International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Dissipation Study of Thiophanate Methyl Residue in/on Grapes (Vitis vinifera ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
A multi-location field trial was conducted in
India during 2006–2008 to evaluate the dissipation pattern
of thiophanate methyl (75% WP) in/on grapes at two
application rates (500 and 1,000 g a.i. ha-1). The quantitative analysis of the fungicide residues as carbendazim
was performed using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at the
maximum absorption band of 281 nm. The average
recovery was found 87% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were below 3.8%. Following the first order
kinetics the fungicide dissipates in grapes with a half-life
(t) value of 4.74–6.52 days irrespective of locations and
doses.
This document summarizes research optimizing culture conditions for the bacteria Acetobacter aceti TISTR 102 using coconut water supplemented with banana juice. The effects of adding different volumes of banana juice, concentrations of ammonium sulfate and yeast extract, and shaking speeds on bacterial growth were investigated. Coconut water was found to be a suitable base medium, and supplementing it with 50% banana juice by volume resulted in the highest bacterial cell viability. Varying concentrations of ammonium sulfate and yeast extract did not significantly affect growth. Faster shaking speeds of 150 rpm produced higher cell viability than 120 rpm. The goal was to develop a low-cost growth medium utilizing agricultural byproducts for producing bacterial cultures.
This document summarizes Natalie Rivera Ortiz's quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in antidiabetic plant extracts. The objectives were to quantify flavonoids, total phenolic compounds, and saponins in extracts of Tapeinochuilus annanassae, Syzygium jambos, Costus speciosus, and Tradescantia spathacea using calibration curves. Flavonoid content ranged from 13.7 to 29.8 mg QE/g DW. Total phenolic content ranged from 0.14 to 0.45 mg QE in aqueous extracts and 0.034 to 0.18 mg QE in methanolic extracts. Future work will determine saponin
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Abstract— Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2014 and 2015 with curry leaf variety Suwasini to study the dissipation pattern of carbendazim 50 EC at 500 g a.i. ha-1 and cypermethrin 10 % EC @ 50 g a i/ha (550 ml/ha) 1 by giving two sprays first at vegetative stage and second 10 days later. The leaf samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 45th day after second spray and soil samples at 45th day for residue analysis showed initial deposits of carbendazim 16.00 mg kg-1 and Cypermetrin 13.09 mg kg-1 which ,dissipated to 0.04 mg kg -1 and 0. 28 mg kg – 1 respectively. The residues reached to Below Determination Level (BDL) at 20 and 10 days, respectively. As there were no pesticide recommendations and MRLs fixed for any of the pesticide in curry leaf, the day at which residues reached BDL can be suggested as the safe harvest period for curry leaf.
This study evaluated the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of red propolis samples from the state of Sergipe, Brazil. All propolis samples showed antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging tests, which was confirmed by more sensitive lipid peroxidation and chemiluminescence assays. Lipid peroxidation inhibition ranged from 48.08% to 93.37%, higher than previous studies. Extracts with the highest antioxidant activity also had the highest total phenolic content, though not the highest flavonoid levels. The presence of flavonoids catechin, epicatechin and formononetin was confirmed in all samples by UFLC.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
Dissipation Study of Thiophanate Methyl Residue in/on Grapes (Vitis vinifera ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
A multi-location field trial was conducted in
India during 2006–2008 to evaluate the dissipation pattern
of thiophanate methyl (75% WP) in/on grapes at two
application rates (500 and 1,000 g a.i. ha-1). The quantitative analysis of the fungicide residues as carbendazim
was performed using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at the
maximum absorption band of 281 nm. The average
recovery was found 87% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were below 3.8%. Following the first order
kinetics the fungicide dissipates in grapes with a half-life
(t) value of 4.74–6.52 days irrespective of locations and
doses.
This document summarizes research optimizing culture conditions for the bacteria Acetobacter aceti TISTR 102 using coconut water supplemented with banana juice. The effects of adding different volumes of banana juice, concentrations of ammonium sulfate and yeast extract, and shaking speeds on bacterial growth were investigated. Coconut water was found to be a suitable base medium, and supplementing it with 50% banana juice by volume resulted in the highest bacterial cell viability. Varying concentrations of ammonium sulfate and yeast extract did not significantly affect growth. Faster shaking speeds of 150 rpm produced higher cell viability than 120 rpm. The goal was to develop a low-cost growth medium utilizing agricultural byproducts for producing bacterial cultures.
