Zero energy building

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PLANNING, DESIGN AND EFFECTIVENESS STUDY OF ZERO ENERGY
BUILDING
A PROJECT PRESENTATION ON
PRESENTED BY:
ANIL SINGH
ASHOK BHANDARI

DESIGN, PLANNING AND EFFECTIVENESS STUDY OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDING
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WIFI CONCEPT OF ENERGY
 No Distribution charge and no loss of energy
 Sustainable and reduce environmental cost

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INTRODUCTION
 Worldwide growing energy resource shortage
 The building with zero net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the
building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site, or in
other definitions by renewable energy sources elsewhere are known as Zero Energy Buildings.
 “zero goal”
 Complex concept

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 To provide the detail, ambitious, clear definition and fast uptake of zero energy building.
 Possible technical solution of energy demand and energy produced on site.
 Design a building with Net zero energy concept.
 To eliminate the necessity of active energy loads on the building.
 Comparing the net zero energy building with conventional building.
 Recommendations on various climatic conditions
OBJECTIVE

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IMPORTANCE
 Isolation for building owners from future energy price increases.
 Increased comfort due to more uniform interior temperatures.
 Reduced requirement for energy austerity.
 Reduced total cost of ownership due to improved energy efficiency.
 Extra cost is minimized for new construction compared to an afterthought retrofit.
 Higher resale value as potential owners demand more ZEBs than available supply.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
 Coined by Torcellini et al. in 2006
 Kilkis, (2007) basically focused on balancing “zero” both quantity and quality of energy and stated that
both these factors should be taken into considerations.
 Mertz, et al. (2007) made two approaches towards ZEB: a net-zero energy building or net-zero CO2 (CO2
neutral) building
 Jens Laustsen in 2008, at International Energy Agency, USA (IEA) defined as
 Zero Net Energy Buildings
 Zero CO2 buildings Buildings
 Hernandez et al. (2010) indicates that accounting embodied energy in the balance would allow to
estimate the true environmental impact of a building.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Option
Number
ZEB supply side options Examples
0 Reduce site energy use through low building technologies Daylighting, high efficiency HVAC equipment, natural
ventilation, evaporative cooling etc.
1 Use renewable energy sources available within the
building’s footprint.
PV, solar hot water, and wind located on the building.
2 Use renewable energy sources available at the site PV, solar hot water, low-impact hydro, and wind located on-
site, but not on the building
3 Use renewable energy sources available off site to
generate energy on site
Biomass, wood pellets, ethanol, or biodiesel that can be
imported from off site, or waste
4 Purchase off-site renewable energy sources Utility-based wind, PV, emissions credits, or other “green”
purchasing options. Hydroelectric is sometimes considered.
ZEB Renewable Energy Supply Option Hierarchy, Torcellini, (2006)

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CHEAPEST SOLUTION EXPENSIVE SOLUTION
Passive Design of Building Use of Energy Efficient Systems Use of Renewable Energy
Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3
demand reduction
(using passive low cost measures)
operational reduction
(using active measures average cost methods)
recover and offset
(consumption using advanced high cost
measures)
• Massing
• Building envelope design
i. Wall insulation
ii. Control on window to wall ratio(WWR)
iii. Solar heat gain coefficient, visible light
transmittance and u-values (choice of
materials)
iv. Day lighting
v. Space planning
• Active solar design
• Selection of high efficiency equipment of
energy control
• Enhancement of HVAC design
• Thermal storage, heat recovery etc.
• Off grid Renewable energy
APPROACH TOWARDS ZEB

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SURVEY TO BE DONE
1. Energy Focus
2. Energy Supply System
3. Renewable Energy Options
4. Type Of Renewable Sources
5. Building Type
6. Single Or Community
STEPS
1. Evaluation of the building energy demand using as Input data
2. Assessing the on-site renewable energies potential
3. Already implemented ZEB, case study
4. Developing and optimizing energy mixes using 3D drawings for passive
design
5. Heat transfer through insulated envelope
• U- value calculation
• COMSOL SIMULATION
6. Solar energy calculation
7. Structural design

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BUILDINGS:MAJOR CONSUMER
Industry
33%
Buildings
39%
Transportat
ion
28%
Industry Builldings Transportation
• Dominant consumer of the fossils and energy
• European countries have already targeted 2050
to make every home a zero energy building.
• INDIA- hardly started
• Only one purpose- sustainable development

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1% 13%
20%
27%
13%
4%
6%
10%
1%
5%
RESEDENTIAL
Heating
Water Heating
lighting
Cooling
Refrigeration
Electronics
Wet Clean
Cooking
Computers
Others
29%
27%3%
7%
7%
7%
4%
3%
2%
11%
INDUSTRIAL
Lights
Cooling
Heating
Water Heat
Office Equipments
Ventilation
Refrigeration
Computers
Cooking
Others
• Control should be done on the major areas like heating and cooling.

