The document provides details about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the oldest civilizations in world history. It describes the origins and migrations of the Dravidian people from Africa to India and Central Asia. It discusses the development of large, well-planned cities like Mohenjo-Daro with advanced architecture, sanitation systems, and religious structures. The document also notes that the civilization declined between 1800-1700 BC for unknown reasons, and that many of the Indus Valley people may have migrated to other regions like Elam and Sumer.
A brief understanding into the ancient river valley civilisations and their modern day stories in understanding architecture, religion & design philosophy
Mesopotamia, located in modern-day Iraq, was the site of some of the earliest human civilizations beginning around 4500 BC. The region, situated between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, saw the rise of urban centers and writing, key components of what we consider civilization. Early Mesopotamian societies developed systems of kingship, trade, religion centered around temples, and advances in technology including irrigation, numeracy, and the written word in cuneiform script. Despite challenges like unpredictable flooding and lack of natural resources, early Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians thrived for thousands of years due to agricultural surpluses enabled by irrigation along the rivers.
1) The Indus Valley Civilization utilized many natural resources from the Indus River basin including timber for construction, fresh water for drinking and irrigation, and marine resources. Clay from the river was used to make bricks for building.
2) The Indus traded extensively, importing materials like carnelian, jade, turquoise and exporting goods such as cotton cloth, beads, and gems. Major trading partners included Mesopotamia and cities in Oman.
3) Ancient Egypt's primary natural resource was the Nile River which provided water, transportation and fertile soil. They also exploited stone, copper, flint and grew crops like papyrus and flax. Like the Indus, Egypt engaged in
The document summarizes key aspects of early civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia and Egypt between 4000 BCE - 200 CE. It describes how the Fertile Crescent's fertile soil and flood patterns supported the rise of Sumerian cities like Ur and Uruk, where innovations included writing systems, architecture, laws, and literature. Egyptian civilization centered around the Nile River, where pharaohs built massive pyramids and the practice of mummification helped with beliefs about the afterlife. Both developed systems of writing - cuneiform clay tablets in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt - to record their cultural and religious traditions.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into the region, influencing the Harappan culture and religion. They established Vedic religion, with its hymns collected in the Rig Veda and concepts of dharma, samsara, and karma. This helped develop the system of castes that stratified Indian society.
The document provides an overview of the Fertile Crescent region located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It describes the early civilizations that emerged there, including the Sumerians around 3200 BC. Key aspects of society, government, religion, and cultural developments in Mesopotamia are summarized, such as the use of cuneiform writing and the later influence of empires like Babylon, Assyria, and Persia in the region.
A brief understanding into the ancient river valley civilisations and their modern day stories in understanding architecture, religion & design philosophy
Mesopotamia, located in modern-day Iraq, was the site of some of the earliest human civilizations beginning around 4500 BC. The region, situated between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, saw the rise of urban centers and writing, key components of what we consider civilization. Early Mesopotamian societies developed systems of kingship, trade, religion centered around temples, and advances in technology including irrigation, numeracy, and the written word in cuneiform script. Despite challenges like unpredictable flooding and lack of natural resources, early Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians thrived for thousands of years due to agricultural surpluses enabled by irrigation along the rivers.
1) The Indus Valley Civilization utilized many natural resources from the Indus River basin including timber for construction, fresh water for drinking and irrigation, and marine resources. Clay from the river was used to make bricks for building.
2) The Indus traded extensively, importing materials like carnelian, jade, turquoise and exporting goods such as cotton cloth, beads, and gems. Major trading partners included Mesopotamia and cities in Oman.
3) Ancient Egypt's primary natural resource was the Nile River which provided water, transportation and fertile soil. They also exploited stone, copper, flint and grew crops like papyrus and flax. Like the Indus, Egypt engaged in
The document summarizes key aspects of early civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia and Egypt between 4000 BCE - 200 CE. It describes how the Fertile Crescent's fertile soil and flood patterns supported the rise of Sumerian cities like Ur and Uruk, where innovations included writing systems, architecture, laws, and literature. Egyptian civilization centered around the Nile River, where pharaohs built massive pyramids and the practice of mummification helped with beliefs about the afterlife. Both developed systems of writing - cuneiform clay tablets in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt - to record their cultural and religious traditions.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into the region, influencing the Harappan culture and religion. They established Vedic religion, with its hymns collected in the Rig Veda and concepts of dharma, samsara, and karma. This helped develop the system of castes that stratified Indian society.
The document provides an overview of the Fertile Crescent region located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It describes the early civilizations that emerged there, including the Sumerians around 3200 BC. Key aspects of society, government, religion, and cultural developments in Mesopotamia are summarized, such as the use of cuneiform writing and the later influence of empires like Babylon, Assyria, and Persia in the region.
This document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia. It flourished around 4000-1000 BCE along the Indus River valley. Key traits included the development of large urban settlements like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, advanced sanitation systems, and extensive trade networks connecting it to other regions. The civilization declined around 1900 BCE for currently unknown reasons, but its roots stretch back even earlier and influenced later cultures in the region.
The document provides information on ancient civilizations from the Bronze Age and Iron Age. It discusses the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Chinese, and Indus Valley civilizations that arose during the Bronze Age. It notes that the Indus Valley civilization had advanced urban planning with well-designed cities, an agricultural economy, and evidence of trade. During the Iron Age, advanced civilizations developed in Greece, Rome, Persia, and India. The Greek civilization is highlighted, noting the development of democratic forms of government in city-states like Athens and Sparta, as well as Greece's contributions to art, philosophy, science, and literature.
The document provides information on ancient civilizations from the Bronze Age and Iron Age. It discusses the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Chinese, and Indus Valley civilizations that arose during the Bronze Age. It notes that the Indus Valley civilization had advanced urban planning with cities divided into residential and citadel areas. It then discusses the Iron Age civilizations of Greece, Rome, Persia, and India, noting that Greece is considered the birthplace of Western civilization and produced influential philosophers, scientists, historians, and dramatists. The document aims to describe the major developments, contributions, and characteristics of these early civilizations.
Ancient civilizations in China, India, and Southeast Asia developed advanced cultures with centralized governments, occupational specializations, and religious beliefs. The Indus Valley and Shang civilizations exhibited organized urban planning, defensive structures, and social hierarchies. While the Indus civilization declined around 1500 BC possibly due to floods, climate change or invasion, the Shang fell in 1150 BC after being overthrown by a rival king, beginning China's Warring States period.
The document compares the Indus Valley and Mesopotamian civilizations. Both civilizations developed around rivers, with Indus Valley along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East. While the Indus Valley cities had planned grids and drainage systems, Mesopotamian cities had temples and defensive walls. Religion, government, and writing also differed between the civilizations, though they shared similarities like brick construction and agricultural dependence.
The document provides historical background on the architecture of the Ancient Near East. It describes the region of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq. Several cultures arose and flourished in the region over 5000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. The document then focuses on Sumerian architecture, describing houses, temples like the White Temple at Uruk and Great Ziggurat at Ur, and the Oval Temple at Khafaje. It also discusses Assyrian architecture including the city of Khorsabad and Palace of Sargon. Finally, it covers Babylonian architecture and the rebuilding of
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into northern India, influencing the Harappan culture and religion. They established Vedic religion, with its hymns collected in the Rig Veda, and introduced the caste system. The Upanishads later expanded Vedic philosophy, introducing concepts like samsara, karma, and moksha.
Harappan Civilizations ICSE History & CivicsAashish Singla
Harappan Civilizations/Indus Valley Civilization
ICSE History & Civics
Grade IX ICSE History
Chapter 1. The Harappan Civilization
According to latest syllabus.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 4000-1000 BC along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, streets, wells, and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade networks. While its writing remains undeciphered, artifacts indicate it may have been an advanced civilization. Around 1500 BC, ecological disasters and Aryan migrations contributed to the decline and deurbanization of the Indus Valley civilization.
The document provides background information on early civilizations that developed around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. It discusses the Sumerian civilization that emerged around 3500 BC and was composed of independent city-states like Ur and Uruk. It also describes how later empires like the Akkadians, Amorites, Hittites, Assyrians and Chaldeans conquered and united the region at different points in history. The document highlights the civilizations' advances in irrigation, writing systems, legal codes, and religious practices that influenced later societies in the region.
This document provides an overview of Module 3 of the course History of Architecture I. It discusses the architecture of the Ancient Near East, including Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian architecture. For Sumerian architecture, it describes the White Temple at Uruk and the Great Ziggurat at Ur as examples of Sumerian temples. It also discusses the Oval Temple at Khafaje as an example of a city temple. The module then moves to discussing Assyrian architecture, including an introduction to Assyrian cities and architecture as well as details about the city of Khorsabad.