This document summarizes Natalie Rivera Ortiz's quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in antidiabetic plant extracts. The objectives were to quantify flavonoids, total phenolic compounds, and saponins in extracts of Tapeinochuilus annanassae, Syzygium jambos, Costus speciosus, and Tradescantia spathacea using calibration curves. Flavonoid content ranged from 13.7 to 29.8 mg QE/g DW. Total phenolic content ranged from 0.14 to 0.45 mg QE in aqueous extracts and 0.034 to 0.18 mg QE in methanolic extracts. Future work will determine saponin
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Abstract— Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2014 and 2015 with curry leaf variety Suwasini to study the dissipation pattern of carbendazim 50 EC at 500 g a.i. ha-1 and cypermethrin 10 % EC @ 50 g a i/ha (550 ml/ha) 1 by giving two sprays first at vegetative stage and second 10 days later. The leaf samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 45th day after second spray and soil samples at 45th day for residue analysis showed initial deposits of carbendazim 16.00 mg kg-1 and Cypermetrin 13.09 mg kg-1 which ,dissipated to 0.04 mg kg -1 and 0. 28 mg kg – 1 respectively. The residues reached to Below Determination Level (BDL) at 20 and 10 days, respectively. As there were no pesticide recommendations and MRLs fixed for any of the pesticide in curry leaf, the day at which residues reached BDL can be suggested as the safe harvest period for curry leaf.
This study evaluated the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of red propolis samples from the state of Sergipe, Brazil. All propolis samples showed antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging tests, which was confirmed by more sensitive lipid peroxidation and chemiluminescence assays. Lipid peroxidation inhibition ranged from 48.08% to 93.37%, higher than previous studies. Extracts with the highest antioxidant activity also had the highest total phenolic content, though not the highest flavonoid levels. The presence of flavonoids catechin, epicatechin and formononetin was confirmed in all samples by UFLC.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
In vitro conservation of Centella asiatica (Linn.)Urban. and Bacopa monnieri ...Sugandika Weerasinghe
1) The document describes an in vitro study of Centella asiatica and Bacopa monnieri, two medicinal plants known to have antioxidant properties.
2) Explants from both plants were cultured on MS medium and multiple shoots were successfully induced from nodal explants and leaves.
3) Extracts from Centella asiatica were evaluated for antioxidant activity using DPPH and FRAP assays, and for antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. The extracts showed free radical scavenging and ferric ion reducing abilities.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of environmental factors on fungal α-amylase production using cereal processing mill residues as substrates. Key findings include:
- An Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from soil samples showed high amylase production. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production among various residues tested.
- Maximum amylase activity was achieved under optimized environmental factors - 60% initial moisture, pH 5, incubation at 30°C, 4ml inoculum volume, and 20g substrate in 500ml flask.
- One-factor-at-a-time experiments revealed initial moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum level, and substrate-volume ratio significantly influence enzyme yield during
Synthesis and biological evaluation of radiolabeled curcumins and their ruthe...Luca Palmieri
During my experimental thesis I synthesized and characterized 5 ligands in which the main scaffold is similar to curcumin setting up the procedure to introduce various groups and atoms in position 9 of these curcumin-like ligands. Obtaining three new ligands, two of which reacted with 123I in order to give a radiolabeled curcumin. This radiolabeled curcumin was then administered in mice during in-vivo tests and its bioaccumulation was followed with PET device to check its binding with β-amyloid plaques.
Moreover I synthesized and characterized a Ruthenium p-cymene complex containing the iodo-curcumin. On this complex were then realized in-vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity tests that showed how the presence of these functionalization on the aromatic moiety lead to a lower activity of the complex itself. It could anyway interesting to evaluate through the use of a PET device its in-vivo biodistribution and accumulation at a systemic level in order to confirm or not the loss of this activity.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
2012_Designed optimization of a single-step extraction of fucose-containing s...Marcel Tutor Ale, PhD
This document describes an experiment to optimize the extraction of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs) from the brown seaweed Sargassum sp. using a single-step extraction process. The researchers systematically examined how acid concentration, temperature, and time affected FCSP yield. They found that temperature and time had positive effects on yield, while acid concentration had a negative effect. An optimal single-step extraction procedure was defined as 0.03 M HCl at 90°C for 4 hours, which achieved a maximal FCSP yield of approximately 7% of the dry matter of Sargassum sp. Analysis confirmed the major constituents of the extracted polysaccharides were fucose, galactose, and glucur
The document describes research on isolating and characterizing an alkaline xylanase enzyme from an alkaliphilic actinomycete. A strain labeled AS-19 was found to produce high levels of xylanase through solid-state fermentation using wheat bran. The xylanase was optimally active at high temperatures (70-80°C) and alkaline pH (8.5-10), making it suitable for industrial applications like kraft pulp bleaching. Maximum enzyme production occurred within 72 hours at 30°C using wheat bran as the substrate.
Validated UV Method Development for the Simultaneous Estimation of Rabeprazol...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of a UV spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous estimation of Rabeprazole sodium and Cinitapride in tablet formulations. Wavelengths of 284.5 nm and 267 nm were selected for analysis of Rabeprazole sodium and Cinitapride, respectively. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, precision, and accuracy for simultaneous analysis of the two drugs without interference from excipients. The developed UV method provides a simple, accurate, and cost-effective approach for quality control testing of Rabeprazole sodium and Cinitapride in combined tablet dosage forms.
This document discusses methods for determining pesticide residues in medicinal plant materials. It covers the qualitative and quantitative determination of organochlorine pesticides through extraction, clean-up, and gas chromatography analysis. It also describes the determination of phosphates using a spectrophotometric method and provides recommendations for determining specific pesticide residues, including using reference substances, checking for linear relationships, and storing reference solutions properly.
