The document discusses provisions for energy conservation and sustainable development in building bylaws and codes. It outlines key aspects that should be considered in building design, including:
- Optimizing daylighting and passive design strategies to reduce energy usage
- Implementing integrated water management approaches like rainwater harvesting and reuse
- Selecting building materials and surfaces that minimize environmental impacts, promote health, and have lower embodied energy
The goal is to encourage construction practices that seamlessly integrate buildings with their environments while reducing negative environmental consequences.
Paper attempts to look at various components and processes which go into making of a green building in order to minimize energy implications and eliminate carbon footprints of
buildings to make it more sustainable
CEPT University, Ahmedabad - Net Zero Energy BuildingDanfoss India
CEPT (University focuses on understanding, designing, planning, constructing and managing human habitats. Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy (CARBSE) at CEPT University was established with the aim of providing impetus for research in energy efficiency in built environment and energy resource management at large. CEPT University was one of the top 10 shortlisted finalists for ACREX Hall of Fame powered by Danfoss.
Sustainable Practices
• Insulated wall, roof and floor to reduce heat gain
• Radiant panels and DOAS used for conditioning basement spaces
• Demand controlled fresh air supply based on CO2 sensor
• Combination of radiant panels and VRF for space conditioning for first and second floor
• LED fixtures for ambient and dimmable task lights
• Renewable (PV) Contribution – 34,461 kWh (for 10.5 months)
Paper attempts to look at various components and processes which go into making of a green building in order to minimize energy implications and eliminate carbon footprints of
buildings to make it more sustainable
CEPT University, Ahmedabad - Net Zero Energy BuildingDanfoss India
CEPT (University focuses on understanding, designing, planning, constructing and managing human habitats. Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy (CARBSE) at CEPT University was established with the aim of providing impetus for research in energy efficiency in built environment and energy resource management at large. CEPT University was one of the top 10 shortlisted finalists for ACREX Hall of Fame powered by Danfoss.
Sustainable Practices
• Insulated wall, roof and floor to reduce heat gain
• Radiant panels and DOAS used for conditioning basement spaces
• Demand controlled fresh air supply based on CO2 sensor
• Combination of radiant panels and VRF for space conditioning for first and second floor
• LED fixtures for ambient and dimmable task lights
• Renewable (PV) Contribution – 34,461 kWh (for 10.5 months)
amount of energy used is equal to amount of renewable energy created on the site
reduce carbon emissions & reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Buildings that produce a surplus of energy over the year are called “Energy Surplus Buildings”
During the last 20 years more than 200 reputable projects claiming net zero energy balance have been realized all over the world.
NZEB buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount. Traditional buildings consume 40% of the total fossil fuel energy in all over the world and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases.
Design strategies used for the construction of building to lower the negative impact on environment lower the energy use. eco friendly and local material used.
The vision of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) is compelling. In theory, the amount of energy consumed by the building for an entire year should be less than or equal to the amount of energy produced by the onsite renewable source.
The main aim of the project is to build maximum number of floors in the building and make it zero net site energy using roof-top solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. To check weather effect, project is simulated in three different weather conditions.
Proper ventilation in one of the primary requirements of any domestic or commercial buildings. The conventional method employs usage of air conditioning or air cooling systems which requires high power consumption. The solar driven ventilation systems can be used in buildings which doesn’t require any external power. The current research reviews various researches conducted in improving system of passive ventilation along use of phase change material as energy storage system. Passive design of buildings does not use the electrical and mechanical systems in providing comfortable indoor environment. Prem Shankar Sahu | Praveen Kumar | Ajay Singh Paikra "Review on Solar Chimney Ventilation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42427.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/42427/review-on-solar-chimney-ventilation/prem-shankar-sahu
INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAVAN- Case study/ Net Zero Energy Building/ Sustainable B...Chandana R
Case study on Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, Jor Bhag, New Delhi.
THIS IS A PROJECT OF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF NEW OFFICE BUILDING AT NEW DELHI.
THE BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT OF THE PROJECT IS TO MAKE THE NET ZERO ENERGY GREEN BUILDING.
A zero energy home is not just a “green home” or a home with solar panels.
A zero energy home combines advanced design and superior building systems with energy efficiency and on-site solar panels to produce a better home.
Zero energy homes are ultra-comfortable, healthy, quiet, sustainable homes that are affordable to live in.