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DESIGN OF PROPOSED RESEDENTIAL BUILDING
PASSIVE DESIGN
 Design as per sun and temperature
 The building itself or some element of it takes advantage of natural energy characteristics in materials
and air created by exposure to the sun
 Kerala lies on northern hemisphere
Orientation of building Solar gain received Design remarks
True South 100% A 3D model was rotated over the artificial sky
software “LUMION” to get orientation as 10 degree
away from south to get optimum shading whereas
solar panels will be kept on true south. Most of
windows south faced and longer axis on east west.
22.5° away from south, either south-south-
east or south-southwest
92%
45° away from south, either southeast or
south-west
70%
67.5° away from south, either east-south-east
or west-south-west
36%
1. ORIENTATION

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• Major component of envelope forming for any building.
• Best way to maintain the indoor temperature is by providing the insulation over the wall.
components Materials Width(m)
1 Brick 0.10
2 Holder(timber) 0.005
3 Insulation1 0.05
4 Insulation2 0.05
5 Plaster 0.003
Dimensions of wall
** On the basis of U-value and heat transfer
2. WALL DESIGN

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 almost the 30% in the building envelope for zero energy building.
Orientation Type Area(m2) Remarks
East 2 triple glazed window
2 double glazed window
2*(2*1.5)
+2*(1.5*1.5)
=10.5
It is the hottest side and the main living room for the owner is
selected as it isn’t used during day.
Site consist trees on this side for shading.
West 2 double glazed 2*(1.5*1.5) =4.5 Due to shade, double glazing is sufficient
North Ventilations and windows
for kitchen and dinning
Approx..6 Since the sun is tilted to little south side of the building the big
rooms are selected on this side
South 3 triple glazed**
windows and 3 louvrens
3*(2*1.5) +3*(1*1.5)
=13.5
For northern hemisphere of the earth, windows should be south
faced and most of the rooms for study and working rooms are
on this side preferably
3. WINDOW DESIGN

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Windows components
Detail of doubly glazed window
 Selection on the basis of U-value and heat transfer.

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 Incoming solar radiation in buildings has strong implications both on visual and thermal aspects.
 Since the temperature variations is not seen significant in this climatic conditions fixed shadings are reliable,
how ever lightshelves should be used on south east rooms.
4. SOLAR SHADINGS
Orientation Provisions Remarks
EAST 65cm outer shading, 10cm internal shadings as light sleves More heat on south east
WEST 65cm outer shading -
NORTH 65cm outer shading -
SOUTH 65cm outer shading for both windows and louvrens A vertical shadings sheet on
eastern portions.
 Dimensions was fixed from LUMION to have shade on maximum height sun

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 Provides incoming pre-cooled air into the building using earth as he cooling source.
 significant decrease in temperature of 4oC.
 Designed as per literature available
• Tubes length= 20m which are made
coiled form of 5m each (for 4 living
room)
• Depth = 3m
• Turns =2*4
• Diameter =12cm
Fig :Side view on bottom portion of building
5. GROUND COOLING

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6. FLOOR AND EDGES
Element Description Element
Thickness(mm)
Inside surface -
Sand cement screed 65.0
Concrete 1:2:4 2000 kg/m³ 150.0
Polythene separation layer 0.5
Insulation on edges 50.0
Damp proof membrane 0.9
Ground -
Dimensions Drawings

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ROOF usage
2nd floor
25m2 For solar panels
4m2 For sky lights above staircase
Roof above living rooms Extra 50mm damp-proof concrete is used and made a green roof by planting
grasses. During the structural design the weight of this soil and material are
considered which increases by 1kN/m2
Remaining roof and 1st
floor roof-portion
Used for rain water harvesting and made 1:45 slope and also painted with perfect
white.
UTILITY OF THE ROOF
7. ROOF DESIGN

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This colour
absorbs more than this
Roof top colour

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CHECK FOR PROPOSED DATAS
U-VALUE
 Measure of how much heat is lost through a given thickness of a particular material, but includes
the three major ways in which heat loss occurs – conduction, convection and radiation.
 Significance
 planning energy related renovations of buildings, selection process
 Temperature difference
 Insulation quality
 upper resistance limit (R upper) and lower resistance limit (R lower) calculated and U = 1/R1.

