The document provides information about building construction types and components taught at Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue's Training Centre. It discusses common building materials, types of buildings including solid construction, structural steel, reinforced concrete, modular and composite construction. It also covers doors, windows, and rooflights, describing different types like hinged, sliding and fire doors as well as casement and sash windows. The goal is for students to understand building design and principal components.
The parts and diffrent types of structures in building were given emphasize in this topic. It is necessary to relate the function of structure to the HVAC types of components to be able to determine the application of mechanical works
The document provides information on curtain walls, including what they are, common materials used like aluminum and glass, typical structural elements, and advantages and disadvantages. It discusses two case studies - the Hallidie Building in California from 1917, one of the earliest uses of a glass curtain wall, and the Lever House in New York from 1951, an influential early glass skyscraper. Key points covered include how curtain walls are non-load bearing but keep weather out, their lightweight aluminum framing, different installation methods, and benefits of natural lighting control and views.
Type IV or heavy timber construction uses large dimensional lumber for structural elements like columns, beams, floors and roofs to provide fire resistance. It was commonly used in the late 19th/early 20th century for industrial and commercial buildings. Key features include wood columns no less than 8 inches thick, plank floors at least 3 inches thick, and roof structures made of heavy timber. Fire resistance comes from limiting combustible materials and using thick wood that can withstand fire for extended periods before collapsing.
Type IV or heavy timber construction uses large dimensional lumber for structural elements like walls, floors, and roofs to provide fire resistance. It was commonly used in the late 19th/early 20th century for industrial and commercial buildings. Key features include wood columns no less than 8 inches thick, wood girders at least 6 inches thick, and floor/roof planks at least 2 inches thick. Interior walls are also fire-resistant. This construction type is beneficial as it is stable during early-stage fires and the large timber sizes allow it to burn longer before collapse compared to other materials like steel.
The document discusses different types of building construction and how understanding construction types can help firefighters determine a building's structural integrity and anticipate how a fire may progress. It outlines the five main types of construction according to NFPA 220 - Type I (fire resistive), Type II (non-combustible), Type III (ordinary), Type IV (heavy timber), and Type V (wood frame). Each type uses different materials and is commonly found in certain building applications. The document also notes how modern construction has changed and presents increased risks, such as lightweight and engineered construction that can catastrophically collapse.
This document discusses different types of building construction and how understanding construction techniques can help firefighters recognize fire behavior and structural integrity. It outlines 5 main types of construction - Type I (fire resistive), Type II (non-combustible), Type III (ordinary), Type IV (heavy timber), and Type V (wood frame). Each type uses different materials and is commonly found in certain building types. It also discusses changes over time from modern to legacy buildings and lightweight to engineered construction, noting the risks of catastrophic collapse in some engineered structures.
This document discusses fire resistant construction materials and methods. It begins by defining fire resistant construction as using non-combustible materials with fire resistance ratings equal or greater than required by law.
The parts and diffrent types of structures in building were given emphasize in this topic. It is necessary to relate the function of structure to the HVAC types of components to be able to determine the application of mechanical works
The document provides information on curtain walls, including what they are, common materials used like aluminum and glass, typical structural elements, and advantages and disadvantages. It discusses two case studies - the Hallidie Building in California from 1917, one of the earliest uses of a glass curtain wall, and the Lever House in New York from 1951, an influential early glass skyscraper. Key points covered include how curtain walls are non-load bearing but keep weather out, their lightweight aluminum framing, different installation methods, and benefits of natural lighting control and views.
Type IV or heavy timber construction uses large dimensional lumber for structural elements like columns, beams, floors and roofs to provide fire resistance. It was commonly used in the late 19th/early 20th century for industrial and commercial buildings. Key features include wood columns no less than 8 inches thick, plank floors at least 3 inches thick, and roof structures made of heavy timber. Fire resistance comes from limiting combustible materials and using thick wood that can withstand fire for extended periods before collapsing.
Type IV or heavy timber construction uses large dimensional lumber for structural elements like walls, floors, and roofs to provide fire resistance. It was commonly used in the late 19th/early 20th century for industrial and commercial buildings. Key features include wood columns no less than 8 inches thick, wood girders at least 6 inches thick, and floor/roof planks at least 2 inches thick. Interior walls are also fire-resistant. This construction type is beneficial as it is stable during early-stage fires and the large timber sizes allow it to burn longer before collapse compared to other materials like steel.