Sargon II built the Palace of Dur-Sharrukin as the new Assyrian capital between 722-705 BC, importing materials from Phoenicia. The palace complex contained over 210 rooms arranged around three courtyards, decorated with reliefs and ivory, and protected by a surrounding wall. A four-story ziggurat stood nearby. Though nearly complete, Sargon II died in battle in 705 BC before fully finishing the palace, and the city was abandoned as a bad omen.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished between 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE in South Asia. It extended from present-day Pakistan and northwest India to Gujarat. The civilization is also known as the Harappan civilization, named after its first excavated site of Harappa. Key features of the Indus Valley civilization included well-planned cities divided into citadels and lower towns with drainage systems. Major sites included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, one of the largest at 300 hectares. The civilization collapsed around 1900 BCE due to factors like climate change, deforestation, and shifting river patterns.
ANCIENT INDIAN ARCHITECTURE -INDUSVALLEY CIVILIZATION AND VEDIC AGENajiaSyefa
history of indian architecture - indusvalley civilization , the vedic age , timeline of evolution of religion in india and how it affected the architecture of the ancient india.
Mohenjo-Daro was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley civilization located in present-day Pakistan. It was built around 2500 BCE and had a population of around 35,000-40,000 people. The city had advanced architecture and urban infrastructure with buildings arranged in a grid pattern along wide streets. Notable structures included granaries, residential houses, and public baths. Archaeologists have also found sculptures, pottery, and seals providing clues about Indus Valley culture and religion. Mohenjo-Daro was a well-planned urban center that demonstrated a high level of social organization among the Indus Valley people.
The document provides an overview of West Asiatic architecture from 3000 BC to 330 BC. It discusses the geographical, climatic, and religious conditions that influenced architectural styles. Major periods included the Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian eras. Characteristics of the architecture included buildings constructed from mudbricks on elevated platforms, temples built as ziggurats, and palaces decorated with bas-reliefs and colorful glazed bricks. Important structures highlighted include the Ziggurat of Ur, Ishtar Gate and Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and the palaces of Khorsabad and Persepolis.
The ancient Egyptians developed one of the earliest and most influential civilizations due to the reliable flooding of the Nile River. The Nile provided fertile soil and transportation, allowing the Egyptians to develop a stable agricultural society. Religion and the pharaoh played a central role in Egyptian culture and helped organize society. The Egyptians also made advances in architecture, art, science, and writing with their development of hieroglyphics. They had a strong belief in the afterlife which was evident through their practices of mummification and construction of pyramids and tombs.
This document provides an overview of the emergence and development of early civilizations. It discusses how approximately 10,000 years ago, humans began cultivating plants and herding animals, allowing some to live sedentary lives. Around 5,000 years ago, humans learned to control river waters, enabling richer harvests and population growth. The earliest civilizations formed in river valleys, inventing practices like writing, metalworking, cities, complex religions, and social hierarchies. The document then examines specific early civilizations like the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Israelites in greater detail.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, located along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. At its height, the civilization's cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had over 5 million inhabitants and sophisticated urban planning with drainage and water supply systems. While its writing still remains undeciphered, the Indus Valley Civilization developed new crafts and technologies. The civilization began declining around 1800 BCE due to changing river patterns and flooding, and was later influenced by migrations of Aryan peoples into the region starting around 1500 BCE.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, located along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. At its height, the civilization's cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had populations over 5 million and sophisticated urban planning with drainage and water supply systems. While its writing remains undeciphered, the civilization developed new crafts and trade. By 1800 BCE, the civilization began declining as its connections with other regions were lost and some cities were abandoned, possibly due to flooding of the Saraswati River. Around 1500 BCE, nomadic Aryan groups migrated into the region, introducing new languages and religious
This document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia. It flourished around 4000-1000 BCE along the Indus River valley. Key traits included the development of large urban settlements like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, advanced sanitation systems, and extensive trade networks connecting it to other regions. The civilization declined around 1900 BCE for currently unknown reasons, but its roots stretch back even earlier and influenced later cultures in the region.
The document provides information on ancient civilizations from the Bronze Age and Iron Age. It discusses the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Chinese, and Indus Valley civilizations that arose during the Bronze Age. It notes that the Indus Valley civilization had advanced urban planning with well-designed cities, an agricultural economy, and evidence of trade. During the Iron Age, advanced civilizations developed in Greece, Rome, Persia, and India. The Greek civilization is highlighted, noting the development of democratic forms of government in city-states like Athens and Sparta, as well as Greece's contributions to art, philosophy, science, and literature.
The document provides information on ancient civilizations from the Bronze Age and Iron Age. It discusses the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Chinese, and Indus Valley civilizations that arose during the Bronze Age. It notes that the Indus Valley civilization had advanced urban planning with cities divided into residential and citadel areas. It then discusses the Iron Age civilizations of Greece, Rome, Persia, and India, noting that Greece is considered the birthplace of Western civilization and produced influential philosophers, scientists, historians, and dramatists. The document aims to describe the major developments, contributions, and characteristics of these early civilizations.
Ancient civilizations in China, India, and Southeast Asia developed advanced cultures with centralized governments, occupational specializations, and religious beliefs. The Indus Valley and Shang civilizations exhibited organized urban planning, defensive structures, and social hierarchies. While the Indus civilization declined around 1500 BC possibly due to floods, climate change or invasion, the Shang fell in 1150 BC after being overthrown by a rival king, beginning China's Warring States period.
The document compares the Indus Valley and Mesopotamian civilizations. Both civilizations developed around rivers, with Indus Valley along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East. While the Indus Valley cities had planned grids and drainage systems, Mesopotamian cities had temples and defensive walls. Religion, government, and writing also differed between the civilizations, though they shared similarities like brick construction and agricultural dependence.
The document provides historical background on the architecture of the Ancient Near East. It describes the region of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq. Several cultures arose and flourished in the region over 5000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. The document then focuses on Sumerian architecture, describing houses, temples like the White Temple at Uruk and Great Ziggurat at Ur, and the Oval Temple at Khafaje. It also discusses Assyrian architecture including the city of Khorsabad and Palace of Sargon. Finally, it covers Babylonian architecture and the rebuilding of
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into northern India, influencing the Harappan culture and religion. They established Vedic religion, with its hymns collected in the Rig Veda, and introduced the caste system. The Upanishads later expanded Vedic philosophy, introducing concepts like samsara, karma, and moksha.
Harappan Civilizations ICSE History & CivicsAashish Singla
Harappan Civilizations/Indus Valley Civilization
ICSE History & Civics
Grade IX ICSE History
Chapter 1. The Harappan Civilization
According to latest syllabus.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 4000-1000 BC along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, streets, wells, and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade networks. While its writing remains undeciphered, artifacts indicate it may have been an advanced civilization. Around 1500 BC, ecological disasters and Aryan migrations contributed to the decline and deurbanization of the Indus Valley civilization.
The document provides background information on early civilizations that developed around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. It discusses the Sumerian civilization that emerged around 3500 BC and was composed of independent city-states like Ur and Uruk. It also describes how later empires like the Akkadians, Amorites, Hittites, Assyrians and Chaldeans conquered and united the region at different points in history. The document highlights the civilizations' advances in irrigation, writing systems, legal codes, and religious practices that influenced later societies in the region.
This document provides an overview of Module 3 of the course History of Architecture I. It discusses the architecture of the Ancient Near East, including Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian architecture. For Sumerian architecture, it describes the White Temple at Uruk and the Great Ziggurat at Ur as examples of Sumerian temples. It also discusses the Oval Temple at Khafaje as an example of a city temple. The module then moves to discussing Assyrian architecture, including an introduction to Assyrian cities and architecture as well as details about the city of Khorsabad.
Sargon II built the Palace of Dur-Sharrukin as the new Assyrian capital between 722-705 BC, importing materials from Phoenicia. The palace complex contained over 210 rooms arranged around three courtyards, decorated with reliefs and ivory, and protected by a surrounding wall. A four-story ziggurat stood nearby. Though nearly complete, Sargon II died in battle in 705 BC before fully finishing the palace, and the city was abandoned as a bad omen.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished between 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE in South Asia. It extended from present-day Pakistan and northwest India to Gujarat. The civilization is also known as the Harappan civilization, named after its first excavated site of Harappa. Key features of the Indus Valley civilization included well-planned cities divided into citadels and lower towns with drainage systems. Major sites included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, one of the largest at 300 hectares. The civilization collapsed around 1900 BCE due to factors like climate change, deforestation, and shifting river patterns.
ANCIENT INDIAN ARCHITECTURE -INDUSVALLEY CIVILIZATION AND VEDIC AGENajiaSyefa
history of indian architecture - indusvalley civilization , the vedic age , timeline of evolution of religion in india and how it affected the architecture of the ancient india.
Mohenjo-Daro was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley civilization located in present-day Pakistan. It was built around 2500 BCE and had a population of around 35,000-40,000 people. The city had advanced architecture and urban infrastructure with buildings arranged in a grid pattern along wide streets. Notable structures included granaries, residential houses, and public baths. Archaeologists have also found sculptures, pottery, and seals providing clues about Indus Valley culture and religion. Mohenjo-Daro was a well-planned urban center that demonstrated a high level of social organization among the Indus Valley people.
The document provides an overview of West Asiatic architecture from 3000 BC to 330 BC. It discusses the geographical, climatic, and religious conditions that influenced architectural styles. Major periods included the Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian eras. Characteristics of the architecture included buildings constructed from mudbricks on elevated platforms, temples built as ziggurats, and palaces decorated with bas-reliefs and colorful glazed bricks. Important structures highlighted include the Ziggurat of Ur, Ishtar Gate and Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and the palaces of Khorsabad and Persepolis.