Prunin Production From Orange Peel Naringin Hydrolyzed By a-L-rhamnosidase fr...ijtsrd
An orange (Citrus sinensis) is the most common fruits in the world. The wastes generated from the orange fruit needs to be put in to beneficial use. In this study the primary wastes (peel) of orange is use for preparation of prunin. a-L-Rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40) secreted by Aspergillus flavipus MTCC-4644 are potential catalysis in hydrolysis of naringin content present in orange peels. a-L-rhamnosidase from the culture filtrate of a fungal strain, Aspergillus flavipus MTCC-4446 has been purified to homogeneity. The procedure involved concentration by ultra filtration and cation-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose. The purified enzyme gave a single protein band corresponding to molecular mass of 40.0 kDa in SDS-PAGE analysis showing that the enzyme preparation was pure. The native PAGE analysis of the purified enzyme also gave single protein band confirming the purity of the enzyme preparation. Using p-nitro phenyl -a-L-rhamnopyranoside as substrate, Km and kcat values of the enzyme were 0.48 mM and 28. 4 s-1 respectively. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 5.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The enzyme is stable below10ºC and at pH 4.5. The energy of activation for thermal denaturation of enzyme determined by Arrhenius plot was 32.06 k J mol-1.The enzyme hydrolyzed naringin content of orange peel to L-rhamnose and prunin. Sarita Yadav"Prunin Production From Orange Peel Naringin Hydrolyzed By a-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus Flavipus MTCC- 4644" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16969.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/biochemistry/16969/prunin-production-from-orange-peel-naringin-hydrolyzed-by-a-l-rhamnosidase-from-aspergillus-flavipus--mtcc--4644/sarita-yadav
This document examines the process parameters for the biotransformation of benzaldehyde to L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) using the yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii. The maximum L-PAC yield of 331 mg/100 ml was obtained with 8 hours of reaction at 30°C using 600 mg of benzaldehyde. Growing the yeast in 3% glucose reduced the reaction time to 120 minutes. Addition of 0.6% acetaldehyde increased the L-PAC yield to 450 mg%. Semi-continuous feeding of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde produced 683 mg L-PAC/100 ml. The cell mass was reusable for biotransformation up to nine times when substrate concentrations were
This document summarizes a study that screened eight Monascus strains for their ability to produce lovastatin, an alternative to statin drugs. Strain M. purpureus Went (JCM 6934) produced the highest amount of lovastatin at 84.85 ppm. Angkak rice fermented with the local Philippine strain M. purpureus UPLB-MNH-MCC 2108 was found to also contain lovastatin. This showed that lovastatin is a characteristic component of angkak rice. A preliminary study found very low levels of the toxin citrinin in cookies made with angkak rice, showing it is safe for human consumption.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of cyanopyridine derivatives and their evaluation for antitubercular and anthelmintic activity. Chalcones were first synthesized through Claisen-Schmidt condensation and then reacted with malononitrile to obtain cyanopyridines. The structures of the compounds were characterized using techniques such as IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. The cyanopyridines were then evaluated for antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis using the microplate Alamar Blue assay and for anthelmintic activity against earthworms. Some of the compounds showed promising activity in both assays.
Proximate analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of aloe vera.Kojo Ashiadey
It's a project describing the nutritional composition of aloe vera barbadensis, its antimicrobial properties on selected microbes and the ability of aloe vera to scavenge free radicals.
The document discusses herbal formulations and provides details on developing three herbal syrup formulations. It describes conventional herbal formulations like syrups and factors that affect their safety and quality. It then provides the materials and methods for developing 1) a Scoparia dulcis extract syrup, 2) an Achyranthes aspera extract syrup, and 3) a polyherbal formulation syrup combining several herbal extracts. For each, it details the specifications, development process, manufacturing method, proposed dosage, and other quality parameters.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF FENVALERATE, AND METHYL PARATHION P...IJSIT Editor
This document describes a study that developed a new HPLC method for analyzing the pesticides fenvalerate and methyl parathion in mango and grape samples. The method was optimized and showed maximum recoveries of 99-100% for both pesticides. The method was then applied to analyze fenvalerate and methyl parathion levels in fruit samples collected from markets and orchards.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
UV Mutagenesis Enhanced Biotransformation Efficiency of Rutin to Isoquercitri...iosrjce
In order to obtain high biotransformation efficiency of rutin to isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-Oglucoside),
Bacillus litoralis C44 was treated by UV mutagenesis to screen the thermo- and alkali-tolerant
mutants, for these conditions allow for a very high substrate concentration. The optimal mutagen dose for strain
C44 was irradiation for 50s with a 15W UV lamp from 30 cm away. The mutants were preliminary screened by
quantitative TLC, and 16 mutant strains were faced to second-screening by HPLC. As a result, a genetic stable
mutant strain UV-2-45 was obtained, which got a biotransformation rate of 3.9 times more than the original
strain Bacillus litoralis C44, and its mole yield reached as high as 91% from 3 g/L of rutin in glycine-sodium
hydroxide buffer (pH 9.0) at 45°C for 2 days.
