made tea, tea infusion and spent leaves using ethyl acetate extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometer
Analytical method validation@ american chemical society@ sudeb mandalDr Sudeb Mandal
Analytical Method Validation for the Determination of
Meptyldinocap As 2,4-Dinitrooctylphenol Metabolite in Mango
and Soil Using LC-MS/MS and Dissipation Study of the
Fungicide in Indian Mango Field Ecosystem
Validation and Uncertainty Analysis of a Multiresidue Method for
67 Pesticides in Made Tea, Tea Infusion, and Spent Leaves Using Ethyl Acetate Extraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy
Agricultural and food chemistry sudeb mandal acsDr Sudeb Mandal
Photo-degradation of Hexythiazox in Different Solvent Systems under the Influence of Ultraviolet Light and Sunlight in the Presence of TiO2, H2O2, and KNO3 and Identification of the photo-metabolites
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
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Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
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Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
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Hollywood Ventures
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Television Appearances
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The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
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By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
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UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology sudeb mandal
1. Dissipation Study of Thiophanate Methyl Residue in/on Grapes
(Vitis vinifera L.) in India
Sudeb Mandal • Saktipada Das • Anjan Bhattacharyya
Received: 30 May 2009 / Accepted: 7 April 2010 / Published online: 18 April 2010
Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
Abstract A multi-location field trial was conducted in
India during 2006–2008 to evaluate the dissipation pattern
of thiophanate methyl (75% WP) in/on grapes at two
application rates (500 and 1,000 g a.i. ha-1
). The quanti-
tative analysis of the fungicide residues as carbendazim
was performed using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at the
maximum absorption band of 281 nm. The average
recovery was found 87% and the relative standard devia-
tions (RSD) were below 3.8%. Following the first order
kinetics the fungicide dissipates in grapes with a half-life
(t‘) value of 4.74–6.52 days irrespective of locations and
doses.
Keywords Thiophanate methyl residue Á Dissipation Á
Grapes Á UV/VIS Spectrophotometer
Thiophanate methyl [1, 2-bis-(3-methoxy carboxy-2-
thioureidobenzene)] is a broad spectrum systemic fungi-
cide which is widely used to control important fungal
diseases of crops (Traina et al. 1998; Maranghi et al. 2003)
which upon spraying on plant is quickly absorbed on its
surface and easily transported to the various parts of the
plant as methyl benzimidazol carbamate (MBC). MBC is
actually responsible for the fungicidal activity of this
chemical (Buchenauer et al. 1973a, b). Biochemical
transformations in presence of plant enzyme or sunlight are
responsible for the conversion of thiophanate methyl to
MBC (Buchenauer et al. 1973a, b; Soeda et al. 1972)
(Fig. 1). MBC is a chemically stable metabolite and rela-
tively persistent fungicide, which only metabolised to a
limited extent in plants and soil. Thiophanate methyl can be
determined in the form of MBC after conversion (Muccio
et al. 1995). The principle of the most cost effective ana-
lytical method used for supervised residue trials is that thi-
ophanate-methyl and carbendazim are extracted and
thiophanate-methyl is converted to carbendazim by reflux-
ing under acidic conditions. Then the carbendazim is
determined by UV/VIS spectrophotometer (Ono 1973). It is
used for the protection of various crops including grapes,
lettuce, citrus fruits, potatoes, and cereals.
Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) belong to the world’s largest
fruit crops with a global production of around 69 million
tons in 2006 (FAOSTAT 2007), contain large amounts of
phytochemicals including anthocyanins and resveratrol,
which offer health benefits (Pezzuto 2008), suffers yield
losses due to fungal diseases. Because benzimidazole
fungicides in food constitute a significant health risk
(Banks and Soliman 1997; Urani et al. 1995) and grapes
undergo a high consumption rate, the analysis of thiopha-
nate methyl as well as carbendazim residues in grapes is of
great importance. The dissipation of any compound
depends on various factors, including plant species,
chemical formulation, climatic conditions, physical phe-
nomenon (mainly volatilization), application method and
chemical degradation, in which sunlight plays a prominent
role. Therefore, dissipation studies for a given crop in the
specific conditions of each growing area are necessary.
Residues of thiophanate methyl on tomatoes and cucumber
under field and protected cultivations were reported by
Abdel Megeed et al. (2000). Dutta et al. (1995) reported the
S. Mandal Á S. Das
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani,
Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
e-mail: sudeb_ku@rediffmail.com
A. Bhattacharyya (&)
Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, West Bengal, India
e-mail: anjan_84@rediffmail.com
123
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol (2010) 84:592–595
DOI 10.1007/s00128-010-9985-0
2. dissipation study of thiophanate methyl on mango at
Mondouri Horticultural Research Station, Bidhan Chandra
Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India. A
literature survey reveals that no work has been published
on the dissipation of thiophanate methyl residue on grapes
in Indian condition. The objective of the present work was
to study the dissipation and the fate of thiophanate methyl
residue in/on grapes grown under the different agroclimatic
conditions of India.