The ancient Egyptians developed one of the earliest and most influential civilizations due to the reliable flooding of the Nile River. The Nile provided fertile soil and transportation, allowing the Egyptians to develop a stable agricultural society. Religion and the pharaoh played a central role in Egyptian culture and helped organize society. The Egyptians also made advances in architecture, art, science, and writing with their development of hieroglyphics. They had a strong belief in the afterlife which was evident through their practices of mummification and construction of pyramids and tombs.
This document provides an overview of the emergence and development of early civilizations. It discusses how approximately 10,000 years ago, humans began cultivating plants and herding animals, allowing some to live sedentary lives. Around 5,000 years ago, humans learned to control river waters, enabling richer harvests and population growth. The earliest civilizations formed in river valleys, inventing practices like writing, metalworking, cities, complex religions, and social hierarchies. The document then examines specific early civilizations like the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Israelites in greater detail.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, located along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. At its height, the civilization's cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had over 5 million inhabitants and sophisticated urban planning with drainage and water supply systems. While its writing still remains undeciphered, the Indus Valley Civilization developed new crafts and technologies. The civilization began declining around 1800 BCE due to changing river patterns and flooding, and was later influenced by migrations of Aryan peoples into the region starting around 1500 BCE.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, located along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. At its height, the civilization's cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had populations over 5 million and sophisticated urban planning with drainage and water supply systems. While its writing remains undeciphered, the civilization developed new crafts and trade. By 1800 BCE, the civilization began declining as its connections with other regions were lost and some cities were abandoned, possibly due to flooding of the Saraswati River. Around 1500 BCE, nomadic Aryan groups migrated into the region, introducing new languages and religious
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE. Farming settlements began around 4000 BCE and around 3000 BCE there appeared the first signs of urbanization. By 2600 BCE, dozens of towns and cities had been established, and between 2500 and 2000 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization was at its peak.
The document provides an overview of the Indus Valley civilization that flourished between 2500 BC to 1700 BC in the plains of the Indus River and its tributaries in modern day Pakistan. It discusses how the cities like Mohenjo-Daro were destroyed multiple times by floods but rebuilt. Around 1700 BC, the cities were attacked by unknown invaders. Scholars debate whether these invaders were the Aryans or if climate change or earthquakes caused the decline of this civilization. The people may have dispersed and their culture and innovations were largely lost over time.
Indus valley civilization and vedic periodBusinerLinks
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization and the subsequent Vedic Period in India. It discusses that the Indus Valley Civilization spanned from around 2500 BCE to 1700 BCE, and was centered around two major cities - Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It was an urban civilization characterized by advanced architecture, sanitation systems, and trade. The civilization declined around 1700 BCE due to drought. The Vedic Period followed between 1500 BCE to 500 BCE, during which Indo-Aryan groups migrated into northern India. Society was largely rural and agriculture-based, with religious texts like the Rig Veda being compiled.
Asian studies; Ancient India, Indian Civilization, Indus Valley CivilizationJaymie Lopez
The document provides details about the ancient Indus Valley Civilization that existed from 3300-1300 BCE in modern day India and Pakistan. Some key points:
1) The civilization developed along the Indus River valley and its cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro which had advanced urban planning with drainage systems.
2) The culture is still mysterious as its writing remains undeciphered. Artifacts show an emphasis on trade, religion, and advanced agriculture including early cotton cultivation.
3) The civilization declined around 1900 BCE possibly due to drought or invasion, though the exact causes are uncertain. Immigrating Aryan groups may have contributed to its collapse and cultural transformation in northern India.
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this power point presentation is about Indus valley its culture traditions customs and religion also it is about geography and location of the valley
hope it is beneficial to you
The Indus River Valley civilization arose around 2600 BCE and was centered around the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The cities had well-planned layouts with modern plumbing and drainage systems. Writing from this time has yet to be translated. The civilization faced challenges from unpredictable rivers and strong winds/monsoons. It declined around 1500 BCE, possibly due to natural disasters, overuse of land, or invaders.
The Indus Valley civilization emerged along the Indus River in South Asia around 3200 BC. People began building planned cities around 2500 BC, with careful design that included fortified citadels, water and sewage systems, suggesting a strong central government. While the Harappan language has not been deciphered, the uniform culture extended over a large area and artifacts show a prosperous society with some religious figures that link to later Hindu traditions. Trade networks developed to move goods like gold, silver and cotton via the Indus River and overland routes.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 2600-1900 BC along the Indus River valley. At its peak, it had over 5 million inhabitants living in well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture including water and sewage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade and developed new techniques in metallurgy. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley civilization, archaeologists have uncovered artifacts that provide insights into its writing system, religious practices, and material culture, including tools, clothing, and pottery.
The Indus Valley Civilization was located in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. It featured large cities built with mud-brick houses along with sophisticated water and drainage systems. Trade was important, with goods imported and exported. While little is known about their culture and beliefs, the advanced nature of the IVC cities and infrastructure has led historians to describe it as one of the most advanced civilizations of its time. Preserving remains is important for continued research and study of this still mysterious Bronze Age society.
The document discusses the Indus Valley Civilization, which arose around 2700 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. Two major cities of the civilization were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which had planned streets laid out in a grid pattern and structures like granaries, wells, and public baths. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley civilization due to its undeciphered writing system, archaeologists have uncovered evidence that its people engaged in agriculture, crafts like pottery, and may have mysteriously disappeared due to ecological disasters or invasions by other groups.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 4000-1000 BC along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had impressive urban planning with organized streets and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in agriculture along the river and extensive trade. It declined around 1900-1300 BC due to various proposed factors such as flooding or drought.
The document provides information on the early Indus River Valley civilization and how geography influenced its development. It describes the location of the Indian subcontinent and key geographic features like the Himalayan mountains and monsoon rains. It discusses the origins of civilization in the Indus River valley around 2500 BC, with major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro that had advanced urban planning with grid layouts and drainage systems. The civilization traded with others along the Indus and Tigris rivers but eventually declined around 1500 BC as Aryan groups migrated into the region.
The Indus Valley civilization was one of the earliest civilizations in world history, located in northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. It featured large, well-planned urban centers like Harappa and Mohenjo Daro with populations of tens of thousands. The cities had advanced architecture, sanitation systems, and extensive trade networks. Though over 400 symbols have been found, the meaning of the Indus script remains unknown. The civilization grew wheat, barley, and other crops and had a diet including meat and fruits. Figurines suggest the worship of mother goddesses and animal deities. After 1900 BCE, the cities were rapidly abandoned due to unknown catastrophic events like migrations or assaults.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, flourishing from 3300-1300 BC along the Indus River valley. At its peak, the civilization had over five million inhabitants living in well-planned urban centers with sophisticated sanitation systems. Though much remains unknown about the civilization, archaeologists have uncovered extensive artwork, advanced agricultural practices, a system of uniform weights and measures, and evidence of religious practices. The causes of the civilization's decline around 1800 BC remain unclear but may have included climate change or invasion.
The Indus Valley Civilization developed along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and Northwestern India from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Its two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, featured planned streets laid out in grids, sophisticated sanitation systems, and standardized weights and measures. Residents lived in well-built homes and engaged in extensive trade. Though the civilization declined between 1900-1300 BCE for unknown reasons, it was an early urban society that developed significant achievements in urban planning, crafts, and infrastructure.
Ancient civilizations in China, India, and Southeast Asia developed along river valleys where conditions supported agriculture. Key features of civilizations included systems of government, distinct occupations, writing, religion, and scientific/artistic achievements. The Indus civilization declined around 1500 BC possibly due to floods, disease, or invasion while the Shang dynasty in China fell in 1150 BC after the last king was killed during an invasion, beginning China's Warring States period.
The document summarizes key information about the Indus Valley Civilization, including:
- The civilization flourished from 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley in what is now modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. At its peak it covered an area over 1 million square kilometers.
- Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, streets, and sanitation systems.
- While much is still unknown about the culture due to the undeciphered writing system, archaeology has revealed advanced techniques in metallurgy, crafts, and international trade. The civilization declined around 1300 BCE for unknown reasons.
The document summarizes key aspects of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished between 3300-1300 BC in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. It describes some of the earliest sites associated with the civilization, such as Mergarh and the major cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The cities had planned infrastructure like roads, wells, and baths, and some houses had attached toilets connected to sewers. Though the civilization declined around 1300 BC, its origins, writing system, and reasons for disappearance remain mysterious. The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the largest ancient civilizations and an important early center of human culture.
Genocide of the california indians pt.iiiSonniBlaq
The document discusses the origins of scalping and terms like "Redskin" used for Native Americans. It argues that scalping was a practice brought to North America by Europeans, who would pay bounties for scalps and body parts as proof of killing Native Americans. Over time, the bounties paid for scalps increased and were used as a means of genocide against Native tribes. The document claims that terms like "Redskin" were used by European settlers as a derogatory name for the bloody corpses they left after scalp hunts, and that the depiction of Native Americans in history has been distorted through the lens of European colonizers.