Characterization of β-Glucan from Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius)BRNSSPublicationHubI
The document characterizes β-glucan extracted from oyster mushrooms through alkaline extraction. β-glucan was extracted using various temperatures, potassium hydroxide concentrations, and extraction times, with the ideal parameters found to be 80°C, 30% KOH, and 90 minutes. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to characterize the extracted β-glucan, which was found to be a β-(1-3) glucose polymer with β-(1-6) side chains and a molecular weight of 349.260 g/mol. Rheological measurements showed the β-glucan has low apparent viscosity in aqueous solutions.
This document summarizes a study that aimed to develop an extract of bambara nut (Vigna subterranea) protein for use as a reagent in skin prick tests (SPTs) to detect food allergies. Bambara nut protein was extracted via isoelectric precipitation and characterized via SDS-PAGE, identifying 14 bands between 17-122 kDa. The extract was formulated into an SPT reagent and tested on 11 individuals with food allergies and 9 without, measuring wheal responses. Total and bambara nut-specific IgE in subject sera were also analyzed. Two allergic subject sera showed specific IgE binding to bambara nut allergen by immunoblotting
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
In vitro conservation of Centella asiatica (Linn.)Urban. and Bacopa monnieri ...Sugandika Weerasinghe
1) The document describes an in vitro study of Centella asiatica and Bacopa monnieri, two medicinal plants known to have antioxidant properties.
2) Explants from both plants were cultured on MS medium and multiple shoots were successfully induced from nodal explants and leaves.
3) Extracts from Centella asiatica were evaluated for antioxidant activity using DPPH and FRAP assays, and for antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. The extracts showed free radical scavenging and ferric ion reducing abilities.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of environmental factors on fungal α-amylase production using cereal processing mill residues as substrates. Key findings include:
- An Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from soil samples showed high amylase production. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production among various residues tested.
- Maximum amylase activity was achieved under optimized environmental factors - 60% initial moisture, pH 5, incubation at 30°C, 4ml inoculum volume, and 20g substrate in 500ml flask.
- One-factor-at-a-time experiments revealed initial moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum level, and substrate-volume ratio significantly influence enzyme yield during
Synthesis and biological evaluation of radiolabeled curcumins and their ruthe...Luca Palmieri
During my experimental thesis I synthesized and characterized 5 ligands in which the main scaffold is similar to curcumin setting up the procedure to introduce various groups and atoms in position 9 of these curcumin-like ligands. Obtaining three new ligands, two of which reacted with 123I in order to give a radiolabeled curcumin. This radiolabeled curcumin was then administered in mice during in-vivo tests and its bioaccumulation was followed with PET device to check its binding with β-amyloid plaques.
Moreover I synthesized and characterized a Ruthenium p-cymene complex containing the iodo-curcumin. On this complex were then realized in-vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity tests that showed how the presence of these functionalization on the aromatic moiety lead to a lower activity of the complex itself. It could anyway interesting to evaluate through the use of a PET device its in-vivo biodistribution and accumulation at a systemic level in order to confirm or not the loss of this activity.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
2012_Designed optimization of a single-step extraction of fucose-containing s...Marcel Tutor Ale, PhD
This document describes an experiment to optimize the extraction of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs) from the brown seaweed Sargassum sp. using a single-step extraction process. The researchers systematically examined how acid concentration, temperature, and time affected FCSP yield. They found that temperature and time had positive effects on yield, while acid concentration had a negative effect. An optimal single-step extraction procedure was defined as 0.03 M HCl at 90°C for 4 hours, which achieved a maximal FCSP yield of approximately 7% of the dry matter of Sargassum sp. Analysis confirmed the major constituents of the extracted polysaccharides were fucose, galactose, and glucur
The document describes research on isolating and characterizing an alkaline xylanase enzyme from an alkaliphilic actinomycete. A strain labeled AS-19 was found to produce high levels of xylanase through solid-state fermentation using wheat bran. The xylanase was optimally active at high temperatures (70-80°C) and alkaline pH (8.5-10), making it suitable for industrial applications like kraft pulp bleaching. Maximum enzyme production occurred within 72 hours at 30°C using wheat bran as the substrate.
Validated UV Method Development for the Simultaneous Estimation of Rabeprazol...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of a UV spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous estimation of Rabeprazole sodium and Cinitapride in tablet formulations. Wavelengths of 284.5 nm and 267 nm were selected for analysis of Rabeprazole sodium and Cinitapride, respectively. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, precision, and accuracy for simultaneous analysis of the two drugs without interference from excipients. The developed UV method provides a simple, accurate, and cost-effective approach for quality control testing of Rabeprazole sodium and Cinitapride in combined tablet dosage forms.
This document discusses methods for determining pesticide residues in medicinal plant materials. It covers the qualitative and quantitative determination of organochlorine pesticides through extraction, clean-up, and gas chromatography analysis. It also describes the determination of phosphates using a spectrophotometric method and provides recommendations for determining specific pesticide residues, including using reference substances, checking for linear relationships, and storing reference solutions properly.