Material and Method
A field study was conducted in four different locations in
India viz., (1) Grapes & Onion Research Station, M.P.K.V,
Pimpalgaon, Baswant, Nasik (Variety-Thomson seedless)
(2) Farmers name: Srinivasa Choudhary, Village: Chirala
Mandal Kisara, District: Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh, (Variety-Thomson seedless), (3) Agricultural
college and Research Institute, Department of Plant
Pathology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, (Variety-Thomson seed-
less) and (4) Department of Horticulture, GKVK Campus,
Bangalore, Karnataka, (Variety-Bangalore Blue) were
taken into account and the experiment was conducted in
randomized block design in three replicates (each replicate
considered as five plant) during 2006–2008. The formula-
tion of thiophanate methyl 75% WP was applied in the
recommended dose i.e., 500 g a.i. ha-1
(T1) and double the
recommended dose i.e., 1,000 g a.i. ha-1
(T2). For the
dissipation study of thiophanate methyl in grapes, samples
were collected periodically at different time interval 0 (2 h
post application), 1, 3, 5, 7 and 15 days after the applica-
tion. About 0.5 kg of the grape was harvested from each
replicate of both the treatment and control plots and
brought to the laboratory each time. The samples were
transported from respective location in a thermocol box
with dry ice packing and extracted immediately after
receipt as far as practicable. Whenever not possible, the
samples were stored in a cold room at -18°C for a mini-
mum period of time.
An analytical standard of Carbendazim (purity 99.90%)
was supplied by M/S Biostadt India Ltd, Mumbai, India.
High purity solvent (chloroform), sodium hydroxide pellets
and hydrochloric acid that were used in the extraction and
clean up, were purchased from M/S Spectrochem, India.
The other reagents viz., reagent grade anhydrous sodium
sulphate, acetic acid and cupric acetate of M/S Qualigen,
India were used. Glass distilled water was used in the entire
study. pH meter was CL 46 type (Toshniwal Instruments,
Pvt, Ltd, India). A high-speed commercial Remi automix
blender with stainless steel container and rotary vacuum
evaporator of Eyela (SB-1000, Japan) were used in this
study.
The chopped grapes sample (50 g) was taken in 250 mL
conical flask & then added 4 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate
and blended thrice (3 min) with (100 ? 50 ? 50) mL of
chloroform in remi automix blender. The content was then
filtered and passed through anhydrous sodium sulphate.
The solvent was evaporated to dryness in a rotary vacuum
evaporator at 40°C. The residue was dissolved with 10 mL
aqueous solution of 50% acetic acid and added 100 mg
cupric acetate and a piece of pumic stone in a round bottom
flask which was fitted with condenser and heated in oil bath
at 120°C for 1 h. After cooling, 10 mL of 1(N) HCl was
poured into the flask through the condenser and contents of
the flask were transferred to a 100 mL separating funnel
with additional 20 mL of 1(N) HCl. The acidified solution
was washed thrice with 10 mL portion of chloroform. The
chloroform layer was discarded and the acidified solution
was transferred to a beaker and the pH was adjusted to 6.0–
6.2 by adding 2 (N) NaOH solution using a pH meter. After
neutralization, the solution was transferred to a 150 mL
separatory funnel and then extracted with 30 mL of chlo-
roform by shaking for 5 min. The chloroform extract was
taken into a 100 mL separatory funnel and extracted with
20 mL of 1(N) HCl by shaking for 5 min.
The quantitative analysis of thiophanate methyl residues
as MBC was performed with a Varian CARY 50 UV/VIS
spectrophotometer which is controlled by Cary WinUV
software at the maximum absorption band at 281 nm. The
limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ)
were found 0.1 and 0.3 lg/g respectively. A calibration
curve (Fig. 2) was constructed by plotting five concentra-
tions (0.1–2.5 lg/g) of standard MBC versus absorption.
Determining the concentration in lg/g of MBC in samples
from calibration curve, then it was calculated the concen-
tration in lg/g of thiophanate methyl residues according to
the following equation:
N
H
S
N
H
O
O CH3
N
H
S
N
H
O
O CH3
N
H
N
N
H
O
O CH3
50% Aq
Reflux, 1 hr
120 oC
Thiophanate methyl Carbendazim (MBC)
Cu (OAc)3
CH3
COOH
Fig. 1 Conversion of
thiophanate methyl to
carbendazim (MBC)
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol (2010) 84:592–595 593
123
3. Concentration of thiophanate methyl lg=gð Þ
¼
Concentration of MBC lg=gð Þ
g=mL sample
 1:79
[Where 1.79 is the conversion factor for MBC to
thiophanate methyl]
Correction factor
¼
Molecular weight of thiophanate methyl
Molecular weight of MBC
¼ 1:79
The efficiency of extraction and clean up method was
checked by recovery study. Control samples were fortified
at the level of 0.3, 1 and 2 lg/g with analytical standard of
MBC (purity 99.90%). The average recovery of MBC was
found to be 87.0% for grape samples and the relative
standard deviations (RSD) were below 3.8%.