This document provides an overview of the genocide of California's Native American population during the American period from 1848 to the 1860s. It describes how the native population plummeted from 150,000 to around 50,000 in just 10 years due to disease, starvation, and massacres at the hands of white settlers who were eager to seize Native lands and resources. Native Americans were subjected to violence, slavery, and legal discrimination as whites justified their actions through a sense of racial superiority and manifest destiny over indigenous peoples and lands. The document outlines some of the specific massacres, laws passed to disenfranchise Natives, and general attitudes of the time that facilitated the widespread atrocities against California's original inhabitants.
This document discusses the genocide of California Native Americans that occurred following European contact and settlement. It notes that the indigenous population declined by 90-95% (around 130 million people) in just 200 years after 1492. It describes the concept of "Manifest Destiny" which was used to justify the expansion and conquest of Native lands in North America by white settlers. It criticizes this belief and the actions taken against indigenous peoples as a means for white settlers to compensate for their genetic weakness as albinos and prove their superiority. The document examines accounts from early Spanish explorers and missionaries about their interactions with and views of Native Californians.
This document provides a summary of black history in Europe from prehistoric times to modern era. It describes how Homo erectus and Neanderthals inhabited Europe hundreds of thousands of years ago. Around 45,000 BC, modern humans known as Grimaldi people crossed into Europe from Africa as the ice sheets retreated. They inhabited all of Europe. Skeletal remains show Grimaldi people had Negroid features. Cro-Magnon humans also migrated from Africa into Europe around 35,000 years ago. Many ancient civilizations arose in Europe with origins tracing back to North Africa and the Middle East, including Minoan, Etruscan, and Greek civilizations. Later invasions by pale-skinned groups from
Why formerly black and mongol american indiansSonniBlaq
This document discusses how the Osage Native American tribe in Oklahoma became wealthy in the early 20th century due to oil discoveries on their land. The US government allotted land and required tribal members to have white guardians manage their finances. However, many guardians and others took advantage of the Osage by stealing their wealth or murdering them to inherit their assets. One case involved a rancher who had his nephew marry and then help murder an Osage woman and her relatives to inherit their oil wealth and payments. The document also provides some early history of Jewish settlement in Oklahoma among Native American tribes and following the 1889 land run.
The document summarizes Theodore Roosevelt's views on European expansion and its impact on native populations. It argues that while some cruel injustices occurred, overall European rule benefited many native populations through increased population, well-being, and assimilation of ideas of civilization and Christianity. It provides examples of regions like India, Egypt, and the Philippines that thrived under foreign rule compared to unchecked native control. The document acknowledges wrongs but asserts the influence of European administrators and missionaries has been largely positive in many savage regions.
The document discusses the reasons for the lack of Black population in Argentina compared to other Latin American countries. It argues that in the 19th century, scientific racism promoted the idea that societies needed to "whiten" in order to develop. This led Argentina to favor European immigration over its local Black population. As a result, many Black Argentines chose to identify as white to avoid discrimination. Over time, through cultural assimilation and intermarriage, most Black Argentines were absorbed into the wider white society. This "whitening" was more successful in Argentina than other countries, contributing to it having the smallest Afro-descendant population in Latin America today.
The document summarizes the impact of Spanish reforms instituted by Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in the late 16th century on the Inca population. The key reforms included relocating indigenous peoples into Spanish-style towns (reducciones) to facilitate control and exploitation, imposing a tax system, and establishing forced labor drafts to work in mines. While the reforms aimed to increase royal revenues, they also enabled greater corruption by Spanish officials who exploited the new systems for private gain and profit by intimidating the local populations and extracting unpaid labor. The reforms undermined traditional Inca social structures and subjected people to an oppressive colonial caste system.
This document discusses evidence that the earliest inhabitants of Mexico and other parts of the Americas were black people, not Native Americans. It references several archaeological findings, including skulls dated to over 12,000 years ago that have characteristics distinct from modern Native Americans. The document also argues that the African slave trade had little impact on Mexico's population compared to other areas, and that free black people significantly outnumbered slaves in early census counts.
This document provides a summary of Giovanni da Verrazano's letter to King Francis I of France describing his 1524 voyage along the eastern coast of North America. Some key details:
- Verrazano encountered native peoples along the coast from present-day South Carolina to New York, finding them to be of varying skin tones and customs.
- He explored coastal regions he found to be temperate with forests containing unfamiliar but fragrant trees. Rivers and lakes supported abundant wildlife.
- Notable locations visited included a large estuary resembling New York Harbor and a triangular island offshore that was likely Long Island.
The document provides background information on the Aztec civilization. It describes the Aztecs' physical appearance based on Spanish accounts, noting they were described as tall, robust warriors. It discusses Aztec society as both socially docile but also prone to violence and individualism. The summary traces the Aztecs' uncertain origins in northern Mexico and their migration to the Valley of Mexico in the 12th-15th centuries AD. It outlines how the Aztecs built the city of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco and eventually formed a large empire through alliances and conquests by the 15th-early 16th centuries.
This document discusses how white people have rewritten history to portray themselves as the majority race and originators of civilization, when in fact they started none. It notes how white people delusionally think they are depicted in ancient Egyptian artifacts, when those depict black people. The document references Benjamin Franklin's writings about black leaders in Europe like Peter the Great of Russia, and shows military records indicating blacks and browns made up the majority of soldiers in the American Revolutionary War. It suggests revealing these truths will be a shock to the average white person who is unaware of this history due to white control of information.
This document discusses the origins and development of ancient civilizations in Europe and the Mediterranean. It provides evidence that early civilizations like Minoan Crete were Black civilizations, and that Black peoples were the original settlers of Europe. However, in the 19th century, white historians revised history to falsely portray Europeans as the indigenous peoples. The document examines archaeological, artistic and genetic evidence to show that Africa was the origin of the earliest European settlers and civilizations, contradicting the false, whitewashed history promoted by Europeans.
This document provides background information on the ethnic and racial demographics of Spain and the Spanish colonies in the Americas during the medieval and colonial periods. It notes that Spain has long been racially and ethnically diverse due to its proximity to Africa. It discusses the indigenous populations and African slave trade under Spanish rule. While the Spanish imported relatively few African slaves to their American mainland colonies compared to other European powers, Christopher Columbus, a former slave trader, began envisioning the natives as potential slave labor.
The document discusses the history of slavery in the Americas, noting that:
1) Indigenous peoples of the Americas were widely enslaved by European colonists, contrary to common narratives that focus only on African slavery. Indians were enslaved in large numbers and worked in mines, plantations, and as domestic servants across the Americas.
2) Slavery and other forms of forced labor were essential to the establishment and growth of European colonies in the Americas. Colonies were almost entirely dependent on enslaved Indian and African labor to produce goods for export.
3) Enslavement was an institution that affected peoples of all backgrounds in history. Anyone could potentially be enslaved, and Europeans were
The document discusses the history of the Inca's and Miskito/Mosquito Indians. It notes that the earliest recorded Miskito king dated back to around 900 AD, and tradition holds that he unified the local tribes along the Mosquito Coast. The Miskito came into contact with the English in the 1630s who established relations and bases in the region. Over time, the Miskito kings became anglicized as English influence grew. The document questions the narrative that African slaves shipwrecked on the coast and established the black population, noting the small number of slaves that actually landed in the area according to historical records.
Hunting north american indians in barbadosSonniBlaq
This document summarizes the author's research into evidence that North American Indigenous peoples were enslaved and exported to work on plantations in Barbados. Some key findings include documentation of a 1676 Barbados law banning the importation of "Indian slaves" from New England and surrounding colonies. The author also found numerous historical accounts and records from the 17th-18th centuries referring to "Indian" and "Negro and other slaves", suggesting Indigenous peoples were among those enslaved. Overall the document examines the transatlantic slave trade of Indigenous peoples from North America to the Caribbean, including Barbados.
How the cherokee indians became white and mulattoSonniBlaq
This document discusses the history of Black Native Americans known as Freedmen within the Cherokee and other tribes. It describes how Freedmen were once fully accepted tribal citizens but are now being denied citizenship and benefits. The tribes claim Freedmen are not truly Native American despite much evidence that they have Native ancestry and identified as tribal members for generations. Some Freedmen are turning to DNA testing to prove their Native heritage in hopes it will restore their rights.
This document provides a summary of the genocide of California Native Americans that occurred when white settlers arrived in the region. It describes how settlers justified taking Native lands by promoting the concept of "Manifest Destiny," which held that white Americans were destined to expand across North America. It then details some of the initial encounters between Native peoples and European explorers and missionaries in California. However, it argues that the settlers ultimately carried out massive violence and genocide against Native populations in order to steal their lands.
This document provides information on the early history and cultures of Malta and Eturia (Etruria/Etruscan civilization) in multiple paragraphs:
- The earliest evidence of human settlement in Malta dates back 7,400 years ago in Ghar Dalam cave. During later Neolithic and Bronze Ages, temple construction became more sophisticated. Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Normans, and others ruled Malta at different points in its history.