Zero Energy Homes are Available Everywhere in Every Size and Style
Zero Energy Homes are Healthier, More Comfortable Homes
Zero Energy Homes Save You Money from Day One
Zero Energy Homes are Quality Homes
Zero Energy Home Certification Protects You from “Green-washing”
Zero Energy Ready Homes Help You Plan for the Future
Carbon Free and Climate Friendly
Zero Energy Homes are Available Everywhere in Every Size and Style
Zero Energy Homes are Healthier, More Comfortable Homes
Zero Energy Homes Save You Money from Day One
Zero Energy Homes are Quality Homes
Zero Energy Home Certification Protects You from “Green-washing”
Zero Energy Ready Homes Help You Plan for the Future
Carbon Free and Climate Friendly
amount of energy used is equal to amount of renewable energy created on the site
reduce carbon emissions & reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Buildings that produce a surplus of energy over the year are called “Energy Surplus Buildings”
During the last 20 years more than 200 reputable projects claiming net zero energy balance have been realized all over the world.
NZEB buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount. Traditional buildings consume 40% of the total fossil fuel energy in all over the world and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases.
Design strategies used for the construction of building to lower the negative impact on environment lower the energy use. eco friendly and local material used.
The vision of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) is compelling. In theory, the amount of energy consumed by the building for an entire year should be less than or equal to the amount of energy produced by the onsite renewable source.
The main aim of the project is to build maximum number of floors in the building and make it zero net site energy using roof-top solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. To check weather effect, project is simulated in three different weather conditions.
Proper ventilation in one of the primary requirements of any domestic or commercial buildings. The conventional method employs usage of air conditioning or air cooling systems which requires high power consumption. The solar driven ventilation systems can be used in buildings which doesn’t require any external power. The current research reviews various researches conducted in improving system of passive ventilation along use of phase change material as energy storage system. Passive design of buildings does not use the electrical and mechanical systems in providing comfortable indoor environment. Prem Shankar Sahu | Praveen Kumar | Ajay Singh Paikra "Review on Solar Chimney Ventilation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42427.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/42427/review-on-solar-chimney-ventilation/prem-shankar-sahu
INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAVAN- Case study/ Net Zero Energy Building/ Sustainable B...Chandana R
Case study on Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, Jor Bhag, New Delhi.
THIS IS A PROJECT OF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF NEW OFFICE BUILDING AT NEW DELHI.
THE BASIC DESIGN CONCEPT OF THE PROJECT IS TO MAKE THE NET ZERO ENERGY GREEN BUILDING.
A zero energy home is not just a “green home” or a home with solar panels.
A zero energy home combines advanced design and superior building systems with energy efficiency and on-site solar panels to produce a better home.
Zero energy homes are ultra-comfortable, healthy, quiet, sustainable homes that are affordable to live in.
Zero Energy Homes are Available Everywhere in Every Size and Style
Zero Energy Homes are Healthier, More Comfortable Homes
Zero Energy Homes Save You Money from Day One
Zero Energy Homes are Quality Homes
Zero Energy Home Certification Protects You from “Green-washing”
Zero Energy Ready Homes Help You Plan for the Future
Carbon Free and Climate Friendly
Zero Energy Homes are Available Everywhere in Every Size and Style
Zero Energy Homes are Healthier, More Comfortable Homes
Zero Energy Homes Save You Money from Day One
Zero Energy Homes are Quality Homes
Zero Energy Home Certification Protects You from “Green-washing”
Zero Energy Ready Homes Help You Plan for the Future
Carbon Free and Climate Friendly
There is no denying the fact that human habitat is an essential part of a civil society but at the cost of nature.
The natural resources are limited and depleting very fast.
Global CO2 emission is growing at 1.3% per year.
Energy in all forms generated for use by man is continuously getting more expensive and becoming scarce in availability.
Thus we must enforce measures of sustainability and live in harmony with nature.
Understanding true meaning of Sustainability on the basis of Adopt-Assess-Mitigate principles. The PPT highlights action to taken by all those professionals related to construction industry. Sustainability assessment during the Pre-construction phase of building's life cycle and carbon spike phenomenon is dealt with.