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F1
F2
F3
F4
external
surface
internal
surface
1 2 3(b) 4(a) 5
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1 2 3(a) 4(b) 5
6
1 2 3(b) 4(b) 5
6
1 2 3(a) 4(a) 5
6
2
external surface
1
3 (b)
3 (a) 4 (a)
4 (b)
5
internal surface
Heat flow through blocks for upper resistance
Heat flow through blocks for lower resistance
Result
U- value= 0.32 W/m2K

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UT = [0.35-0.19(AR/AT) -0.10(AGF/AT) + 0.413(AF/AT)]
TARGET U-VALUE FOR BUILDING
Exposed element Exposed surface area
(m2)
U-value
(W/m2K)
Rate of heat loss per degree
Wall 308.4 0.19 58.60
Roof 195.65 0.23 45.00
Ground floor 124.93 0.23 28.73
Windows
Triple glazed
Doubled glazed
15.00
10.08
2.7
3.01
40.50
32.50
Solid doors 3.99 3.0 11.97
Totals 658.95 217.30
= 0.467 W/m2K.
Uavg =
Total rate of heat loss per degree
Total external Surface area
=
217.3
658.95
= 0.33 W/m2K
OK!!

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 Simulation of heat transfer from the envelope of the building.
DOMAIN material Density(kg/m3) Thermal
conductivity(W/mK)
Specific heat
capacity(J/kgK)
1 brick 1820 0.811 820
2 Holder(timber) 600 0.072 1680
3 insulation 35 0.02 880
4 insulation 35 0.018 882
5 plaster 740 0.18 1050
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Outside : 313K Heat flux: Natural convection with ambient temperature same as 313K
Inside: 296K Heat flux: Natural convection with ambient temperature 296K
SIMULATION ON COMSOL
1. WALL

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
With ground cooling Without ground cooling
Till 3 and half hours, the
temperature will be below the
initial temperature
unidirectional heat flow and inner
temperature rises to 299.2K after 6 hours

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Comparison of single, double, triple glazed window is done by following the above procedure and using
4mm thickness glass and 12mm thickness argon-fill
After the heat transfer for 6 hours, triple
glazed window is more efficient as the
internal temperature will increase to
301K compared with 303K for double
glazed and 308K for single glazed.
2.WINDOW
Figure: Comparison graph of single, doubled and tripled glazed window
Single glazed
Double glazed
Triple glazed

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Energy calculated on the carpet area and demand reduction on the basis of case studies
TOTAL CONNECTD LOAD = 19870W
DIVERSITY FACTOR = 2.5
MAXIMUM DEMAND =7948W
REDUCED DEMAND =4000W
ENERGY OPTIONS
For a residential home , the on-site source most usually is solar energy.
Ministry of New and Renewable energy will provide the online calculation and provides idea about
the required cost of the rooftop solar panels.
ENERGY CALCULATION

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SELECTION OF STATE: KERALA
• Average DNI OF KERALA= 5.023200195
• Considered as higher value
• Roof area used be 25%
• Feasible Plant size= 4kW
• Cost of the Plant:
• Without subsidy: 300,000
• With 30% subsidy: 210,000
• Total Electricity Generation from Solar Plant:
• Annual: 6000kWh
• Life-Time (25 years): 150000kWh
• Loan provided by MNRE: ₹52500
• Loan Interest Rate: 10%
• Loan Period: 10 years

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 solar panels selected: 300W
 size= 76.93 x 38.7 x 1.57in (1954 x 982 x 40mm)
 Maximum Series Fuse Rating: 15A
 Cell Type: Poly-crystalline 156 x 156mm, 3 or 4 Busbars
 Cell Arrangement: 72 (6 x 12)
 Area of each panel: 2m2
 Number of panels required: 14
 Area on rooftop for solar panels: 5.5m*5.5m
 Carbon dioxide emissions mitigated is 123 tonnes
 This installation will be equivalent to planting 197 teak trees over the life period (as per IISC data)
ACHIVEMENTS

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-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Thousands
BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS
PROFIT BREAKEVEN POINT
BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS
YEAR PROFIT (₹)
2017 -96376
2022 -13042
2027 86669
2032 207000
2037 353000
2042 550000
PROFIT CALCULATION
• Breakeven year will be after 6 years