- The origins and civilization of the Etruscans, who inhabited what is now Italy, are uncertain but may have developed in situ from earlier inhabitants dating back 45,000 years. Their advanced cities and the
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
2. Though most Dravidian Albinos left Central Asia for Europe from ancient
times: due to Mongol pressure and/or a desire for better lands. Some
Dravidian Albinos remained in Central Asia, their descendants are clearly
visible there today.
Egyptians, Sumerians, Mohenjo-daroans, Harappans, and Cretans, Elamites,
and Nubians, were literate 3,000 years, 4,000 years, who knows how many
thousands of years, before the world ever heard of Greeks or Romans. And
there is ample evidence of their literacy.
Yet there is not one single entry: describing any of the people of their times,
whether it be friends, foes, or invaders: or even more incredulously, there is
not one single entry describing invadingWhites in any of their literature.
Contrast that with Greek and Roman writings, in which these NEWLY literate
people, describe EVERYTHING and EVERYONE!
The discrepancy is of course, not accidental, nor for lack of material.
Hopefully, the White man has simply withheld this material, and not
destroyed it.
3.
The "First" Out of Africa (OOA) migration, circa 60,000
B.C, saw Blacks with straight hair, taking a route along
the coast of Asia, and then "Island hopping" across the
Indian Ocean to Australia - the Australian Aborigine. And
then making their way to South America - the remains
called "Luzia" in Brazil.
The second (OOA) migration event, circa 50,000 B.C. saw
Blacks from Africa, SOME with "Mongol features" take an
"Inland route" through southern Asia and on up to China,
where they settled. Included with this group, were SOME
straight haired Blacks "Without" Mongol features - now
called "Dravidians" who stayed close to Africa, and
settled in India and other areas of Southern Asia.
4. Also included with this second (OOA) group
were Albinos, who were probably
motivated by a quest for relief from the
heat and burning Sunshine of southern
Africa - and relief from the torment heaped
upon them by normal Africans. Even today,
superstitious Blacks of southern Africa;
maim and mutilate Albinos in the ignorant
belief that their body parts process magical
properties, which they use in rituals.
5. Sometime around 6,000 B.C. a nomadic
herding people, who some now think to be
Dravidians, settled into villages in the
Mountainous region just west of the Indus
River. There they grew barley and wheat,
harvesting it using sickles with flint blades.
They lived in small houses built with adobe
bricks. After about 5000 B.C. the climate in
their region changed, bringing more rainfall,
which apparently enabled them to grow more
food, for they grew in population.They began
domesticating sheep, goats and cows and then
water buffalo.
6. Then after 4000 B.C. they began to trade
with distant areas in central Asia and areas
west of the Khyber Pass.They also began
using bronze and other metals. In time the
total area of the Indus civilization, became
larger than that of the old kingdom of
Egypt.Their cities were characterized by
buildings of elaborate architecture,
constructed of fired brick, with sewage
systems and paved streets.
7. Typical of these large planned cities, is
Mohenjo-daro, which along with it's great
buildings, had city streets laid out in a grid.
The city is thought to have housed roughly
50,000 people, and had a granary, baths,
assembly halls and towers.The city was
divided into two parts, west of the city
there stood a citadel surround by a wall.
8. The Citadel area of the city was built on top of
a mound of bricks almost 12 metres high. A
large staircase ran up the side of this mound.
Several large buildings and structures on the
Citadel mound suggest that this area may
have been used for public gatherings, religious
activities or important administrative activities
as well as defense. In the second century B.C. a
stupa (a dome-shaped structure - serving as a
Buddhist shrine) was built on the top of this
mound.
9. The Citadel included an elaborate tank or bath, created with fine quality
brickwork and sewer drains, this area was then surrounded by a verandah.
Also located here was a giant granary, a large residential structure, and at
least two aisled assembly halls.To the east of the citadel was the lower city,
laid out in a grid pattern.
The streets were straight and were drained to keep the area sanitary.
Mohenjo-Daro had a building with an underground furnace and dressing
rooms, suggesting bathing was done in heated pools - as in modern day
Hindu temples.The people of the city used very little stone in their
construction.They preferred bricks, two types of bricks mainly - fired bricks,
and wood bricks - which were created by using burnt wood ash.
At Mohenjo-daro archaeologists have found several large platforms and
foundations made out of brick. Column bases and shallow holes still exist in
the platforms, suggesting that they were meant to hold wooden columns or
supports. However, the walls of these buildings do not survive. Since brick
walls usually do survive, many archaeologists now believe that some large
buildings at Mohenjo-daro were probably built out of wood.
10. They used timber to create the flat roofs of
their buildings, there are brick stairways
leading to the roofs of many houses,
suggesting that roofs were used as
recreational areas - as in early Anatolia.
Houses were of various sizes, some were
small, and others were large with interior
courtyards and indoor bathrooms. Several
craftsman workshops have been found, such
as metalworking, carpentry, and shell-
working.
11. Defensively Mohenjo-daro was a well-fortified city.Though it
did not have city walls, it did have towers to the west of the
main settlement, and defensive fortifications to the south.
These fortifications taken into consideration, as well as a
comparison to the Harappa ruins to the northeast, lead to the
conclusion that perhaps Mohenjo-daro was an administrative
center. Both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro share relatively the
same architectural layout (Harappa is less well preserved due
to early site defilement), and were generally not heavily
fortified like other IndusValley sites. It is obvious from the
identical city layouts of all Indus sites, that there was some
kind of political or administrative centrality, however the
extent and functioning (and even the placement and type) of
an administrative center remains unclear. Lothal was situated
at the head of the Gulf of Cambay in Gujarat. Here
archaeologists have found large warehouses ready to hold
goods for export.
12. The people of Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and the
other cities, shared a sophisticated system of
weights and measures, used arithmetic with
decimals, and had a written language that was
partly phonetic and partly ideographic. The
Indus people also utilized seals for signatures
and pictorial presentation, as did the people to
the northwest in Elam and Sumer. The Indus
valley people carried on active trade relations
with the middle-east in gold, copper utensils,
lapis lazuli, ivory, beads and semiprecious
stones.
13. Sometime between 1,800 and 1,700 B.C.
Civilization on the Indus Plain all but vanished.
What befell these people is unknown. One
suspected cause is a shift in the Indus River,
another is a huge ruinous Earthquake, still another
is monumental flooding of the rivers. Flooding
that would explain the thick layers of silt, thirty
feet above the level of the river at the site of
Mohenjo-Daro. Of course these are only
unsubstantiated theories, no one knows what
really caused the people to leave. Later, people of
a different culture inhabited some of the
abandoned cities, in what archaeologists call a
"squatter period."
14. Then the squatters also disappeared:
Careful note should be made, that only the
people and culture of the valley vanished.
The IndusValley civilization was the largest
of its time and covered a vast territory. It
effectively extended north to the
Himalayas and east to what is now
Vietnam. But because of the Arian invasion
or migration, whichever, subsequent Indus
history was lost.
15. Additionally, we should keep in mind that
the Arian's were illiterate nomads, {the Rig
Veda was written 600 years after they had
arrived}, so whomever it was that kept
civilization alive in India, during the
convulsive period, it couldn't have been
them. Surviving remnants of the Indus
valley people in Southeast Asia, will be
dealt with later.
16. Knowledge of the Mohenjo-Daro
civilization died, until archaeologists
discovered evidence of the civilization in
the twentieth century. As to where these
people went, no one knows for sure. Some
believe that they went to southern India,
some surely did
17. But one guess is that many of the Indus
Valley people went to the north, into Elam
and Sumer to re-join their former group.
This scenario would explain the somewhat
“sudden” appearance of the Medes and
Persians in Elam, as well as other, similar
groups in eastern Anatolia.
18. When last we left the IndusValley, Civilization
there had ceased at about 1,800 and 1,700 B.C.
Perhaps because of some unknown natural
disaster. If rainfall declined in the Indus region
between 1800 and 1700 B.C, then around 1500
B.C. it increased again, making the Indus Plain
better able to support life. It was between 1500
and 1200 B.C. that the DravidianAlbinos who had
originally migrated from Africa into India and then
continued North into Central Asia, to escape the
Burning Sunshine found at lower latitudes
returned to India.
19.
No one knows why the Albinos left Central Asia; perhaps
it was some natural disaster, or perhaps they had
overpopulated the sparse land and now found it difficult
to acquire enough food there.Whatever the cause,
within the next 2,000 years (1,500 B.C. to 500 A.D.) ALL
the millions of Albinos (Caucasians) would abandon
Central Asia and move to India and Europe.Today the
Uyghurs, aTurkic ethnic group, who live primarily in the
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, in the People's
Republic of China, are the only Caucasians still living in
Eastern and Central Asia. (Many are actually now mixed-
race).
20. It is also not known why they would hazard
a return to lands that they originally found
inhospitable because of the intense
Sunshine. Perhaps over the tens-of-
thousands of years that they spent in
Central Asia, they were able to acquire a
"Fixed" degree of Melanination through
crossbreeding with the Blacks in China and
Eastern Europe who surrounded them (see
the Eastern Europe and China pages).