Sustainable Energy Resource Buildings: Some Relevant Feautures for Built Envi...IJERA Editor
Energy has become a critical issue in national and global economic development. Its crucial importance to the nation’s building makes the development of energy resources one of the leading agenda of the present democratic government of Nigeria, towards lifting the nation to the comity of twenty (20) nations with the fastest growing economy in 2020. In achieving this, the building industry and in particular the architectural profession has a leading role to play in adopting education, designs, materials, and technology capable of reducing energy consumption in building within tropic region. This paper, therefore, appraises the important features of energy performance building through the use of sustainable innovative materials and technology that respond to climate condition while being environmentally friendly.
Sustainability Assessment in Buildings-A new toolsabnisajit
Sustainability Assessment is a complex phenomenon. A new Sustainability Development Index based on Figure of Merit is presented here. The new assessment tool incorporates materiel properties, cost stimulants and several eco indicators
What are the earth's energy sources, what ways can be used to sustain the availability of those resources, who are the most consumer of earh's energy in the world...............
report of dance, drama and music academy and auditoriumShourya Puri
case study of triveni kala sangam and kala kendra, goa.
site analysis of gurugram
literature study of dance, drama and music studio and auditorium
about gurugram
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. ENERGY CONSERVATION
The purpose of ECBC is to provide minimum requirements for energy
efficient design and construction of buildings and their systems.
The code is applicable to buildings or building complexes that have a
connected load of 500 kW or greater or a contract demand of 600kVA or
greater.
Generally, buildings or complexes having conditioned area of 1000
sq. M. Or more will fall under this category.
3. APPLICABLE BUILDING
SYSTEMS
Building envelopes, except for unconditional storage
spaces or warehouses.
Mechanical systems and equipments, including HVAC.
Service hot water heating
Interior and exterior lighting
Electrical power and motors
4. BUILDING ENVVELOPE
The building envelope refers to the ext,. facade, & is
comprised of opaque components (walls, roofs, slabs on
grade, basement walls, & opaque doors) & fenestration
systems(windows, skylights, ventilators & doors ).
5.
6. HVAC
HVAC refers to the equipment, distribution systems, &
terminals that provide, either collectively or
individually, the heating, ventilation, or air-conditioning
requirement to a building or a portion of a building.
7. SERVICE WATER HEATING &
PUMPING
For some building types such as large hotels & hospitals
service water heating can be major energy consumer.
Inefficiency in water heating is caused primarily by
inefficiency of the heating equipment, & by heat loss
from hot water storage tanks & distribution piping
network.
8. LIGHTING
The lighting requirements in the code apply to:
Interior spaces of the buildings
Exterior building features, including facades, illuminated roofs,
architectural features, entrances, exits, loading docks, & illuminated
canopies.
Exterior building grounds lighting that is provided through the building’s
electrical service
9. LIGHTING (continued)
Exceptions to above points:
Emergency lighting that is automatically off during
normal building operation & is powered by battery,
generator, or other alternate power source.
Lighting in dwelling units.
10. ELECTRICAL POWER
ECBC has only mandatory requirements for electrical power
systems installed in buildings.
These provisions are related to distribution
transformers, electric motors, power factor, &
distribution losses.
11. EXEMPTIONS
The provisions do not apply to:
Buildings that don’t use either electricity or fossil fuel.
Equipment and portions of building systems that use
energy primarily for manufacturing processes.
12. SUSTAINABILITY
The state in which components of ecosystem & their
functions are maintained for the present and future
generations.
(Sustainability is the goal of sustainable development
& can result from the application of the concept of
sustainable development.)
13. APPROACH TO
SUSTAINABILITY
THE NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The concept is to ensure that every living being on earth
will have equal opportunity to utilise the natural & man
made resource for survival & to develop for mutual
benefits for all time to come.
15. SIMPLE SD FACTS
7.2 million tonnes of food and drink from our homes is thrown away every year in the UK, and
more than half of this is food and drink we could have eaten
50% of waste collected by local authorities in the UK was sent to landfill in 2010/11, compared
to an EU-27 average of 40%
Recycling saves more than 18 million tonnes of carbon dioxide a year – equivalent to taking 5
million cars off the road
We would need 3 planet earths if everyone lived like we do in the UK
Turning PC’s off in the computer suites for 1 hour a day would save over £11,000 per year in
waste energy
National figures gathered on the use of plastic carrier bags show 9 billion are used in the UK
each year, of which most of this ends up in landfill sites
99.4% international aid money goes to men not women. In developing countries 90% of the
money women earn goes back into the family, but only 35% of the money earned by men goes
to the back into the family.