Prunin Production From Orange Peel Naringin Hydrolyzed By a-L-rhamnosidase fr...ijtsrd
An orange (Citrus sinensis) is the most common fruits in the world. The wastes generated from the orange fruit needs to be put in to beneficial use. In this study the primary wastes (peel) of orange is use for preparation of prunin. a-L-Rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40) secreted by Aspergillus flavipus MTCC-4644 are potential catalysis in hydrolysis of naringin content present in orange peels. a-L-rhamnosidase from the culture filtrate of a fungal strain, Aspergillus flavipus MTCC-4446 has been purified to homogeneity. The procedure involved concentration by ultra filtration and cation-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose. The purified enzyme gave a single protein band corresponding to molecular mass of 40.0 kDa in SDS-PAGE analysis showing that the enzyme preparation was pure. The native PAGE analysis of the purified enzyme also gave single protein band confirming the purity of the enzyme preparation. Using p-nitro phenyl -a-L-rhamnopyranoside as substrate, Km and kcat values of the enzyme were 0.48 mM and 28. 4 s-1 respectively. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 5.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The enzyme is stable below10ºC and at pH 4.5. The energy of activation for thermal denaturation of enzyme determined by Arrhenius plot was 32.06 k J mol-1.The enzyme hydrolyzed naringin content of orange peel to L-rhamnose and prunin. Sarita Yadav"Prunin Production From Orange Peel Naringin Hydrolyzed By a-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus Flavipus MTCC- 4644" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16969.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/biochemistry/16969/prunin-production-from-orange-peel-naringin-hydrolyzed-by-a-l-rhamnosidase-from-aspergillus-flavipus--mtcc--4644/sarita-yadav
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
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ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
Antioxidant activity against methanol extraction of eucheuma cotonii and e. s...Alexander Decker
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EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF LEUCAS LAVANDULIFOLIApratik swarup das
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This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
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Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
The document describes the isolation and characterization of two pentacyclic triterpenoids, friedelin and 3β-friedelinol, from the stem bark of Syzygium alternifolium. The compounds were tested for their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. Friedelin and 3β-friedelinol showed significant inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, decreasing plasma glucose levels and demonstrating antidiabetic effects. They also exhibited antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals in the DPPH inhibition assay. Molecular docking studies confirmed the binding of friedelin and 3β-friedelinol to α-glucosidase and
Study the efficacy of Rhizophora mucornata Poir. leaves for diabetes therapy ...Open Access Research Paper
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The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
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The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
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In vivo study on the efficacy of hypoglycemic activity of Spirulina plantesis...Open Access Research Paper
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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C032013018
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 3 Issue 2 ‖ February 2014 ‖ PP.13-18
www.ijpsi.org 13 | P a g e
An In Vitro Study of Antidiabetic Activity of Sargassum
Duplicatum and Turbinaria Decurens Seaweed
Hardoko1
*, Titri Siratantri2
, Eveline3
, Mario Yogabuana4
, Stella Olivia5
1*
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Brawijaya University Malang East Java-Indonesia and non-
permanent Lecturer Department of Food Technology, University of Pelita Harapan,
2,3,4,5
Department of Food Technology, University of Pelita Harapan, Jl. M.H. Thamrin Boulevard 1100,
Tangerang 15811, Indonesia.
ABSTRACT: The whole brown seaweed has been known for its antidiabetic properties, but the antidiabetic
activity of its fractionation results has not yet been known. This research was performed to investigate the
ability of laminaran, fucoidan and alginic fractions from Sargassum duplicatum and Turbinaria decurens
brown seaweed as an antidiabetic agent. On the first stage of this research, extraction and fractionation
processes were performed to obtain laminaran, fucoidan and alginic fractions. On the second stage,
characterization of the fractions and in vitro antidiabetic activity were performed using α-glucosidase enzyme.
The results showed that the fractions from Sargassum duplicatum and Turbinaria decurens seaweed had similar
FTIR (Fourier Transformation Infra Red) characteristics, but had different characteristic in λ-max absorption.
For the inhibition activity toward α-glucosidase enzyme, laminaran fraction of brown seaweed showed higher
activity compared to fucoidan fraction, whereas the alginic fraction showed no inhibition activity. Based on IC50
inhibition toward α-glucosidase, the fraction which had the highest potential as a type 2 antidiabetic agent was
laminaran fraction from Sargassum (IC50 = 36.13 ppm), followed by laminaran of Turbinaria (IC50 = 44.48
ppm), fucoidan of Turbinaria (IC50 = 63.39 ppm) and fucoidan of Sargassum (IC50 = 75.10 ppm), respectively.
KEYWORDS: antidiabetic, brown seaweed, fractions, inhibition
I. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is a condition in which blood sugar levels are seen hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is caused
by a decrease in insulin secretion and insulin action. According to the Ministry of health of Indonesia[1],
hyperglycemia can be treated in two ways, namely by using injections of insulin and oral antidiabetic
medications such as sulfonylureas, biguanide, thiazolidinedion, and to supplement or functional food.