The document discusses different types of building construction and how understanding construction types can help firefighters determine a building's structural integrity and anticipate how a fire may progress. It outlines the five main types of construction according to NFPA 220 - Type I (fire resistive), Type II (non-combustible), Type III (ordinary), Type IV (heavy timber), and Type V (wood frame). Each type uses different materials and is commonly found in certain building applications. The document also notes how modern construction has changed and presents increased risks, such as lightweight and engineered construction that can catastrophically collapse.
This document discusses different types of building construction and how understanding construction techniques can help firefighters recognize fire behavior and structural integrity. It outlines 5 main types of construction - Type I (fire resistive), Type II (non-combustible), Type III (ordinary), Type IV (heavy timber), and Type V (wood frame). Each type uses different materials and is commonly found in certain building types. It also discusses changes over time from modern to legacy buildings and lightweight to engineered construction, noting the risks of catastrophic collapse in some engineered structures.
This document discusses fire resistant construction materials and methods. It begins by defining fire resistant construction as using non-combustible materials with fire resistance ratings equal or greater than required by law.
Contact our business manager Lloyd Cassidy and see the builders display home to see the kind of development bushfire resistant work we do in Bendigo, Geelong, and Horsham.
The document discusses heavy timber frame construction. It begins by providing background on the historical use of timber beams in buildings and the progression of timber frame construction techniques in Europe and North America. It then discusses some advantages of modern heavy timber construction, including its fire resistance properties due to the use of thick wood beams. The document outlines several precautions that must be taken with heavy timber construction, such as allowing for wood shrinkage and properly anchoring beams to prevent pulling away from walls. It also discusses bracing buildings for lateral forces and proper decking and roof anchoring.
Timber frame construction involves prefabricating wooden wall panels, flooring, and roof materials off-site and assembling them on-site onto a timber frame. This allows the inner shell of a building to be constructed from a timber structure for increased speed, quality, and sustainability compared to traditional on-site construction. The document outlines the multi-phase process, from engineering plans and factory production to assembly on foundations and completing the exterior. Advantages include faster construction, quality control, energy efficiency, design flexibility, and reduced costs.
Good buildings make and are made by their settings, and they are appropriately different in different locations. Climate, culture, topography and materials have helped create regional architectural languages that seem curiously right for their locations and for all times.
the old citadel of erbil in Kurdistan _hawler
slides explains the architectural features of the citadel
and its history before thousands of years.
it also shows the interior design of the old decades .
listed by the unisco as one of the world heritage.
The document discusses the major types of building construction and associated fire hazards. There are five main types of construction: Type I (fire resistive), Type II (non-combustible), Type III (ordinary), Type IV (heavy timber), and Type V (wood frame). Each type uses different materials for structural members and has varying fire resistance ratings. Firefighters must understand the characteristics of each type to make safe decisions, as different construction types can pose hazards like concealed fires, structural instability, or massive fuel loads. A basic knowledge of building construction helps firefighters assess risk and respond appropriately.
The document discusses the history and uses of shipping containers as building materials. It notes that shipping containers were first used for construction in the 1960s and have since been used to build houses, hotels, offices, museums, and other structures. The document then outlines several key advantages of using shipping containers in construction, such as their strength, durability, modularity, ease of transport, and availability worldwide. Some challenges of working with shipping containers as construction materials are also discussed.
This document provides information on building construction types and identifying dangerous conditions during firefighting operations. It describes the 5 main types of building construction (Type I-V) and their strengths/weaknesses. Key points covered include identifying indicators of potential building collapse, hazardous conditions created by fire/suppression activities, and additional risks for under construction/renovation buildings. The document stresses the importance of size-up and understanding how construction impacts fire behavior and structural integrity.
This document discusses walls in construction. It defines walls and explains their importance in providing shelter, security, strength and stability, compartmentalization, sound insulation, fire resistance, and aesthetics. Walls are classified by location as exterior or interior, and by structural requirements as load-bearing or non-load bearing. Load-bearing walls support structural loads while non-load bearing walls only support themselves. The document outlines the functional requirements of walls, including strength and stability, weather resistance, fire resistance, and thermal insulation.
Booth_Industries Corporate_Brochure_4_6_2013Graham Jones
Booth Industries provides a range of certified steel doors for various industries, including oil and gas, nuclear, defense, and security. They offer blast doors and modular wall systems tested to withstand over 800 bar pressure. They also provide commercial and offshore fire doors certified from A0 to H120, as well as security, acoustic, and multi-purpose doors meeting various ballistic, fire, noise reduction, and security standards. The company has over 80 years of experience designing and manufacturing performance certified doors and walls.