16. TERMINOLOGY
Authority Having Jurisdiction – The authority which has been created by a
statute and which, for the purpose of the Code/Part, may authorize a
committee or an official or an agency to act on its behalf; herein after
called the authority.
Biodiversity – The variability among living organisms from all sources
including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the
ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity
within spaces, between species, and of ecosystems.
Building Environment – The surrounding in which a building operates,
including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, human beings
and their interrelations.
Building Performance – Ability of a building to fulfill required functions
under intended use conditions or behavior when in use.
17. TERMINOLOGY
Built Environment – The collection of man-made or
induced physical objects located in a particular area or
region.
Disaster – It is a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave
occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-
made causes, or by accident or negligence which results
in substantial loss of life, or human suffering or damage
to, and destruction of, property or damage to or
degradation of environment, and is of such a nature of
magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the
community of the affected area
18. Ecosystem – Community of biological organisms and their physical
environment, functioning together as an interdependent unit within a
defined area. NOTE – For the purpose of this definition, humans, animals,
plants, and micro-organisms are individually all considered biological
organisms.
Embodied Energy – The sum total of energy that is used to extract, process,
package, transport and install the material in the building. NOTE –
Embodied energy data is often collected using input and output analysis.
Emissivity (E) – It is the ratio of the rate of heat emitted by a surface as
compared to that of an absolutely black surface under similar conditions.
It varies with the temperature of the emitting surface.
Non-Renewable Source – Resource that exists in a fixed amount that cannot
be replenished on a human time scale. Non-renewable resources have the
potential for renewal only by the geological, physical and chemical
processes taking place over hundreds of millions of years. Nonrenewable
resources exist in various places in the earth’s crust.
19. Environmental Impact – Any change to the environment, whether adverse or
beneficial, wholly or partially, resulting from environmental aspects of a
building.
Green Roof System – An assembly that supports an area of
planting/landscaping, built up on a waterproofed substrate at any level
that is separated from the natural ground by a human made structure.
Heat Island Effect – A phenomenon in which urban air and surface
temperature are higher than nearby rural areas due to the replacement
of natural land cover with pavement, building, and other infrastructure.
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) – The SHGC is the fraction of incident
solar radiation admitted through a window, both directly transmitted, and
absorbed and subsequently released inward through conduction,
convection and radiation .
20. Sustainability – The state in which components of ecosystem and their
functions are maintained for the present and future generations.
Sustainable Buildings – A building that provides the specified building
performance requirements while minimizing disturbance to and improving
the functioning of local, regional, and global ecosystem both during and
after its construction and specified service life.
Sustainable Development – Development that meets the need of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own.
Thermal Absorptivity – A factor indicating the relative amount of radiation
absorbed by a surface as compared to an absorbing black body under the
same conditions. Its value is dependent upon the temperature of the
source and of the receiving surface.
21. Energy Efficient Design and
Processes
All efforts need to be made towards optimum and
efficient use of energy sources for life sustenance. The
increasing thrust on using non-fossil fuel energy for all
needs have to be given priority consideration. The
tapping of renewable sources of energy for lighting,
heating, cooling and ventilation needs, deserve special
attention. For example, an improved day light factor
will reduce the day lighting needs by means of
supplementary lighting. India with over 95 percent of
the clear design sky available, the design has to fully
utilize the associated benefits. While deciding on the
energy choices, life cycle cost analysis including
tangible and intangible benefits should be made and not
look at the onetime initial capital expenditure alone.
22. Integrated Water
Management
Considering an ever increasing demand for water,
efforts are needed to substantially reduce water
consumption in buildings. Integrated and sustainable
water management focusing on least anthropogenic
water discharge from human activities should be
pursued. The use of water conserving fixtures,
landscaping, rain water harvesting, aquifer recharging
and waste-water recycling need to be given due
consideration.
23. SITING, FORM AND DESIGN
The objective is to encourage passive design strategies
for every building as a means to reduce overall energy
consumption before pursuing active and mechanical
means in an effort to not only save energy but also
allow buildings and its operations to seamlessly
integrate with its immediate environment while
minimizing the overall negative impact on the
environment.