Functional foods are like a drug and there are also an inhibiting the enzyme glucosidase and amylase work so
that it can inhibit the absorption of glucose for patients with diabetic type two [2].
One of the many functional foodstuffs belonging to Indonesia's seaweed that reach over 70% of the
natural wealth of the sea. Brown seaweed is one of a class of seaweed in Indonesia and still not optimally
utilized by the people of Indonesia[3]. Some type of Brown seaweed, Cystoseirra sp., Dictyopteris sp., Dictyota,
Hormophysa, Hydroclathrus, Padina, Sargassum and Turbinaria.
Hardoko [4] has reported that seaweed may reduce blood sugar levels in the blood for invivo.
According Limantara and Heryanto [5],in the brown seaweed found fucoxanthine can inhibit the accumulation
of fat in preventing obesity and can be used as antidiabet. In addition, brown seaweed containing
polysaccharides such as laminaran, fucoidan, and alginate [6].Therefore, it is necessary to do research on brown
seaweed commonly found in Indonesia, such as Sargassumduplicatum and Turbinaria decurens to determine
the activity of laminaran, fucoidan and alginate as antidiabet. If the results are found antidiabet fraction, then the
brown seaweed will be developed further in the food processing industry, such as the manufacture of food
supplements antidiabetic.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Materials and Equipment
Materials studied were brown seaweed Sargassum duplicatum and Turbinariadecurens obtained from
Pari Island, Seribu Islands, Jakarta. In addition, the required supporting material used for the extraction and
fractionation: ethanol 85%, 2% CaCl2, HCl, and 3% Na2CO3 and materials used for such analysis α-glucosidase
enzyme, phosphate-buffer (pH 7), serum albumin, p-nitrophenyil -D-glucopyranose, dimethyl sulfoksid
(DMSO), and water demineralisation.
2. An In Vitro Study of Antidiabetic Activity of…
www.ijpsi.org 14 | P a g e
The equipments used for extraction are a rotary evaporator, double beam UV -Vis spectrophotometer,
pH meter, water bath, sterile glass bottles, analytical balance, test tubes, measuring cup, volumetric pipette,
elenmeyer, Whatman filter paper # 4, round gourd, stir, centrifuge apparatus, funnel, vacuum filter. The tools
used for analysis are waterbath, elenmeyer, micropipette, test tubes, measuring cup, volumetric pipette, micro
pipette, beaker glass.
2.2 Research Methods
The method used experimental methods fraction kinds of brown algae on antidiabet activity in vitro
using α-glucosidase enzyme. This experiment is divided into two stages namely fractionation stage and phase of
in vitro antidiabet activity assay. Brown algae fractionation stage based on the method of Rioux et al. [6] to
obtain laminaran, fucoidan and alginate fractions. Parameters observed seaweed proximate [7],the fraction of
water content, yield fraction, the fraction of the maximum wavelength (UV - Vis), FTIR spectrum of the
fraction, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity [8].
2.3 Brown Seaweed Fractionations Procedure
Sample of brown seaweed (Sargassum duplicatumand Turbinaria decurens) were extracted by using
the method of Rioux et al. [6]. Seaweed is reduced in size to be extracted with a blender and weighed then
performed using a maceration with 85% ethanol (ethanol and seaweed ratio is 1:4) [9] at a temperature of 23o
C
for 2 times of 12 hours (after the first 12 hours and then replaced solvent extracted samples again for 12 hours)
and at 70°C for 2 times of 5 hour.
After that, the solution is filtered using a vacuum filter and using a Whatman # 1 filter paper, and
obtained filtrate and residue. The seaweed residue was extracted again using 2% CaCl2 solution with a 1: 4 ratio
on temperature of 70C for 3 times of 3 hours. The solution filtered using a vacuum filter with a Whatman # 1
filter paper. The obtained filtrate then was evaporated using a rotary evaporator with a temperature of 60C to
get extract as laminaran (fraction A), and then calculated moisture content and yield of the extracts as laminaran.
The seaweed residue was extracted again by using HCl pH 2 with a ratio of 1: 4 at a temperature of 70C for
3times of 3 hours. After that, the solution filtered using a vacuum filter and using a Whatman # 1 filter paper
and obtained filtrate and residue. The filtrate then is evaporated using a temperature of 60C to get extract
fucoidan (fraction B), and then calculated moisture content and yield of extract fucoidan. While the residue was
extracted by using 3% Na2CO3 again with 1: 4 ratio on temperature of 70C for 3 times 3 hours. After that, the
solution is filtered using a vacuum filter and using a Whatman # 1 filter paper. The filtrate evaporated using a
temperature of 60C to get extract alginate (fraction C) is then calculated moisture content and yield of extract
alginate. All fractions obtained were performed a test using FTIR to know the functional group isomers of the
faction and invitro tested by using α-glucosidase enzyme.