This document provides an overview of common building types and components. It describes materials like brick, block and concrete that are often used in construction. It also outlines different types of buildings such as solid construction, steel frame, and reinforced concrete. Additionally, it details common doors, windows, staircases and roofs, including components like treads, risers, casement windows and pitched roofs. The learning objectives are to understand typical construction materials, door and window types, staircase elements, and roof designs.
Base Structures Tensile Fabric Webinar 2: Realising your tensile fabric visionBase Structures Ltd
This is the presentation used for the second of our tensile fabric webinars, a refresher programme for architects.
Webinar 2 is called 'Realising your tensile fabric vision' and includes topics such as The procurement route, Specifying tensile fabric and Engineering interfaces.
You can also watch recordings of the narrated webinar series, simply visit www.basestructures.com/portal/tensile-fabric-webinars.html.
For more information please visit our website www.basestructures.com
The document provides information on framing floors and walls for residential construction. It discusses floor plans and different framing methods like platform and balloon framing. It also covers installing sills, laying floor joists, adding headers and subfloors. For wall framing, it describes the common materials used like sole plates, studs, headers, sheathing and proper fasteners.
This document discusses different types of staircases used in construction including concrete, precast concrete, steel, and spiral stairs. Concrete stairs can be single straight flights, quarter turn, half turn, or winding. Precast concrete stairs provide better quality control and save space during construction but must be repetitive units. Steel stairs are commonly used in public buildings, manufactured from mild steel and cast iron, and can be suspended from or supported by steel or masonry structures. Spiral stairs occupy minimal floor space but building codes restrict their use to private dwellings.
Презентация Бассама Бургана, Ph.D., директор института стального строительства, Великобритания
(The Steel Construction Institute, U.K.) на II Национальной конференции участников рынка стального строительства. 6-7 ноября, 2013.
A look at container buildings being used for multiple uses and occasions from SCF Containers. We list the pros and cons of shipping containers for architectural usage for residential or commercial uses.
Ch 07 Heavy Timber and Mill Constructionsnoshoesam
1. Heavy timber construction descended from mill construction but remodelings have reduced original fire safety characteristics.
2. Proponents claim heavy timber buildings are "slow burning" but this is only true if fire departments can maintain interior attacks.
3. Full sprinkler protection is needed to prevent disasters in heavy timber buildings as renovations may have introduced combustible materials.
When Facades Kill: A question of extreme flammabilityTerri Meyer Boake
The document summarizes several recent high-rise building fires where aluminum composite panels with flammable cores were the primary cladding material. These fires spread rapidly up the buildings within 15 minutes, endangering residents. The fires were fueled by deviations from traditional non-combustible building materials and outdated fire safety practices. There is confusion around product labeling and standards regarding the fire resistance of aluminum composite panel systems and their cores.
Fahad Al Tamimi Presents London's Best ArchitectureFahad Al Tamimi
Fahad Al Tamimi presents a selection of some of the best architecture London has to offer. These buildings vary in age and purpose and many are famous all around the world! Upon any visit to London you can easily find all of them and have a look for yourself!
Building Design and Construction FIRE 1102 – Principle.docxhartrobert670
The document discusses building design and construction for fire safety. It outlines five objectives of fire-safe design: life safety, property protection, continuity of operations, environmental protection, and historical preservation. It also describes different types of building construction including non-combustible (Type I-II) and combustible (Type III-V) structures. Testing and ratings of construction materials are discussed in relation to flame spread, smoke development, and fire resistance.
Contact our business manager Lloyd Cassidy and see the builders display home to see the kind of development bushfire resistant work we do in Bendigo, Geelong, and Horsham.
The document discusses heavy timber frame construction. It begins by providing background on the historical use of timber beams in buildings and the progression of timber frame construction techniques in Europe and North America. It then discusses some advantages of modern heavy timber construction, including its fire resistance properties due to the use of thick wood beams. The document outlines several precautions that must be taken with heavy timber construction, such as allowing for wood shrinkage and properly anchoring beams to prevent pulling away from walls. It also discusses bracing buildings for lateral forces and proper decking and roof anchoring.
