Portland cement is produced from limestone and other ingredients that are heated to high temperatures and cooled quickly. Different types of cement are used depending on the application and desired properties, such as setting time or resistance to chemicals. Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water that is used to construct buildings and structures.

1. BUILDING MATERIALS CONCRETE, PLASTIC & TIMBER Presented by: Mr. B. Elliott MSBTC2011

16. Estimating concrete

18. CIRCULAR COLUMN CONCRETE VOLUMNE Formula : π x radius ² (sq. ft.) x height of column(ft) = ft ³/ yd ³ of concrete 27 (cubic ft/yd) Where π = 3.14 and radius = diameter (ft.) of column /2 NB. Inches are expressed as fraction or decimal equivalents. Step 1 : determine the radius of the column. E.g. 4 ’ /2 = 2 ’ Step 2 : calculate the volume using the formula π x radius ² (sq. ft.) x height (ft) = 3.14 x (2) ² x 30 27 (cubic ft/yd) 27 = 376.8ft ³ = 13.96 rounded up to 14 cubic yards 27 NB. For cubic yard, divide by 27. E.g. depth = 3 ½ (0.292 ’ ), form = 2 ’ x 4 ’ Concrete required = 2 ’ x 4 ’ x 0.292 ’ = 23.36 ft ³ or 23.36/27 = 0.865yd ³

33. TIMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS CROSS-SECTION OF A TREE

75. Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice. Bagasse board Made from sugar cane.