2.4 Method of Invitro Antidiabet Test
Antidiabet activity in vitro was tested using the method of α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition by [7] with
modified. Glucosidase enzyme solution made by dissolving 1 mg α-glucosidase enzymes in 100 mL of
phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 200 mg of albumin serum. Before use, the enzyme solution 1 ml diluted as
much as 25 times with phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) wich containing 200 mg of albumin serum.
Each the obtained faction (fraction A = laminaran, B = fucoidan, and aginate = C fraction) was
dissolved into the solution of DMSO, then added 250 μl of 20 mM p-nitrofenil α-D-glucopyranose is used as a
substrate and 490 µl 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). After that, the mixture is incubated in a waterbath at
37 C for 5 minutes. Once incubated, mix added 250 µl of enzyme solution and stored in the waterbath for 15
minutes, then add 100 µl 200 mM solution of sodium carbonate. Results of p-nitrophenol is then tested using a
Double Beam Spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 440 nm. Doses to the concentration of the fraction used
was 6.25 ppm, 12.50 ppm, 25.00 ppm, and 50 ppm.
Absorbance is then measured using a Double-beam spectrophotometer. Phosphate buffer solution was
added into the spectrophotometer to calibrate (make zero absorbance value), then inserted a blank front
arrangement is blank of enzyme, and the rear is the control and the numbers will appear on the screen which is
the absorbance value of the blank (C). After that, do the same for sample testing by injecting samples into the
spectrophotometer and the absorbance obtained a sample absorbance (S). Percent inhibition can be calculated by
the equation:
Where: C = absorbance control; S = sample absorbance.
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IC50 value calculation used was obtained from the calculation of the concentration of the samples used on the
activity of enzyme inhibition of 50 percent. Done after getting a plot of the data in the form % inhibition (Y)
against concentration sample (X) using linear regression. It was created out of the equation Y = 50% value so as
to get the value of X which is the value of the IC50 in the sample.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 The characteristics of physico-chemical fractions of Brown Seaweed
Chemical and physical characteristics of each fraction of the Brown seaweeds Sargassum duplicatum
and Turbinaria decurens can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Characteristics of physico-chemical fractions from the brown seaweed
Parameters
Sargassum duplicatum Turbinaria decurrens
Laminaran Fucoidan Alginate Laminaran Fucoidan Alginate
Yield (%) 3.42 2.09 33.13 3.92 1.45 16.53
Moisture content (%) 67.65 84.61 90.05 62.84 83.75 81.87
λmax (nm) 262.8 583.4 600.5 282.0 579.8 596.3
FTIR (cm-1
)
C=O 1641.42 1610.56 1647.21 1641.42 1622.73 1641.42
S=O 1192.01 1215.15 1224.8 1315.45 1220.94 1367.53
C-O 1028.06 1010.70 1028.06 1055.36 1010.70 1029.99
O-H 3466.08 3468.01 3452.58 3458.37 3429.43 3462.22
Based on Table 1 of the largest proportion of seaweed Sargasum and Turbinaria are alginate, but in
quantity seen no difference in the amount of alginate between both types of seaweed.Another character that
looks different is at a wavelength of maximum (λmax) as laminaran and fucoidan. This characteristic differences
can be caused by various factors. Factors that may affect differences in the characteristics of polysaccharides is
a variation of species, molecular weight, molecular structure, and composition [10], purity, and the source, as
well as the extraction method. [11-13].
Turbinaria decurens of fucoidan fractions have a yield of 1.45% extract, whereas from Sargassum
duplicatum 2.09%. According to [14], fucoidan extract crude results was of 2.7%, while the Fitton [10] stated
that yield fucoidan in general is 2-10%. This shows that the yield obtained is not much different and possible
illicit can be caused by the existence of different types of seaweed, where different types of seaweed affecting
the amount of fucoidan yield generated. Besides the factors age and local climate also affects the yield and the
structure of fucoidan [15].
FTIR characteristics of crude fraction as laminaran, alginate, and both types of fucoidan from the
seaweed is similar to that reported by [16, 17 and [18] so that it can be said that the crude fraction each contain a
alginate as laminaran, and fucoidan. Moisture content of each faction is quite high. This corresponds with the
solvent used is polar and the nature of the polysaccharide is to absorb water. Rioux, et al [19] said that fucoidan
is also included into compounds that are water soluble so that it can generate high water levels. According [20],
that alginate is hydrophilic hydrocolloid, so easily bind water.
3.2 Inhibition activity of Fractions of Brown Seaweed
Enzymes α-glucosidase was included in the group of hydrolase or often called maltase. These enzymes
can hydrolyze maltose into glucose. In addition the enzyme α-glucosidase work break down branches -(1.6).
Polysaccharides such as amylopectin, glycogen, and the limit of dextrin can be broken down into glucose and
maltose by small amounts of amylase enzyme and inhibition of the enzyme α-glucosidase, so the α-glucosidase
can prevent the increase of glucose in the blood [21]. Substances that can inhibit the enzyme α-glucosidase
work is commonly used as a type 2 anti diabetic drugs work by inhibiting the digestion of carbohydrates such as
starch and sugar [22].