Timber frame construction involves prefabricating wooden wall panels, flooring, and roof materials off-site and assembling them on-site onto a timber frame. This allows the inner shell of a building to be constructed from a timber structure for increased speed, quality, and sustainability compared to traditional on-site construction. The document outlines the multi-phase process, from engineering plans and factory production to assembly on foundations and completing the exterior. Advantages include faster construction, quality control, energy efficiency, design flexibility, and reduced costs.
Good buildings make and are made by their settings, and they are appropriately different in different locations. Climate, culture, topography and materials have helped create regional architectural languages that seem curiously right for their locations and for all times.
the old citadel of erbil in Kurdistan _hawler
slides explains the architectural features of the citadel
and its history before thousands of years.
it also shows the interior design of the old decades .
listed by the unisco as one of the world heritage.
The document discusses the major types of building construction and associated fire hazards. There are five main types of construction: Type I (fire resistive), Type II (non-combustible), Type III (ordinary), Type IV (heavy timber), and Type V (wood frame). Each type uses different materials for structural members and has varying fire resistance ratings. Firefighters must understand the characteristics of each type to make safe decisions, as different construction types can pose hazards like concealed fires, structural instability, or massive fuel loads. A basic knowledge of building construction helps firefighters assess risk and respond appropriately.
The document discusses the history and uses of shipping containers as building materials. It notes that shipping containers were first used for construction in the 1960s and have since been used to build houses, hotels, offices, museums, and other structures. The document then outlines several key advantages of using shipping containers in construction, such as their strength, durability, modularity, ease of transport, and availability worldwide. Some challenges of working with shipping containers as construction materials are also discussed.
This document provides information on building construction types and identifying dangerous conditions during firefighting operations. It describes the 5 main types of building construction (Type I-V) and their strengths/weaknesses. Key points covered include identifying indicators of potential building collapse, hazardous conditions created by fire/suppression activities, and additional risks for under construction/renovation buildings. The document stresses the importance of size-up and understanding how construction impacts fire behavior and structural integrity.
This document discusses walls in construction. It defines walls and explains their importance in providing shelter, security, strength and stability, compartmentalization, sound insulation, fire resistance, and aesthetics. Walls are classified by location as exterior or interior, and by structural requirements as load-bearing or non-load bearing. Load-bearing walls support structural loads while non-load bearing walls only support themselves. The document outlines the functional requirements of walls, including strength and stability, weather resistance, fire resistance, and thermal insulation.
Booth_Industries Corporate_Brochure_4_6_2013Graham Jones
Booth Industries provides a range of certified steel doors for various industries, including oil and gas, nuclear, defense, and security. They offer blast doors and modular wall systems tested to withstand over 800 bar pressure. They also provide commercial and offshore fire doors certified from A0 to H120, as well as security, acoustic, and multi-purpose doors meeting various ballistic, fire, noise reduction, and security standards. The company has over 80 years of experience designing and manufacturing performance certified doors and walls.
This document provides an overview of common building types and components. It describes materials like brick, block and concrete that are often used in construction. It also outlines different types of buildings such as solid construction, steel frame, and reinforced concrete. Additionally, it details common doors, windows, staircases and roofs, including components like treads, risers, casement windows and pitched roofs. The learning objectives are to understand typical construction materials, door and window types, staircase elements, and roof designs.
Base Structures Tensile Fabric Webinar 2: Realising your tensile fabric visionBase Structures Ltd
This is the presentation used for the second of our tensile fabric webinars, a refresher programme for architects.
Webinar 2 is called 'Realising your tensile fabric vision' and includes topics such as The procurement route, Specifying tensile fabric and Engineering interfaces.
You can also watch recordings of the narrated webinar series, simply visit www.basestructures.com/portal/tensile-fabric-webinars.html.
For more information please visit our website www.basestructures.com
The document provides information on framing floors and walls for residential construction. It discusses floor plans and different framing methods like platform and balloon framing. It also covers installing sills, laying floor joists, adding headers and subfloors. For wall framing, it describes the common materials used like sole plates, studs, headers, sheathing and proper fasteners.
This document discusses different types of staircases used in construction including concrete, precast concrete, steel, and spiral stairs. Concrete stairs can be single straight flights, quarter turn, half turn, or winding. Precast concrete stairs provide better quality control and save space during construction but must be repetitive units. Steel stairs are commonly used in public buildings, manufactured from mild steel and cast iron, and can be suspended from or supported by steel or masonry structures. Spiral stairs occupy minimal floor space but building codes restrict their use to private dwellings.
