The slide share describes the present status and future plans for hybrid development in pulse crops. Since hybrid development in pulses is difficult, only a very small number of hybrids have been released to date. The hinderance to developing hybrid pulse is due to its floral structure. However, male sterility has been utilized to develop hybrids in the pulse crops CGMS is found to be very effective for commercial hybrid seed production in pulses. Moreover, in future, next-generation sequencing, including genome selection and gene editing, can be utilized to develop hybrids in pulse crops.

1. Presentation by:
Mamata Subedi

2. “Present status and
future plans
in
hybrid development
in pulse crops .”
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

3. Pulses:
 edible seeds of pod- bearing plants belonging to family
Leguminosae.
 Usually self pollinated crops.
 high protein content ranging from 20-30 %
 also known as “poor man’s meat.”
 also play important role in nitrogen fixation.
 decrease carbon footprint and water footprint.
 emerging substitute to ethanol in fuel
 can use both as feed and fodder

4.  All pulses are legumes but all legumes are not pulses.

5.  Present scenario of pulse production in India.
 highest pulses producer state is Madhya Pradesh followed by
Rajasthan and Maharashtra .

6. Most grown pulses in India:
 India is the largest producer (25% of global production) , consumer
(27% of world consumption) and the importer of the pulse crops
(14%)
 Gram is the most dominant pulse having a share of 40% of total
production followed by pigeon pea 20% and urd and moong at
around 8-10%.
 availability of pulses per capita per day: 55g/head/day
 need according to ICMR is 150g/head/day
 FAO is 140g/ head/ day
 WHO is 8og/ head/day

7. Hybrid:
 f1 offsprings produced by crossing two genetically diverse
parents
 are produced to create genetic variation
 to combine desirable character into the single individual.
 are generally superior to their parents

8. Why hybrid over pure line ??
 Uniformity
 Desirable traits
 Increased yield / vigour

9. Constrains in hybrid development in pulses:
 tiny flower size
 presence of keel petal where male and female
reproductive parts are enclosed
 less seed set

10. Methods of hybrid development in pulses:
1. Wide hybridization :
• crossing between two distant species or genera
• important to alien variation and to transfer desirable
traits from wild species to cultivated ones

11. 2. Male sterility :
 inability to produce viable or functional pollen which
leads to failure of development of functional stamens.
 are spontaneous as well as can be induced through
genome editing and mutagenesis.
 avoid manual work of emasculation and pollination and
speed up the hybridization programme.

12. Types of male sterility:
Genetic male sterility
Cytoplasmic male sterility
Cytoplasmic nuclear male
sterility

13. GMS:
 stands for Genetic male sterility
 mostly governed by single recessive gene ms.
 was utilised to develop world’s 1st hybrid variety in
pigeon pea which was ICPH8.
 50% population are discarded while maintaining the male
sterility

15.  CGMS
 also known as three line system
 presence of A line which is male sterile (female parent), B
line male fertile ( maintainer line) and R line that is restorer
line
 A line and B line are isogenic line.
 Used in developing commercial hybrid in pigeon pea

17. Case study 1:

18.  development of hybrid is very low & difficult in case of pulses
as compared to other food crops.
 pigeon pea is the only legume with partial insect aided natural
outcrossing
 so seeing possibilities in pigeon pea , ICRISAT along with
ICAR has begun working on hybrid development in pigeon
pea.
 utilizing the GMS, scientist have developed the 1st hybrid in
pulses crop, that is in pigeon pea which is ICPH8.

19.  along with ICPH8 five different hybrids were
developed by GMS.

20.  these GMS based hybrid shows superiority over most
promising varieties like UPAS120, BDN2, Co5.
 but found to be less convenient when it comes to maintenance
of male sterile lines, as half of the population need to be
discarded .
 This resulted in discovery of new technique for hybrid
production i.e., Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility (CGMS).
 CGMS is the most efficient and widely used method for
hybrid development in various crops. Number of hybrids were
developed using CGMS

21.  CGMS based hybrid:
 CGMS seems more effective than GMS as 100% male
sterility is obtained
 5

22. Conclusion:
 since the productivity remained low after the release of
100 of varieties scientist have begun to search for
alternative breeding as a result hybrid developed utilising
the Male sterility.
 On average hybrid are supposed to have 40-50% more
yield as compared to local cultivars in present days.
 ICRISAT is actively involved to transfer the technologies
to the private and public sector for better and higher yield
production for the future generation.

23. Case study 2:

24.  In order to meet the food needs of exponentially growing
population, productivity of the crops must be increased. Pulses
are crucial to provide affordable protein to growing population
worldwide. But through conventional breeding techniques, it is
difficult to achieve the goal of food security.
 Here is where the generation breeding methods comes into
picture.in the above case study, it was found that using various
modern genomic tools and breeding techniques, remarkable
success is achieved in genetic improvement of pulse crops.
 Genome sequencing of various pulse crops has been done and this
helped in identification of various markers associated with
different trait loci.

26.  The availability of reference genome sequence has provided the
breeder with a variety of genome wide DNA markers that are
indispensable to effective plant selection.
 Genomic selection (GS) has recently emerged as anew breeding
tool to improve genetic gain of plant breeding programme.
 Recently, genome prediction approach was applied for improving
grain yield, flowering initiation, lodging susceptibility, seed
weight etc.
 Predicting hybrid performance and identification of high yielding
heterotic pattern is demonstrated in pigeon pea.
 This study established the superiority of genomic selection over
phenotypic selection.

27. Conclusion:
 Pulses are a self pollinated crops and due to its complex
floral structure development of hybrids is difficult.
 however the unsatisfactory yield of pulses throughout
years, encourage the scientist to develop hybrids.
 hybrids are produced in several crops like pigeon pea
and moong bean by utilising male sterility in present
days.

28.  40-50 % yield is increasing by cultivating the hybrids.
 however, in many pulse crops production of hybrid is very
difficult as a result they couldn’t meet the demand
 So in order to meet the present as well as the future demand,
modern breeding approaches should be followed.
 Approaches like next generation sequencing, genome
editing has been done in several pulse crops like this
chickpea , pigeon pea, urd bean etc

29.  however they aren’t utilized for hybrid development till
 these approaches will be more effective to conventional
method as they are based on genome sequencing
 These approaches in future can be used to select the best
parental lines, which can be further used in hybrid
development.