24. THERMAL MASSING
The responsible design professional shall carry out
building thermal massing studies to evaluate the impact
on thermal mass on the energy performance of the
building based on the local/equivalent weather data. A
report showing both the optimal thermal massing and
the choice of the proposed wall material of the building
together with the design approach for decision making
shall be prepared.
25. Ventilation Natural and
Cooling
A report illustrating the evaluation of the various
natural ventilation and cooling studies for the project,
shall be prepared. In addition, for high-rise buildings,
wind analysis shall be carried out to evaluate the
impact on wind movement and natural air flow changes
because of the new building proposed to be erected.
Strategies may include application of cross-ventilation,
and taking into account prevalent wind patterns,
seasonality, stack effect and other principles. A
narrative on how these aspects have been factored in
the design shall be prepared.
26. Optimal Daylighting
A day lighting analysis study based on the proposed form
of the building for the project shall be carried out and
documented. It shall be demonstrated that at least 50
percent of the regularly occupied areas of the building
achieve sufficient day lighting with a minimum day
lighting factor of 2 percent.
27. MATERIALS
One of the most effective strategies for minimizing the
environmental impacts of material usage is to reuse
existing buildings. Rehabilitation of existing building,
their shell and non-shell components, not only reduces
the volume of solid waste generated and its subsequent
diversion to landfills but also the environmental impacts
associated with the production, delivery and use or
installation of new building materials.
28. Environmental Concerns and Human Health
and Safety Aspects related to Building
Materials
There are many frequently used building materials like reconstituted
wood products, paints, glues, carpet and upholstery, which may release
gases, fumes, etc, from the chemical components used, even long after
the installation. These volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affect the
environment and human health and may cause headaches, dizziness,
respiratory problems and even major diseases in human and other living
beings.
29. Minimizing Green House Gas
(GHG) Emission
Construction sector in the country is a major consumer
of energy resulting in the largest share of CO2 emissions
in the atmosphere. Cement, steel and bricks, the
largest and bulk consumption items in the construction
industry, are contributors of large CO2 emissions. It is
estimated that close to a tone of CO2 is emitted during
the production of every tonne of cement, resulting in
very high GHG emission. Similarly, concrete, which is a
very widely used construction material has very high
GHG emission
30. BUILDING MATERIALS
An ideal sustainable building material is not only
environment friendly, causes no adverse impact on
health of occupants, is readily available, can be
reclaimed, can be recycled and is made from renewable
raw material, but also uses predominantly renewable
energy in its extraction, production and transportation.
Practically, this kind of ideal material may not be
available, hence when selecting sustainable materials,
it may be best to choose materials which fulfill most of
these criteria.
31. RECOMMENDED SUSTAINABLE
ALTERNATIVES
Structural Materials
Cement concrete
Use of fly ash and slag in cement concrete
Rice husk ash (RHA)
Ready mixed concrete (RMC)
Geopolymer concrete
Use of recycled aggregate
Precast/prefabricated/partially prefabricated concrete
elements
32. Use of light weight concrete
1) Preformed foam concrete
2) Ferrocement
Use of light weight aggregates in concrete
Commonly used masonry concrete blocks:
Solid and hollow concrete blocks
Autoclaved cellular (aerated) concrete blocks
Lightweight concrete blocks
Preformed foam cellular concrete block.
Concrete stone masonry blocks.
Burnt clay bricks and tiles- The following other types of bricks may also be
used as sustainable alternatives:
Hollow/perforated bricks.
Low and medium-fired bricks
34. Earth construction
Earthen buildings are easily recyclable, fire resistant,
bio-degradable, non-toxic, and have good thermal and
sound absorption and moisture regulating properties.
This type of construction can easily use onsite earth or
locally available material depending on the quality of
the earth available. Two main ways of making earthen
buildings are ramming where the earth is rammed
between shuttering to make walls, and use of earth
block (adobe), where the earth is first pressed into
blocks and dried before use.
35. options/considerations in this
area are:
*Adobe brick
* Adobe pouring construction
*Compressed earth blocks (CEB)
*Soil based building blocks
*Cob walls
*Stone
*Timber
*Plastics
*Metals
*Bamboo
*Mortar
36. Surface Materials
floor coverings
Stones, ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles, bamboo, linoleum,
terrazzo, metal tiles, recycled or reclaimed wood and
floorings with high recycled content may be some eco-
friendly materials if used with due consideration to
sustainability.