Презентация Бассама Бургана, Ph.D., директор института стального строительства, Великобритания
(The Steel Construction Institute, U.K.) на II Национальной конференции участников рынка стального строительства. 6-7 ноября, 2013.
A look at container buildings being used for multiple uses and occasions from SCF Containers. We list the pros and cons of shipping containers for architectural usage for residential or commercial uses.
Ch 07 Heavy Timber and Mill Constructionsnoshoesam
1. Heavy timber construction descended from mill construction but remodelings have reduced original fire safety characteristics.
2. Proponents claim heavy timber buildings are "slow burning" but this is only true if fire departments can maintain interior attacks.
3. Full sprinkler protection is needed to prevent disasters in heavy timber buildings as renovations may have introduced combustible materials.
When Facades Kill: A question of extreme flammabilityTerri Meyer Boake
The document summarizes several recent high-rise building fires where aluminum composite panels with flammable cores were the primary cladding material. These fires spread rapidly up the buildings within 15 minutes, endangering residents. The fires were fueled by deviations from traditional non-combustible building materials and outdated fire safety practices. There is confusion around product labeling and standards regarding the fire resistance of aluminum composite panel systems and their cores.
Fahad Al Tamimi Presents London's Best ArchitectureFahad Al Tamimi
Fahad Al Tamimi presents a selection of some of the best architecture London has to offer. These buildings vary in age and purpose and many are famous all around the world! Upon any visit to London you can easily find all of them and have a look for yourself!
Building Design and Construction FIRE 1102 – Principle.docxhartrobert670
The document discusses building design and construction for fire safety. It outlines five objectives of fire-safe design: life safety, property protection, continuity of operations, environmental protection, and historical preservation. It also describes different types of building construction including non-combustible (Type I-II) and combustible (Type III-V) structures. Testing and ratings of construction materials are discussed in relation to flame spread, smoke development, and fire resistance.
NORMAN FROSTER-HSBC BUILDING & RENAULT BUILDING.pptxMEGHANA S
Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank, OM, RA, HonFREng is a British architect and designer. Closely associated with the development of high-tech architecture, Foster is recognised as a key figure in British modernist architecture.
FIRE NORMS AND INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE CASE STUDYNamrata Jindal
The document provides details about the fire safety systems at the Indian Habitat Centre in New Delhi. It describes the fire pump room in the basement that houses four types of fire pumps to supply water in case of a fire. It also discusses the fire alarm system including smoke detectors and fire alarms on each floor. The document evaluates the building's exits, corridors, pressurization systems, sprinklers, and fire control room against National Building Code standards. It includes a questionnaire that assesses various fire safety aspects of the building.
brief explanation about methods and safety measures in demolition of buildings
i hope this will help you know the demolition safety factors.
thank you
suggestions to:-
vamsiila@gmail.com +91 9581202355
Link 51 Lockers is the UK's largest manufacturer of lockers, lockers, and storage solutions. They offer a wide range of locker types and configurations, as well as accessories, to meet various customer needs across multiple industries. Their lockers are manufactured according to British and international quality standards. They provide a full service from site surveys and design proposals through to installation and support.
Civils & Lintels offer a specialist range of Civils and Heavyside building products from stock, with over 50,000 steel and concrete lintels held in stock at any one time, we are the UK’s premier distributor of lintels. This is all serviced by a dedicated fleet of crane off load vehicles to ensure on time delivery across the UK.
This document provides an overview of chimneys, including their functions, history, types, materials, and design considerations. It discusses how early chimneys were made of brick but were short, while recent chimneys can be taller since they are made of reinforced concrete or steel. The tallest chimney in India is located at the Dahanu thermal power station near Mumbai, standing 275.3 meters tall. Design considerations for chimneys include sizing, wind effects, seismic effects, temperature effects, and foundations.
O'Connell Agencies is Australia's leading supplier of formwork materials, specializing in high-rise, commercial, and civil construction projects nationwide. They have over 30 years of experience in the construction industry and provide formwork solutions using their proprietary PVC tube product, Ocatube. Ocatube is a lightweight, durable, and versatile material used for applications like structural columns, piling, infrastructure, and more. O'Connell Agencies prides itself on its technical expertise, high quality products and services, and commitment to customer satisfaction.
Contor offers container modification services to customize new or used sea containers. Modification options include flooring, interior and exterior finishes, windows, doors, partitions, and insulation. Contor also sells and rents new and used containers for uses like workshops, mini-warehousing, and hazardous waste storage. Additional services include container storage, handling, and repairs to maintain container quality and safety standards.