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Net metering is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system owners for the electricity they add to the
grid
The electricity meter will run backwards to provide a credit against what electricity is consumed at night or
other periods where the home's electricity use exceeds the system's output. Customers are only billed for
their "net" energy use.
NET-METER
NET-METERING IN KERALA

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Beam and column designed using STAAD and slab, footing with hand computation

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SLAB At support At mid-span
Y-direction X-direction Y-direction X-direction
S1
#8@200mmc/c #8@150mmc/c
#8@200mmc/c #8@150mmc/c
S2 #8@200mmc/c #8@150mmc/c #8@200mmc/c #8@150mmc/c
ROOF SLAB

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Beam At support At mid span Shear reinf.
Top reinf. Bottom reinf. Top reinf.
Bottom
reinf.
B1 3, #12mm 3, #12mm 3, #12mm 3, #12mm 2L, #8mm @ 280mm c/c
ROOF BEAMS
COLUMNS LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
C1 4, #16 mm bars #8 mm ties @ 200 mm c/c

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16, #12mm bars on both sides
FOOTING

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i.Orientation East-West.
ii.Provision of overhangs & fins to shade fenestration.
iii.a wind tunnel to pass wind (a demonstration of Venturi
Effect). This cross ventilates the non AC sections of the building
iv.provides cooling through draft, Stack effect by an open to sky
(or pergola) courtyard.
v.Planting trees to shade the building
vi.Placement of windows on the N-S facades
CASE STUDY
1. ENERGY MANAGEMENT CENTRE, TRIVANDRUM

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Alternative Lights Equipment Heating cooling fans total
Electrical End-use Total (kWh)
Base case 80,161 17,362 196 1,04,765 35,269 2,37,753
Proposed case 50,858 17,362 113 95,566 28,045 1,91,944
Incremental Electrical saving (kWh)
Proposed case 29,303 0 83 9,199 7,224 45,809
ENERGY DEMAND ANALYSIS
 Significant energy saved

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 Location: Malankara Tea Plantation, Kottayam, Kerala, India
 System Power: 27kW Grid/Hybrid System
BENEFITS
 Energy cost savings payback in fewer than five years
 Complete disconnection from the unreliable grid, functioning solely on self-
generated solar power
 Reduction of up to 47 tons of carbon emissions per year, saving an estimated 97%
in diesel fuel consumption.
 Capability to sell excess electricity generated back to the grid, making the
complex an energy-plus building
2. MALANKARA TEA PLANTATION

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• Not used any demand reduction as design is not an ZEB concept

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EFFECTIVENESS STUDY
 Relationship between zero energy and nearly zero CO2
 Temporal disparities and Local disparities between
Produced and Consumed energy
 Flexibility and lock-in effects
 Climate, building geometry and usage conditions
 Zero energy Construction
 Zero energy village
 Balance and Back-up
 Cost optimal

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CONCLUSION
 Only renewable source of energy is used and CO2 Emission free
 Insulation along with geothermal cooling keep inside temperature 21 – 23 oC
 Net zero energy achieved
 Wall, windows and ventilation are the main component to be designed
 Better thermal comfort to that of conventional building
 White colour roof reduces 5 – 6 oC temperature in the room below the roof
 Minimum thickness of slab 150 mm and insulating slab is as important as wall
 Breakeven is on 6th year
 Saving energy is producing energy

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FUTURE SCOPE OF PROJECT
 Making an energy efficient buildings
 Adaptation of Insulation for energy saving in design
 People independent of conventional energy like fuel, coal etc.
 Reduce the impact of energy crisis
 Change in the design concept
 Balance between demand and supply of energy
 Meeting the sustainability aspect, which is the future of world

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1. Peterson K., Torcellini P., Roger G. (2015) “A common definition of zero energy building” U.S. Department of
Energy
2.Torcellini P., Pless S., and Deru M. (2006) “Zero energy building: A critical look on definitions” U.S. Department
of Energy
3.Macedon D., Ion V., Mircea N., Bogdan G. (2014) “Solar heating & cooling energy mixes to transform low
energy buildings in nearly zero energy buildings” International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for
Buildings and Industry, Energy Procedia vol.48 (924 – 937)
4.“Towards nearly zero energy building” Technical report- European commission (2013)
REFERENCES

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ENERGY ENERGY
SAVE ENERGY
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Zero energy building

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