Test results of enzyme inhibition α-glucosidase from the fraction as laminaran, fucoidan, and alginate
from Brown algae Turbinarium decurens and Sargasum duplicatum presented in Figure 1.
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Figure 1. Inhibitory activity of the brown algae fractions on α-glucosidase
Description : T = Turbinaria ; S= Sargassum
Based on Figure 1 it can be seen that there is a noticeable difference between the fraction and dosage of
enzyme inhibition of α-glucosidase. In this case up to the dose or concentration of 25 ppm alginate faction of
Sargassum duplicatum and Turbinaria decurens unable to inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme activity. If a alginate
doses are known to want to start inhibit the α-glucosidase enzyme regression can be carried out and replace the
Y values, such as Figure 2. For example, if Y = 0 estimated alginate Turbinaria decurens will start to impede on
the concentration of 37.89 ppm and if Y = 1 then a alginate could hamper already at concentrations 40.46 ppm
and so on. By invivo reported [23], [24 and 25], that a alginate salt was able to lower blood sugar. This may
indicate that the inability of the alginate in inhibiting α-glucosidase enzyme is because less dose factors or doe
the nature of alginate in lowering blood glucose instead of the other way is not working inhibit α-glucosidase
enzymes.
Figure 2. Correlation of dose fractions with inhibitory activity of brown seaweed α-glucosidase enzyme
Description: T = Turbinaria ; S= Sargassum
Based on the type of brown seaweed (Figure 2) shows that the inhibitory activity of each faction is
almost the same, but when examined seen a change at some point (intersection of the equation) between
laminaran fractions from Turbinaria decurens with Sargassum duplicatum and between fractions of alginate.
These changes are thought to be related to the differences as well as alginate polymer structure laminaran of
both types of seaweed or other factors that have been mentioned by [10-13] related characteristics.
In general, based on Figure 1 and 2 shows that the inhibitory activity of fractions of brown seaweed
(Sargassum and Turbinaria) are highest in laminaran and followed fucoidan fraction. Inhibitory ability of
laminaran and fucoidan can be shown that both the potential as drug antidabetic type 2 that could lower blood
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glucose in vivo. This is supported by [10, 26 and 27],who showed that in vivo laminaran and fucoidan can lower
blood glucose of type 2 diabetes and even type 1 diabetes.
3.3 IC50 Value Fractions of Brown Seaweed
In order to compare the inhibitory activity on the same basis, so it can use their respective IC50 values
of fraction of Brown seaweed. In this case the value of capability was indicated the IC50 (amount of) fractions of
the brown seaweed Sargassum duplicatum and Turbinaria decurens in inhibiting the α-glucosidase activity as
much as 50%. The lower of IC50 values showed inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase activity is higher. This
activity can be compared with the principle it works antidiabet drugs (acarbose) inhibit the enzyme activity of α-
glucosidase, which is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 shows that the ability of α-glucosidase inhibitory each fraction of one type of seaweed is
different, so too for the same fraction of seaweed. This is also demonstrated by the difference of the wavelength
of maximum absorption characteristics (Table 1). It can be caused by factors: species variation, molecular
weight, composition, and molecular structure, purity, and source [10-13].
Figure 3. IC50 values of fractions of brown seaweed against α-glucosidase
Description: T = Turbinaria S = Sargassum, * Source: [28]; the notation of fraction showed significant
difference at α 00:05
Based on IC50 values, the most inhibiting α-glucosidase enzyme is a laminaran fraction ofSargassum
duplicatum, followed by laminaran of Turbinaria decurens, fucoidan of Turbinaria decurens, fucoidan of
Sargassum duplicatum and alginate ofSargassum and Turbinaria. However, when compared with the acarbose
so much better as laminaran faction and fucoidan fractions equivalent or slightly better in inhibiting the α-
glucosidase enzyme.
According to Sugiwati [2 and 22], that acarbose is one of the antidiabetic drugs that can be and has the
ability as an inhibitor of the α-glucosidase enzyme, and included into the competitive inhibitor because it has a
high affinity with α-glucosidase. Thus a alginate faction of the Brown algae have no potential as a functional
food or anti diabetic drugs, while another faction of the second fraction as laminaran and fucoidan still has
potential as an alternative medicine anti diabetic.
IV. CONCLUSION
The fraction as laminaran, fucoidan, and alginate from Sargassum duplicatumand Turbinaria decurens
had characteristics that are similar in FTIR, but different in his λmaks absorption.
Inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase of Brown seaweed as laminaran faction is highest, followed by the
fraction of fucoidan, but the fraction of alginate had no inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase.
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The fraction of Brown seaweed that is potentially as antidiabet type 2 is as laminaran of Sargassum
duplicatum (IC50 = 36.13 ppm), laminaran of Turbinaria decurens (IC50 = 43.65 ppm), fucoidan of Turbinaria
decurens (IC50 = 63.39 ppm), and fucoidan of Sargassum duplicatum (IC50 = 75.10 ppm).
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you to the PelitaHarapanUniversity has funded this research through the research Faculty of
Industrial Technology scheme No. R. 010/PPMF-FTI/IV/2013.
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