Results and Discussion
The residue data in the present study, at different days
interval, dissipation percentage, regression equation and
half life values in grapes samples in four different locations
have been presented in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4. A straight line was
found when a log of residue was plotted against time and
values of coefficient of determination (R2
) in all four
locations varies from 0.900 to 0.999, thereby establishing
that first order reaction kinetics was involved in the dissi-
pation process. The initial deposits (2 h after spraying) of
thiophanate methyl in grapes in Nasik were found 1.81
lg/g (T1) and 3.18 lg/g (T2) and the half-life values (t‘)
were found to be 4.93 days (T1) and 6.52 days (T2). The
initial deposits of thiophanate methyl in grapes in Hyder-
abad were found 1.85–3.12 lg/g irrespective of doses and
the half-life values (t‘) were found to be 5.91 days (T1)
and 6.38 days (T2). The lowest initial deposits of thioph-
anate methyl in grapes were found in Madurai samples
which ranges 1.79–3.00 lg/g and the half-life values (t‘)
were found sample 4.74 and 5.67 days corresponding to the
T1 and T2 respectively. The highest initial deposits of thi-
ophanate methyl in grapes were found to ranges 2.06–
3.54 lg/g and the half-life values (t‘) were found to be
5.15 and 5.81 days corresponding to the T1 and T2
respectively in Bangalore samples. More than 50% of the
initial deposit was dissipated within 7 day irrespective of
any locations and doses. The dissipation patterns as well as
half life values of the present study are in well agreement
with the earlier studies conducted in tomato, cucumber and
mango (Abdel Megeed et al. 2000; Dutta et al. 1995).
Thus, it may be concluded that the dissipation of thi-
ophanate methyl in four fields conformed to first order
kinetics in respect of any locations and doses. The initial
deposit of thiophanate methyl ranges from 1.79 to 3.54
lg/g and more than 50% of the residue was degraded in
Grape samples within 7 days irrespective of any location
and treatment. The initial deposits were found to be less
than its Indian maximum residue limit (5 lg/g for apple)
Fig. 2 Calibration of carbendazim (MBC) at 0.1–2.5 lg/g level
Table 1 Persistence of thiophanate methyl in grapes of Nasik
Days after
application
Residue in lg/g [M* ± SD] (% of dissipation)
T1 (500 g a.i. ha-1
) T2 (1,000 g a.i. ha-1
)
0 1.81 ± 0.05 (–) 3.18 ± 0.06 (–)
1 1.77 ± 0.02 (2.03) 2.86 ± 0.08 (10.22)
3 1.43 ± 0.03 (20.81) 2.33 ± 0.12 (26.81)
5 0.98 ± 0.04 (45.86) 1.91 ± 0.06 (39.94)
7 0.71 ± 0.02 (60.59) 1.47 ± 0.12 (53.77)
15 BDL (–) BDL (–)
Regression
equation
Y = 3.2973 - 0.061X Y = 3.5017 - 0.0462X
Half life (t‘) 4.93 days 6.52 days
BDL below detectable limit, M* mean of three replicate
Table 2 Persistence of thiophanate methyl in grapes of Hyderabad
Days after
application
Residue in lg/g [M* ± SD]
(% of dissipation)
T1 (500 g a.i. ha-1
) T2 (1,000 g a.i. ha-1
)
0 1.85 ± 0.65 (–) 3.12 ± 1.10 (–)
1 1.67 ± 0.24 (9.91) 2.66 ± 0.59 (14.85)
3 1.48 ± 0.54 (19.82) 2.37 ± 0.22 (23.93)
5 1.06 ± 1.39 (42.88) 1.87 ± 1.11 (40.06)
7 0.81 ± 2.19 (56.04) 1.38 ± 1.99 (55.88)
15 BDL (–) BDL (–)
Regression equation Y = 3.282 - 0.050X Y = 3.489 - 0.047X
Half life (t‘) 5.91 days 6.38 days
BDL below detectable limit, M* mean of three replicate
594 Bull Environ Contam Toxicol (2010) 84:592–595
123
4. value fixed as by Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,
Govt. of India (Anonymous 2004). Interestingly thiopha-
nate methyl residue was not detected in all the samples
collected at 15th day after application irrespective of any
location.
Acknowledgments Authors are thankful to M/S Biostadt India Ltd,
Mumbai, India, for sponsoring this research program.