21. Unlike their normally pigmented brethren who
stayed behind in India, they had not evolved
into a civilized people.They had not developed
a written language, technology or cities.They
returned to India as an illiterate, pastoral
people now called Aryans/Arians.They
migrated from the steppe lands of Central Asia
through what is now Afghanistan, down
through the Khyber Pass and onto the sparsely
populated Indus Plain (The Khyber Pass,
altitude: 1,070 m or 3,510 ft. is a mountain
pass that links Pakistan and Afghanistan).
22. Indians, particularly Hindus have always
been rather schizoid on the subject of the
Aryan Invasion theory. Many argue that the
Aryans came as migrants, not as invaders.
And of course, because Hindus are mainly
the Mulattoes of Dravidians and Aryans,
they feel a loyalty to both.
23. But here, the fact of the Aryan Invasion, whether it be
migration or invasion, is of no consequence to us. Our interest
is in establishing that Aryans and Dravidians, and by extension
Europeans and Dravidians, are the same people genetically.
This is possible because even thought their respective skin
colors are very different; that difference is attributable to
Albinism, a genetic defect with does not effect the general
genetic make-up of those so afflicted.Thus the Albino child of
a Black Dravidian father withY-dna R1 will still, and also, have
Y-dna R1 too. It's just that the child will also have a defective
"P" gene, which robs the body of the ability to make sufficient
melanin to protect itself from the Sun. As is the case with
these Bhatti Albinos of Pakistan below, (note their pigmented
family members in the back).
24. (Also note that these Indian Albinos match perfectlyThe
Roman historian CorneliusTacitus (56-118A.D.)
description of the Germanics in Europe).
Quote: from his book: Germany Book 1.
4. For my own part, I agree with those who think that the
tribes of Germany are free from all taint of
intermarriages with foreign nations, and that they
appear as a distinct, unmixed race, like none but
themselves. Hence, too, the same physical peculiarities
throughout so vast a population.All have fierce blue
eyes, red hair, huge frames, fit only for a sudden
exertion.They are less able to bear laborious work. Heat
and thirst they cannot in the least endure; to cold and
hunger their climate and their soil inure them.
25. Many scientific studies have been done
proving that there is little genetic
distinction between Dravidians and Aryans,
and by extension Europeans. And also
proving that Aryans, and by extension
Europeans, were White (Albinos), when
they left Africa. Debunking the nonsense
that they turnedWhite in Europe.
26. Among Britain’s colonial contributions in
India, the Aryan InvasionTheory (AIT) ranks
as the most enduring. While the idea has
been discredited in serious academic
circles, it continues to survive, like a
persistent cold virus, in fringe academic
circles. It also appeals – even if only as a
Pavlovian reflex – to some Indians and
Europeans for no fault of theirs other than
decades of misinformed repetition.
27. AIT was created for one singular purpose –
to facilitate the British conquest of India. If
Indians were made to believe that they and
the British belonged to the same ‘Aryan’
stock, then they would welcome the
'civilising' British instead of opposing them.
28. There was a secondary motive.When
Britain’s contact with India grew, they were
simply blown away by the country’s
achievements in science, philosophy and
spirituality among others. AIT enabled the
colonisers to appropriate all this.
29. In the 1700s when the British drew up their
imperial strategy they faced few major battles in
India; most encounters were barely skirmishes.
This was also the period when India was
recovering from the deleterious effects of over 600
years of Muslim rule. By the middle of this century
the Hindu kingdoms had re-conquered vast
swathes of the country from Muslim rule.The
Mughal emperor became a vassal of the resurgent
Maratha rulers of western India who liberated
Punjab after more than 800 years of Muslim rule.
The conquest of Afghanistan was next on the
agenda of the Maratha chiefs.
30. However, the British ran a coach and four
through those plans. In places such as
Bengal that had not been liberated by the
Marathas, the British won easily. One
reason was Bengal’s effete Muslim rulers –
demoralised by their emperor becoming a
protectee of the Hindus – had no will to
fight. Without a battle, the British had
India’s richest state.
31. The 1800s, however, were a different ball
game.The Hindu kingdoms, especially the
Marathas, launched a counter offensive
against the British. When the British lost
seemingly decisive battles, they sued for
peace only to use the interregnum to divide
the Hindus.This culminated in the First War of
Independence in 1857, during which the British
managed to hold on to their possessions in
India only by their fingernails.
32. The colonialists realised there was no way
they could conquer such a massive country
of warlike people without conquering their
minds. First, the British sent in shiploads of
fundamentalist and racist missionaries,
who had been arguing for decades to be
allowed to “save the heathen Hindus”.
However, they could not make any
headway as Indians stubbornly refused to
be “saved”.
33. That is when the British commissioned an
ambitious – and unscrupulous – German
scholar to come up with the most
outrageous lies about Hindu religion. Max
Muller in fact exceeded their expectations –
he developed AIT.
34. Few realise how divisive and dangerous AIT is and
how this idea played a catalytic role in the rise of
racial exclusiveness among Europeans, especially
the British and Germans. Until AIT arrived on the
scene, nations did not look at themselves as
belonging to one race or the other. Muller’s notion
changed all that. Ultimately, Germany’s Adolf
Hitler used it to advocate his concept of the
supremacy of the ‘Aryan’ race and the inferiority
of non-Aryans. Over 50 million people died in
WorldWar II and six million Jews were sent to the
gas chambers – needless deaths that can be traced
directly to Britain’s racial policies in India.
35. “We British European are Aryans, and far more pure and
genuineAryans than the Hindus, and no talk of the
Hindus can alter our race, or make us any less or any
different from what we are,” said A.C.L Carlleyle, a 19th
century employee of the Archaeological Survey of India.
“It is the Hindus who have altered and deteriorated, and
not we.The Hindus have become the coffee dregs, while
we have remained the cream of the Aryan race.The
Hindus are like the monkey who pretend (sic) to treat
some men with contempt because they had the bare
white skins without any fur!The Hindus have become a
sooty, dingy-coloured earthen pot, by rubbing against
black aborigines rather too freely; and he consequently
pretends to despise the white porcelain bowl.”
36. Clearly, the British were adamant about not
moving the European homeland too far from
their Biblical origins to India. “There were
those among the British, in particular, whose
colonial sensibilities made them reluctant to
acknowledge any potential cultural
indebtedness to the forefathers of the
rickshaw pullers of Calcutta, and who
preferred to hang on to the Biblical Adam far
more than their European contemporaries,”
says American Indologist, Edwin Bryant.
37. When Muller publicly announced that the
British and the Indians came from the same
stock and that the Scots were closer to
Bengalis than they were to the Celts, it
barely caused a ripple in Britain. By then
the bitterness of the 1857 war had poisoned
the minds of British scholars who could not
even tolerate the newfound language
relationship.
38. AIT has, of course, created a deep rift in
Indian society – not only among scholars
but also between people. When Indians
kicked out the British in 1947, they
unwisely retained the school curriculum of
the colonialists.
39. Now the entire Aryan vs Dravidian idea
revolves around skin colour.The people of
northern India are light skinned and are in
many instances white; they are supposedly
the Aryans. On the other hand, the people
of India below theTropic of Cancer – or
more specifically the south and east – have
comparatively darker and sometimes black
skin; they are presumably the Dravidians.
40. The problem, however, is that there are
millions of dark people in the north and
there are similar multitudes of light skinned
or white skinned Indians in Dravidian areas.
In fact, green and brown eyed people are
not uncommon in southern India. Bear in
mind that despite 190 years of British rule,
the Europeans could not make a splash in
India’s gene pool.
41. The basis of AIT has been tested by several
genetic diversity studies. DNA samples
taken from thousands of Indians have been
compared with population groups from
other parts of the world, particularly
Europe and Central Asia.
42. The latest one is from Kerala, which is my
home state on India’s south-western coast.
According to the study, two entirely
different castes – Ezhava, also known as
Thiyya in northern Kerala, and Jat Sikh of
Punjab – show remarkable genetic
similarity.
43. In fact, Ezhavas showed more genotypic
resemblance to the Jat Sikh population of
Punjab,Turks and Germans than to East
Asians, says the study by the Department of
Biotechnology & Biochemical Engineering at
the Sree Budha College of Engineering in
Pattoor, Kerala. It was conducted by
department head Dr Seema Nair, Aswathy
Geetha and Chippy Jagannath under the aegis
of Dr K. Sasikumar, the chairman of the
institute. It has also been published in the
Croatian Medical Journal.
44. Before we jump into the study, here’s a
little note about genetics. For various
reasons, DNA material undergoes slight
alterations or mutations in the course of
time.The mutations then become
characteristic of the line of descendants.
These mutations, or genetic markers, are
organised into categories called
haplotypes. Basically, your haplotype is
your genetic fingerprint.
45. The Sree Budha study examined DNA from
theY chromosome, which is also known as
the male chromosome because it is found
only in males. More specifically, it
examinedY ShortTandem Repeat (Y STR)
DNA present in theY chromosome. As
these DNA sequences are passed from
father to son, it is also useful in forensics
and paternity testing.