Following are recommendations on use of various floor
covering materials which may replace conventional
materials:
37. SURFACE FLOORING
Finish concrete flooring
Resilient flooring (bamboo and linoleum flooring) –
Bamboo is a natural, renewable, hard wearing and
economical option for flooring
Terrazzo in-situ flooring and tiles – These tiles may
contain up to 60 percent recycled content (crushed
stones) mixed with cement. It is a low embodied
energy, inert and highly durable and low maintenance
flooring
38. Ceramic/vitrified tiles – These are durable, have low
maintenance requirement and can have high recycled
content (clay mixed with up to 95 percent recycled
content like recycled glass and crushed stone and
feldspar), and are water resistant and may also be
recyclable depending upon the pigments added
Wooden flooring
Stones – Limestone, marbles, granites are some
common stones that last longer than the manufactured
tiles.
40. Grit wash
This finish uses waste stone pieces and aggregates like
marbles, granites, stones mixed with cement, etc. This
is a permanent finish requiring less maintenance.
41. Paints and coating
Paints made from natural raw ingredients such as milk
protein, minerals, bee wax, natural wax, lime, chalk,
talcum, earth and clay pigments and plant oils and
resins, should be preferred as they have little to no
smell and low VOCs.
42. Stone cladding
Stones can also be used as external wall finishes.
However, stone fixing has to be carefully considered for
high seismic zone and high rises.
43. Climatic Materials
Climatic changes is the prime factor affecting longevity
of the building, maintenance of a safe and eco-friendly
environment and durability of building materials. There
are several historic buildings which have existed for
centuries due to the reason that they were built with
durable materials to withstand different climatic
conditions of the places in which these were built.
These materials can be used for
(a) Climate responsive designs as well as for
(b) reducing the harmful impact on environment.
44. Thermal insulation materials
Thermal insulation materials are used for making a
building resistant to heat ingress and egress. A thermal
insulator is a poor conductor of heat and has low
thermal conductivity. Thermal resistance, thermal
conductivity, thermal transmittance, stability, density of
materials, long life, fire resistance, lack of odour, low
chemical activity, ability to cope with moisture and
good thermal resistance are some factors which have to
be considered in selecting materials for thermal
insulation.
45. Types of thermal insulation
materials
Insulation materials may be divided into organic and
non-organic groups (mineral fibres, glass wool, perlites)
according to their raw materials. Organic materials can
be subdivided into more environmental friendly for
example natural materials (cork, cotton and wool) and
less environment friendly for example synthetic
materials (polyurethane rigid foam and polystyrene).
46. a) Mineral wool - Mineral wool products are light and
have extremely good thermal insulation values. When
used as insulation both glass and rock wool need a
barrier of suitable material sheeting partly to avoid dust
and partly because the material cannot regulate
moisture as required.
Rock wool – It is a light weight high embodied energy
and fire resistant product, made from natural rock
basalt primarily under high heat.
ETC.
47. (b)Cellulose fibres - These can have very high recycled
content and can be made from waste papers (about 90
percent recycled papers) or pulveriz
c) Plastic – Many plastics have good water-proofing and
high thermal insulation properties (when produced as
foam). As a sealant, plastic can take many forms such
as paint, sheeting, paper, sealing strips and mastics ed
pulp and are cost-effective.
49. Covering or finishing materials
for thermal insulation
These may include :
a) Weather Barriers – These should be installed on the
outer surface of thermal insulation to protect the
insulation from the weather such as rain, snow, sleet,
dew, wind, solar radiation, atmospheric contamination
and mechanical damage.
b) Vapour retarders – These are materials which retard
the passage of moisture or vapour into the insulation.
Laminated foil-scrim membranes and metal and plastic
sheets are vapour retarders.
50. Moisture and air regulating
materials
Moisture and air regulation in sustainable building is
essential to get better indoor environmental quality as
well as to protect building and building components
from damage. Insulation and other components aimed
at controlling seepage of moisture and air to and from
building shall be included in the building envelope
design. Another environment friendly technique is to
use high recyclable moisture regulating materials like
adobe brick and mud construction
51. Water proofing materials
They can be categorized on the basis of application
(cold applied or injection type) or on the basis of their
types or state (layer type or fluid type).
a) Cement based waterproofing products
b) Plastic-Polymer products
c) Brick bat coba
d) Bentonite clay
e) Other waterproofing membrane materials