This document provides details on the design of a single-storey café located on the campus of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. It includes sections on the café concept, preliminary site work, substructure including pad foundations and floor slabs, superstructure elements like columns, beams, walls and roof, as well as finishes, fixtures and external works. The café is designed to be 90 feet by 75 feet to accommodate a variety of customers from students and faculty to visitors.
Ronald Openshaw Nursery hired Stewart Maclachlan of the London Borough of Newham to design and build a £457,000 extension to the school featuring a timber domed roof. Traditional craftsmanship was used to construct the semi-circular timber roof on site using marine plywood and small timber slats. High quality standards were required to ensure the domed end met the vaulted section within millimeters of accuracy. The project was a success thanks to teamwork and cooperation between those involved.
Vivace Lichtman is a lighting design firm that has over 25 years of experience working globally on prestigious projects. They specialize in lighting design, home automation, and audio/visual systems for both commercial and residential applications. Their services include lighting design, supply of high quality fittings, acting as a retained lighting consultant, and providing lighting control system solutions.
DIUK ARCHES from Israel is proud to be the only manufacturer of Steel Arch Buildings in the Middle-East,
And one of the leading manufacturers for storage, agricultural and industrial solutions.
Our company serves wide range of customers all over the world,
With full attention for high standards of engineering, production and Quality control.
Our aim : to meet the customer needs with a durable and cost effective structure.
Norman Foster is a renowned British architect known for high-tech and sustainable designs. Some of his most notable projects include the HSBC Main Building in Hong Kong and London City Hall. The HSBC building features a column-free design supported by exterior mast towers to allow for flexible floorplans and panoramic harbor views. London City Hall's distinctive oval form minimizes energy usage. Both projects demonstrate Foster's emphasis on innovative structural solutions and environmental stewardship.
We are also known as green smart and environment friendly builders in the area of Victoria and make available beautiful homes located in the area of Victoria.
Glass blocks are a unique building material developed in the 1900s to provide natural light. They come in various sizes, styles, and colors and can be used as non-load bearing walls, windows, or partitions. Glass blocks allow natural light to pass through while providing privacy, security, durability, and insulation. They have numerous advantages for both residential and commercial buildings.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
1. 1Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE &LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE &
RESCUERESCUE
BUILDINGS AND
STRUCTURES 1
Building Types
and Components
2. 2Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
AIMAIM
To provide students with aTo provide students with a
basic understanding ofbasic understanding of
building design and thebuilding design and the
principal components.principal components.
3. 3Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
At the end of the session students will beAt the end of the session students will be
able to:able to:
• State the commonly used constructionState the commonly used construction
materials and types.materials and types.
• Identify types of doors and windowsIdentify types of doors and windows
commonly used.commonly used.
• List the principal components of aList the principal components of a
staircase.staircase.
• List the types of roof commonly found.List the types of roof commonly found.
LEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING OUTCOMES
4. 4Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
COMMON BUILDINGCOMMON BUILDING
MATERIALSMATERIALS
• BrickBrick
• BlockBlock
• StoneStone
• ConcreteConcrete
• TimberTimber
• MetalMetal
5. 5Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
BUILDING BOARDSBUILDING BOARDS
• FibreFibre
• PlasterPlaster
• AsbestosAsbestos
• PlywoodPlywood
• BlockBlock
• PlasticPlastic
6. 6Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
TYPES OF BUILDINGSTYPES OF BUILDINGS
• Solid or ‘traditional’ constructionSolid or ‘traditional’ construction
• Structural steel frame constructionStructural steel frame construction
• Reinforced concrete constructionReinforced concrete construction
• Modular system constructionModular system construction
• Portal frame constructionPortal frame construction
• Composite construction.Composite construction.
7. 7Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
SOLID CONSTRUCTIONSOLID CONSTRUCTION
• Solid load bearing wallsSolid load bearing walls
• Set back at upper floorsSet back at upper floors
• Commonly made of brick, concreteCommonly made of brick, concrete
blocks or stoneblocks or stone
• Cast iron columnsCast iron columns
• Cast iron or timber beamsCast iron or timber beams
• Warehouses, mills, factories andWarehouses, mills, factories and
offices.offices.