46. The Ezhava population was compared with
other Indian populations and with selected
world populations in order to investigate
the pattern of paternal contributions. Nair’s
team examined 104 haplotypes among the
Ezhavas.Ten were found identical to the Jat
Sikhs, which is the highest number among
Indian populations, and four to theTurkish
population, which is the highest among
European populations.
47. “The comparison suggests a genetic link
between the populations,” says Nair.
Ezhavas, she argues, are genetically more
similar to Europeans (60 percent) than to
East Asians (40 percent).
48. My interaction with Nair, who comes across
as witty and erudite, was primarily fuelled
by my search for my own roots. I belong to
the same Ezhava community, which is at
the centre of this research.
49. The Ezhavas have an intriguing history.The
most persistent belief is that they are the
original people of Kerala – the soldiers of
theVillavar (archer) community which
founded the Chera kingdom. It is a measure
of their martial traditions that among the
Ezhavas are the Chekavar – the only
kamikaze group of fighters known in Indian
history.
50. What is intriguing about the study is that
the Ezhavas, a Dravidian group, are now
being described as closer to Jat Sikhs,
Europeans and Central Asians.
51. In terms of physical appearance, the
Ezhavas are brown Caucasians. However,
typical of many Indian communities, there
are plenty of very dark and very fair people
among them.
52. On the other hand, the Jat Sikhs who live
3000 km up north are a lot fairer. Plus, Jat
Sikh surnames such Mann, Bader, Brar,
Dhillon andVirk have an uncanny Germanic
resonance.
53. Indeed, it is worth mentioning the during
the early part of the 20th century Sikh
immigrants to the US convinced the
Immigration & Naturalization Service to
grant them white status.Those days only
white Europeans were allowed to enter the
United States as immigrants. However,
later the INS wised up to the fact that the
Sikhs “weren’t that white” and again
categorised them as Asian.
54. So there you have it. One group of Indians,
the Ezhavas, and another group, the Jat
Sikhs.The only thing they have in common
is a martial tradition. And yet you have this
study asserting that the two communities –
that have never mixed and live thousands
of miles away – are closer genetically than
to communities that live close by.
55. So what was the reason for the study?
“Though such studies have been conducted in
many populations in India as well as abroad,
the genetic profile of the Kerala population
based onY STR has not been documented so
far,” says Nair. “Also the origin of Kerala's non-
tribal population has been a matter of
contention for centuries. While some claim
that Negritos were the first inhabitants, some
historians suggest a Dravidian origin for all
people of Kerala. Others say the Dravidians
originated from the Mediterranean and so on.”
56. When I argued that Indians overall are
genetically similar, Nair was vehement they
are not. “If you look at the historical or
genotypic data, Indian communities are
highly diverse and of varied origin,” she
says.
57. So the conclusion is? “Ezhavas have European
paternal lineage, which is not surprising
considering that Aryanisation has led to
genetic mixing between Aryans and Indian
populations in the north as well as the south,”
says Nair. “ThroughY STR we cannot
determine whether Ezhavas originated from
European populations or Europeans originated
from Kerala/Indian populations. Historical data
suggest gene flow from Europe to India not
vice versa.”
58. Aryanisation. Clearly, Nair and I are on
opposite sides of this fault line.
The mitochondrial evidence
So is there a way out of this bind, I asked
the scientist. “Studying maternal
mitochondrial DNA may give a clear picture
as far as I understand,” she answered.
Bingo!
59. Mitochondrial DNA is like those cool
ultraviolet torches they use in CSI Miami to see
otherwise invisible evidence. If the
mitochondrial DNA of two humans, however
distant geographically, exhibit the same
mutation, they necessarily share a common
ancestor in the maternal line. More than any
literary, linguistic or archaeological evidence,
it is this clue – locked away in the recesses of
our cells and obviously tamperproof – that has
sent the AIT purveyors looking for alternative
careers.
60. In an article in Archaeology Online titled Genetics
and the Aryan Debate, author Michel Danino says
as many nine such studies have been conducted
on Indian populations.
The first such study dates back to 1999 and was
conducted by the Estonian biologistToomas
Kivisild with 14 co-authors from various
nationalities. It relied on 550 samples of
mitochondrial DNA and revealed there was no
recent population movement towards India;
rather the subcontinent served as a pathway for
eastward migration of modern humans from
Africa, some 40,000 years ago.
61. Danino continues that a year later, 13
Indian scientists led by Susanta
Roychoudhury studied 644 samples of
mitochondrial DNA from some 10 Indian
ethnic groups, especially from the east and
south.They found a “fundamental genomic
unity of ethnic India”.
62. If haplotypes are categories of genetic
markers, then sequences of haplotypes are
called haplogroups. Haplogroup M17 is
regarded as the Aryan stamp on Indian
populations. An extensive 2003 study
conducted on 1000 Indians stressed that
M17, which is found frequently in Central
Asia, is present in two Indian aboriginal
tribes.
63. The study also found that Bengalis
(generally dark) and Gujaratis (mostly
brown) are closer to Central Asians than
Punjabis (fair to white). Also, the Lambadi
tribe of Rajasthan is closest among Indians
toWestern Europeans while Konkani
Brahmins and Punjabis are the furthest.
64. Another study in 2006 headed by Indian
biologist Sanghamitra Sengupta concluded
there is no evidence whatsoever to
conclude that Central Asia is the donor
rather than the receptor of M17.
65. First, separate groups of scientists
demolished the racial basis of defining
Indian DNA.Then Sengupta’s study said
Caucasian DNA may have moved out of
India or into India.
66. Finally, a study headed by biologist
Sanghamitra Sahoo concludes: “The
sharing of someY-chromosomal
haplogroups between Indian and Central
Asian populations is most parsimoniously
explained by a deep, common ancestry
between the two regions, with diffusion of
some Indian- specific lineages northward.”
Yes, Indian DNA is now moving north.
67. In his bookThe Real Eve, archaeologist Stephen
Oppenheimer, says, “South Asia is logically the ultimate
origin of M17 and his ancestors; and sure enough we find
the highest rates and greatest diversity of the M17 line in
Pakistan, India, and eastern Iran, and low rates in the
Caucasus. M17 is not only more diverse in South Asia
than in Central Asia, but diversity characterises its
presence in isolated tribal groups in the south, thus
undermining any theory of M17 as a marker of a ‘male
Aryan invasion’ of India. One average estimate for the
origin of this line in India is as much as 51,000 years. All
this suggests M17 could have found his way initially from
India or Pakistan, through Kashmir, then via Central Asia
and Russia, before finally coming into Europe.”
68. Kivisild and his team agree with that
argument in the American Journal of
Human Genetics and the Aryan Debate.
India acted “as an incubator of early
genetic differentiation of modern humans
moving out of Africa”, they conclude.
69. There is fundamental unity among humans.
Africans, Indians and Europeans are the
same people who developed different skin
colours because of climate and
environment. Indeed, blinded by the race
wars, the pro-Aryans will not admit that
warm blooded animals undergo de-
pigmentation in the absence of light and
warmth.
70. As American economist and anthropologist
William Z. Ripley wrote in 1899 in the
influential book Races of Europe, “There
can be little doubt that the primitive type
of European was brunette, probably with
black eyes and hair and a swarthy skin.
Teutonic blondness is certainly an acquired
trait, not very recent, to be sure, judged by
historic standards, but as certainly not old,
measured by evolutionary time.”
71. And finally, let’s hear what Muller himself
said as he neared death and sought
redemption: “There is no Aryan race in
blood. An ethnologist who speaks of Aryan
race, Aryan blood, Aryan eyes and hair, is a
great sinner. It is worse than a Babylonian
confusion of tongues— it is downright
theft.”
72. Like Muller, several pro-Aryan academics
have jumped off the AIT bandwagon; but
others hang on hoping for some miracle
that will revive their fortunes. But genetics
is ensuring their early retirement.
73. Danino says genetics is joining other
disciplines in helping to clean the cobwebs of
colonial historiography. “If some have a vested
interest in patching together the said cobwebs
so they may keep cluttering our history
textbooks, they are only delaying the
inevitable,” he says.
Meanwhile, down south Nair and Sasikumar
say the first report on theY-STR profile in
Kerala population is just the beginning. Expect
the unexpected.
74. Wiki: "Aryan" is a term meaning "noble"
which was used as a self-designation by
Indian and Iranian or Indo-Iranian people.
The word was used by the Indic people of
theVedic period in India as an ethnic label
for themselves, as well as to refer to the
noble class and geographic location known
as Āryāvarta where Indo-Aryan culture was
based.
75. The closely related Iranian people (no such
thing - many peoples, many races), also used
the term as an ethnic label for themselves in
the Avesta scriptures, and the word forms the
etymological source of the country Iran. It was
believed in the 19th century that it was also a
self-designation used by all Proto-Indo-
Europeans, a theory that has now been
abandoned. Scholars point out that, even in
ancient times, the idea of being an "Aryan"
was religious, cultural and linguistic, not racial.
76. Drawing on misinterpreted references in the RigVeda by
Western scholars in the 19th century, the term "Aryan" was
adopted as a racial category through the work of Arthur de
Gobineau, whose ideology of race was based on an idea of
blonde northern European "Aryans" who had migrated across
the world and founded all major civilizations, before being
degraded through racial mixture with local populations.
