1. Assignment two Answers
Shuaiyb Mumin Mohamud
Part one
1) List 7 items of Construction Material are:-
 Stones
 Bricks
 Sand
 -Reinforcing steel
 Cement
 Plain cement concrete (PCC)
 Reinforced cement concrete (RCC)
2) List three types of reinforcing steel and Shallow Foundation.
 Mild steel
 High Yield Strength Deformed bars (HYSD)/TOR steel and
 High tensile steel
And shallow foundations are:-
 Wall foundation
 Foundation for brick pillars
 Foundation R.C.C Columns
3) Write down the applications of stones, sand, Cement, and Bricks in
Construction not less than 3 applications?
 The applications of stone are:-
 Stone masonry is used for constructing foundations, walls, columns and
arches in a building.
 Stones are used as flooring materials. Marble which is having good
appearance is used as flooring material in luxurious buildings.
 Stone slabs are used as damp proof courses, lintels and sometimes even as
roofing material.
 the applications of bricks are:-
As building blocks.
For lining of ovens, furnaces and chimneys.
To encase steel columns to protect them from fire.

2.  the applications of sand are:-
 It subdivides the paste of binding material into thin films and allows it to
adhere and spread.
 It fills up the gap between the two building blocks and spreads the
binding material.
 It adds to the density of mortars and concrete.
4) List the three zone stone available in our country?
 River zone
 Beach zone
 Mountain zone
5) What are the reasons courses Popularity of stones as building
material is going down?
 Availability of stones within a reasonable distance from the cities
is becoming scare
 Labour cost for handling and dressing of stones is high.
 As the surfaces of stones are not uniform, mortar consumed in
stone masonry is high.
 Mortar bricks and hollow concrete blocks which are easy to handle
and consume less
 R.C.C. and steel are more dependable materials for their uniformity
of strength and hence designers prefer to use them for all important
and big buildings.
Part 2
Explain the following constructional terminology:
 Superstructure
As already defined superstructure is the part of structure above ground level
which is visible easily. In a building columns, walls, beams, slabs, doors,
window etc. form the superstructure while in bridges piers and deck form
superstructure.
 Substructure

3. Thstructure that is built below ground level to distribute the load from superstru
cture on wider areaof ground is known as sub-structure.
 Bearing Capacity
Bearing capacity of the soil means the load carrying capacity
of the subsoil.
 Frame Structure
reinforced cement concrete or steel frame consisting of columns, beams, sl
abs are builtfirst and walls are built only to enclose the area, the load tr
ansfer is mainly by beams andcolumns walls carry only self weight. Thes
e walls serve as filler material. Such structures are called framed structures.
 Load bearing construction
Load bearing walls are built with stone, brick or concrete blocks joined together
by cement mortarof 1 cement to 6 sand (1: 6). The walls are built course b
y course. Height
 Combined Footing
Combined footings supporting a row of columns is called strip footing
nd it is shown in Fig. 4.6.In multistorey framed structures a number o
f olumns in a number of rows are to be supportedby single footing sin
ce isolated or strip footings overlap adjoining footing.
 Bearing Piles and Friction Piles.
Bearing Piles: Piles are the poles made of timber, plain concrete, R.C.C. or steel
. Friction Piles When hard surface is not met at reasonable depth, the frict
ional resistance

4. Part Three:
Fill the below table to compare Stone Masonry and Brick Masonry;
Description Stone Masonry Brick Masonry
1. Strength
2. Durability
3. Appearance
4. Danger from dampnes
s
5. Skill
6. Handling
7. Fire resistance
8. Moulding to desired s
hape
High
Excellent
Beautiful. No treatment
is
necessary with age.
No danger
Skilled Labour required
for
dressing and placing ston
es.
Heavy. Hence handling c
ost is
more.
Less
Needs skilled labour
Much Less
Less
Not so good. Needs plaste
ring
and colour washing.
May disintegrate.
Ordinary skill is enough.
Easy to handle. Hence ha
ndling
cost is less.
More.
Convenient