8. 8Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
BUILDINGS ANDBUILDINGS AND
STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
9. 9Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
STRUCTURAL STEELSTRUCTURAL STEEL
• High number of design optionsHigh number of design options
• Skeletal framework often complexSkeletal framework often complex
• Loads carried by beamsLoads carried by beams
• Structure is covered by claddingStructure is covered by cladding
• Large use of glass, polycarbonate andLarge use of glass, polycarbonate and
plasticplastic
• Large shopping centres, sports centresLarge shopping centres, sports centres
and multi-storey offices.and multi-storey offices.
10. 10Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
STRUCTURAL STEELSTRUCTURAL STEEL
Stanchions
Main beams
Roof spans between main beams
Tie Beam
Floor spans between main
beams
Secondary beam
11. 11Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
REINFORCED CONCRETEREINFORCED CONCRETE
• Alternative to steel frameAlternative to steel frame
• Columns support beams on which are laidColumns support beams on which are laid
slab flooring sectionsslab flooring sections
• Columns, beams and slabs integrally castColumns, beams and slabs integrally cast
to form a monolithic structureto form a monolithic structure
• Two common methods of construction.Two common methods of construction.
12. 12Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
REINFORCED CONCRETE(1)REINFORCED CONCRETE(1)
Pre cast reinforced concrete framePre cast reinforced concrete frame
• Factory produced frame componentsFactory produced frame components
• Transported for assembly on siteTransported for assembly on site
• Similar techniques to steel frame.Similar techniques to steel frame.
13. 13Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
REINFORCED CONCRETE(2)REINFORCED CONCRETE(2)
Composite constructionComposite construction
• Utilises the advantages of modernUtilises the advantages of modern
lightweight structural steelworklightweight structural steelwork
• ‘‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre castMarriage’ between steelwork & pre cast
concrete columns.concrete columns.
14. 14Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
Gable
columns
Concrete
Spine beam
Steel
Spine
beam.
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTIONCOMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
15. 15Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
MODULAR STRUCTURESMODULAR STRUCTURES
• Pre fabricated componentsPre fabricated components
• High design flexibilityHigh design flexibility
• Specially designed connectorsSpecially designed connectors
• Encased in concrete to provide a degreeEncased in concrete to provide a degree
of fire and corrosion protection.of fire and corrosion protection.
17. 17Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
TYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTORTYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTOR
18. 18Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
Concrete ribs
R.C. edge beam
Concrete topping
Hollow clay
floor blocks
Filler tiles
Rib reinforcement
Reinforcement
VoidsCeiling
finish
HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANKHOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK
FLOORINGFLOORING
19. 19Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
Typical hollow floor unit details
Internal support
Void
Floor finish
Cement/sand screed
Grouted joints
Floor finishCement/sand
screed
Typical channel section floor unit details
HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANKHOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK
20. 20Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
PRE CAST CONCRETE SLABPRE CAST CONCRETE SLAB
21. 21Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
DOORS, WINDOWS ANDDOORS, WINDOWS AND
ROOFLIGHTSROOFLIGHTS
TYPES OF DOORTYPES OF DOOR
• HingedHinged
• SwingSwing
• RevolvingRevolving
• SlidingSliding
• FoldingFolding
• CantileverCantilever
• Roller shutterRoller shutter
22. 22Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
HINGED DOORSHINGED DOORS
• Most commonly found typeMost commonly found type
• All close against a rebate on the doorAll close against a rebate on the door
jambjamb
• Four commonly found typesFour commonly found types
FlushFlush
PanelledPanelled
LedgedLedged
MetalMetal
23. 23Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
SWING DOORSSWING DOORS
• Pin hinges allow door to swing in anyPin hinges allow door to swing in any
directiondirection
• Door jamb not fitted with a rebateDoor jamb not fitted with a rebate
• Often partially glazed using wired glass orOften partially glazed using wired glass or
copper glazing barscopper glazing bars
• Found in restaurants, department stores andFound in restaurants, department stores and
hotels.hotels.
24. 24Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
REVOLVING DOORSREVOLVING DOORS
• Present an obstruction to firefightingPresent an obstruction to firefighting
operations unless dealt withoperations unless dealt with
• Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’
• Designed to be collapsed downDesigned to be collapsed down
• Essential they are used in conjunction withEssential they are used in conjunction with
a hinged door.a hinged door.
25. 25Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
SLIDING DOORSSLIDING DOORS
• Solid or lattice constructionSolid or lattice construction
• Widely used in commercial buildingsWidely used in commercial buildings
• Can slide on one or both sides of anCan slide on one or both sides of an
opening or into a central recessopening or into a central recess
• Lattice type usually for security or toLattice type usually for security or to
protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.