References
Abdel Megeed MI, Zidan ZH, Afifi FA, Al Naser ZA (2000) Residues
of procymidone and thiophanate-methyl fungicides on tomatoes
and cucumber under field and protected cultivations. Ann Agric
Sci Cairo 4:1695–1709
Anonymous (2004) The prevention of food adulteration act: Ministry
of Health & Family Welfare, Gazette of India, extraordinary,
Part II, section 3
Banks D, Soliman MR (1997) Protective effects of antioxidants
against benomyl-induced lipid peroxidation and glutathione
depletion in rats. Toxicology 116:177–181
Buchenauer H, Erwin DC, Keen NT (1973a) Systemic fungicidal
effects of thiophanate methyl on verticillium wilt of cotton and
its transformation to methyl-2-benzimidazol carbamate in cotton
plants. Phytopathology 63:1091
Buchenauer H, Edgin LN, Grassman F (1973b) Photochemical
transformation of thiophanate methyl and thiophanate or alkyl
benzimidazol-2yl-carbamate. Pestic Sci 4:343
Dutta P, Guha PK, Dhua RS, Chowdhury A, Bhattacharyya A (1995)
Persistance of thiophanate methyl residue in/on mango. Pestol-
ogy 19:20–22
FAOSTAT (2007) FAO Statistical Database. http://www.fao.org
Maranghi F, Macr C, Ricciardi C, Stazi AV, Rescia M, Mantovani A
(2003) Histological and histomorphometric alterations in thyroid
MT effects on Podarcis sicula adrenal glands 247 and adrenals
of CD rat pups exposed in utero to methyl thiophanate. Reprod
Toxicol 17:617–623
Muccio AD, Cammoni I, Ventriglia M, Barbini DA, Mauro M, Pelosi
P, Generali T, Ausili A, Girolimetti S (1995) Simplified clean-up
for the determination of benzimidazolic fungicides by high-
performance liquid chromatography with UV detection.
J Chromatogr A 697:145–152
Ono S (1973) Analytical method for residues of thiophanate-methyl
and 2-methyl benzimidazole carbamate in crops by UV
spectrometry. Nippon Soda Co Unpublished
Pezzuto JM (2008) Grapes and human health: a perspective. J Agric
Food Chem 56:6777–6784
Soeda Y, Kosaka S, Noguchi T (1972) The fate of thiophanate methyl
fungicide and its metabolite on plant leaves and glass plates.
Agric Biol Chem 36:931
Traina ME, Fazzi P, Macr C, Ricciardi C, Stazi AV, Urbani E,
Mantovani A (1998) In vivo studies on possible adverse effects
on reproduction of the fungicide methyl thiophanate. J Appl
Toxicol 18:241–248
Urani C, Chiesara E, Galvani P, Marabini L, Santagostino A,
Camatini M (1995) Benomyl affects the microtubule cytoskel-
eton and the glutathione level of mammalian primary cultured
hepatocytes. Toxicol Lett 76:135–144
Table 3 Persistence of thiophanate methyl in grapes of Madurai
Days after
application
Residue in lg/g [M* ± SD] (% of dissipation)
T1 (500 g a.i. ha-1
) T2 (1,000 g a.i. ha-1
)
0 1.79 ± 0.63 (–) 3.00 ± 1.06 (–)
1 1.59 ± 0.21 (11.03) 2.56 ± 0.55 (14.83)
3 1.18 ± 0.65 (33.94) 2.34 ± 0.23 (22.17)
5 0.87 ± 1.46 (51.40) 1.89 ± 1.10 (37.08)
7 0.65 ± 2.25 (63.55) 1.18 ± 2.06 (60.75)
15 BDL (–) BDL (–)
Regression
equation
Y = 3.2573 - 0.0635X Y = 3.492 - 0.0531X
Half life (t‘) 4.74 days 5.67 days
BDL below detectable limit, M* mean of three replicate
Table 4 Persistence of thiophanate methyl in grapes of Bangalore
Days after
application
Residue in lg/g [M* ± SD] (% of dissipation)
T1 (500 g a.i. ha-1
) T2 (1,000 g a.i. ha-1
)
0 2.06 ± 0.73 (–) 3.54 ± 1.25 (–)
1 1.89 ± 0.31 (8.41) 2.89 ± 0.63 (18.64)
3 1.57 ± 0.51 (23.79) 2.46 ± 0.20 (28.25)
5 1.16 ± 1.36 (43.69) 1.84 ± 1.12 (52.26)
7 0.80 ± 2.19 (61.17) 1.53 ± 1.94 (56.21)
15 BDL (–) BDL (–)
Regression
equation
Y = 3.3373 - 0.0585X Y = 3.5335 - 0.0518X
Half life (t‘) 5.15 days 5.81 days
BDL below detectable limit, M* mean of three replicate
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol (2010) 84:592–595 595
123