26. 26Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
FOLDING DOORSFOLDING DOORS
• Usually lightweight constructionUsually lightweight construction
• Similar in design to hinged doorsSimilar in design to hinged doors
• Two or more leaves hinged togetherTwo or more leaves hinged together
• Whole door opens to one side onlyWhole door opens to one side only
• Often used to separate two rooms.Often used to separate two rooms.
27. 27Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
CANTILEVER DOORSCANTILEVER DOORS
• Door is counter balanced and pivoted so itDoor is counter balanced and pivoted so it
rises upwardsrises upwards
• Lies horizontal when openLies horizontal when open
• Generally fits flush to the opening whenGenerally fits flush to the opening when
closedclosed
• Usually found on garages.Usually found on garages.
28. 28Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
ROLLER SHUTTERSROLLER SHUTTERS
• Nearly always made of steelNearly always made of steel
• Small examples can be raised by handSmall examples can be raised by hand
• Large examples usually operated byLarge examples usually operated by
means of gearing and handle or chain andmeans of gearing and handle or chain and
blockblock
• Usually found on commercial premises.Usually found on commercial premises.
29. 29Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
FIRE DOORSFIRE DOORS
A standard fire door will:A standard fire door will:
• Serve to contain the outbreak of fireServe to contain the outbreak of fire
• Restrict the spread of fire gases intoRestrict the spread of fire gases into
otherwise unaffected parts of the buildingotherwise unaffected parts of the building
• A closed door restricts oxygen movement,A closed door restricts oxygen movement,
thus helping to starve the firethus helping to starve the fire
30. 30Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
WINDOWSWINDOWS
• Allow natural light into a buildingAllow natural light into a building
• Serve to provide ventilation to roomsServe to provide ventilation to rooms
• Generally two types, referred to accordingGenerally two types, referred to according
to the method of openingto the method of opening
CasementCasement
SashSash
31. 31Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
CASEMENT WINDOWSCASEMENT WINDOWS
• The simplest form consists of aThe simplest form consists of a
rectangular frame with the casementrectangular frame with the casement
hung on ithung on it
• When more than one casement can beWhen more than one casement can be
opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 lightopened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light
casement.casement.
32. 32Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
DEADLIGHT
FRAME
VENTLIGHT
TRANSOM.
CASEMENT
33. 33Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
SASH WINDOWSSASH WINDOWS
• Pivoted sash - opening part supported byPivoted sash - opening part supported by
pivots at each side of opening part ofpivots at each side of opening part of
window or top and bottomwindow or top and bottom
• The term ‘SASH’ refers to the openingThe term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening
portion and includes the glass and theportion and includes the glass and the
surroundsurround
• Partially inside and outside of openingPartially inside and outside of opening
when open.when open.
34. 34Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
SASH WINDOWSSASH WINDOWS
Sliding sash windowsSliding sash windows
• Slide verticallySlide vertically
• Double hung is the common form of thisDouble hung is the common form of this
type of sash, both sashes slide vertically intype of sash, both sashes slide vertically in
the framethe frame
• Another type consists of two sashes, one orAnother type consists of two sashes, one or
both of which can be opened horizontallyboth of which can be opened horizontally
37. 37Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
STAIRSSTAIRS
Common materialsCommon materials
• WoodWood
• StoneStone
• Pre cast concretePre cast concrete
• SteelSteel
• CompositeComposite
38. 38Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
STAIRSSTAIRS
TREAD
RISER
BEARER
NOSING
STRING
CAPPING
39. 39Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
PITCH LINE
RUN
GOING
RISE
SPANDREL
NEWEL
POST
HEADROOM
BANNISTER
STAIRSSTAIRS
40. 40Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
ROOF DESIGNROOF DESIGN
• Flat roofsFlat roofs
• Pitched roofsPitched roofs
– MansardMansard
– TrussedTrussed
– Portal or ridge-framedPortal or ridge-framed
43. 43Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
CONFIRMATIONCONFIRMATION
Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes
• State the most commonly used constructionState the most commonly used construction
materials and typesmaterials and types
• Identify types of doors and windowsIdentify types of doors and windows
commonly usedcommonly used
• List the principal components of a staircaseList the principal components of a staircase
• List the types of roof commonly found.List the types of roof commonly found.
Assessments will be based on this lesson andAssessments will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study notethe corresponding study note