Through Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Gobineau's ideas later
influenced the Nazi racial ideology, which also saw "Aryan
peoples" as innately superior to other putative racial groups.
The atrocities committed in the name of this racial aryanism
caused the term to be abandoned by most academics; and, in
present-day academia, the term "Aryan" has been replaced in
most cases by the terms "Indo-Iranian" and "Aryan" is now
mostly limited to its appearance in the term of the "Indo-
Aryan languages".
77. Clearly modern Indians combine the genes
of the original Black Dravidians, and their
Albinos, producing the full range of human
skin colors from Black to White.
78. Excerpts from the Wiki: Rigveda is one of the oldest extant
texts in any Indo-European language. Philological and
linguistic evidence indicate that the Rigveda was composed in
the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent, most
likely between c. 1500 and 1200 BC, though a wider
approximation of c. 1700–1100 B.C. has also been given.
The Padapatha and the Pratisakhya anchor the text's fidelity
and meaning, and the fixed text was preserved with
unparalleled fidelity for more than a millennium by oral
tradition alone.
The Rigveda was probably not written down until the Gupta
period (4th to 6th centuries AD):
by which time the Brahmi script had become widespread (the
oldest surviving manuscripts are from ~1040 AD, discovered in
Nepal).The oral tradition still continued into recent times.
79. Comment: sometimes Albino history is so stupid
that it is irksome! If any of you have ever tried to
do your own family history, you know that even
after only 50 years have passed, the recollections
and stories of people change significantly from
the original.Yet these idiots expect us to believe
that descendants of the Albino invaders of India,
kept histories accurately for perhaps 2,000 years.
That is an insult to the intelligence of anyone
told such idiocy.
80. Even though many question the nature of
the Aryans coming,The RigVeda, which is
one of the earliest known writings written
in any Indo-European language,The Hindu
Bible of sorts:The RigVeda speaks
explicitly of war with, and conquest of
Blacks.
81. Please note: as in the United States, Albinos
always try to demonize peaceful Black people
as they try to defend their lands against
invading Albinos intent on murder and
conquest.Yet today, even as the Albinos tally
of Humans murdered increases, the Worlds
population of European type Albinos
decreases.Today they are less than 7% of the
Human race.This has frightened Albinos in the
United States so much, that they are willing to
abandon all pretense of refined civilization, in
order to hold onto their Bloody gains.
82. The Albinos achieved world dominance by focusing on attaining the
most modern and powerful killing weapons, and by having an
insatiable Bloodlust, together with a total disregard for human life -
even their own - as their two World Wars attest. In the United States,
in state of Florida, they instituted laws making it easy to get
weapons so as to intimidate the Black citizenry, who normally
eschew guns. But not finding enough Blacks to kill, they turned their
weapons on themselves.Today they murder each other with such
abandon, and with such regularity, that it is hardly noticed anymore.
And when the Albinos cannot find reason to kill others, they turn
their weapons on themselves. While Suicide is very rare in
"Pigmented" populations: in some U.S. States like Montana, suicide
was the second-leading cause of death for young people aged 10 to
24; behind unintentional injuries such as auto accidents and
drowning's. It is hoped that the Albinos will evolve into full humanity
sometime soon, before they destroy the whole Human Race.
83. Below: note from usage that
Aryans were NOT the invading
Albinos, they were a Black tribe.
The Aryans/Arians came to the Indus Plain on
horseback, in waves separated perhaps by
decades or longer. Like other pastoral people,
they were warriors, the Arian's were familiar
with prowling and hunting and with bow and
arrow. Each family was ruled by an
authoritarian male, and each Arian tribe was
ruled by a king called a raja, who was obliged
to consult with tribal councils, on matters of
major importance.
84. Like other pastoral people, the Arian
invaders were storytellers.They brought
with them their centuries old sacred
hymns, myths and oral history - stories that
expressed their desire to please their gods.
They had a father god of the heaven, sky
and atmosphere: called Dyaus Pitar (sky
father).They had a male god of thunder
and rain called Indra, who was also the god
of war.
85. The Arians had a god of fire they called
Agni.To the Arian's, Agni "was" fire, and
they believed that Agni hungrily devoured
the animals that they sacrificed in their
rituals of burning.These sacrifices were
performed by priests to obtain from their
gods the gifts of children, success in war,
wealth, health, longevity, food, drink or
anything else that contributed to their
happiness.
86. With the passing years, the waves of Arian tribes
that had come to the Indus Plain, spread out
across the region.They warred against the ancient
original people, and they took and settled their
land.This land then provided the Arians with
pasture for their animals.The Arians grouped in
villages and built homes of bamboo or light wood -
homes without statues or art.They soon learned
agriculture and began growing crops.The
environment supplied them with all they needed.
But perhaps responding to their old traditions and
impulses, the Arian tribes began warring against
each other - wars that might begin with the
stealing of cattle.
87. Because of these wars, gradually Arian tribal
kings began changing from elected leaders to
autocratic rulers. Arian kings had begun
associating their power with the powers of
their gods, rather than the approval of their
fellow tribesmen.They began allying
themselves with priests. And as in the West,
kings were acquiring divinity. By taxing their
subjects, these kings could then create armies
that were theirs, rather than an instrument of
the tribe.
88. In the decades around 1,000 B.C, there was a
shortage of rainfall in the Indus valley, and
running from this drought, some Arian tribes
trekked eastward along the foot of the Himalayan
mountains. Here the jungles were less dense, and
the rivers easier to cross, this path took them to
the plains of the GangesValley. Meanwhile some
Arian priests had wandered ahead of their tribes,
in order to evangelize among the tribes that they
may come upon.They found these societies to
have a more egalitarian organization than they
had, and so they despised them for not having
kings as godly and autocratic as theirs.
89. By now, the Arian's had acquired iron tools
and weapons, iron having spread eastward
through Persia. And now with their superior
weaponry, the Arian's fought those who
resisted their advance.The Arian's believed
that the gods were on their side, and that
resistance from local peoples was inspired
by demons. Gradually the Arian's spread
out over much of the GangesValley.
90. Some Arian's also migrated south, along the
western coast of the Indian subcontinent, and
some Arian's went down the eastern coast, to an
area called Kalinga. A few Arian's went as far
south as the island that in Hindu literature, was
called Lanka.And some Arian priests went as
missionaries to southern India. Occasionally the
Arian missionaries might feel threatened or
mistreated, and they would then seek the aide of
their king.This being a good pretext for
incursions, their king's warriors would came south
to their rescue. Incursions not withstanding,
Southern India remained independent of Arian
rule.
91. With the Arian's settling alongside local peoples, a complex
hierarchy of classes developed that would be called caste. At
the top of this class ranking was the priests and their entire
families, the Brahmins. Also at the top were the warrior-
aristocrats, the Kshatriyas, whose job it was to practice
constantly for combat. Neither the Brahmins nor the
Kshatriyas conceded superiority to the other, but they agreed
that the other classes were lower than they.The first of these
lower classes was theVaishas and their families.This class
were Arian's who tended cattle and served the Brahmins and
Kshatriyas in others ways (the middle-class).The lowest class
was the conquered Blacks, they were called the Shudras.The
Arian's made these four classifications a part of their
mythology.The four groups it was claimed, came from the
body of the god Prajapati: the Brahmins from the god's
mouth, the warriors from the god's arms, the tenders of cattle
from his legs, and the Shudras from his feet.
92. In the beginning this class system was less
rigid than it would be centuries later.
People from different classes could dine
together. A man from a non-Brahmin family
could still become a priest and therefore a
Brahmin. And although marriage within
one's own class was preferred, there was no
absolute restriction against marrying
people from a different class.
93. By around 700 or 600 B.C, the migrations of the Arian's
had ended.With their new successes in agriculture, the
Arian's increased in number and they began to create
cities. Arian traders, merchants, and landlords appeared,
as did money lending. Arian's began trading with Arabia
and the great empire of the Assyrians. In the 600s B.C,
India began trading with China, the Malay Peninsula and
the islands of what is now, Indonesia and the Philippines.
By 600 B.C, numerous cities had arisen in northern India -
cities with fortifications, moats and ramparts in response
to the dangers of war. In northern India, along the
Ganges River, sixteen different kingdoms had emerged.
94. Over time, a mix developed between the
nomadic religion of the Arian's, and the
local religions of the conquered.This mix
came with Arian males marrying non-Arian
females, and it came with some among the
conquered, accepting the religion of their
conquerors - much as Amerindians in the
Americas, accepted the religion of their
Christian conquerors.
95. In India this blend of Arian and local
religions became known as Hinduism, a
word derived from the Arian word Sindu,
the name the Arian's gave to the Indus
River.The Hindu religion ranged from
veneration of traditional Arian gods, by
urban intellectuals, to the worship of a
diversity of local, rural, and agricultural
deities.
96. Generally; Hinduism is the conviction that the
soul or self (atman) is subject to “samsara” the
transmigration through many forms of
incarnation. Held together with this belief is
another, that of “karman” which says that the
soul carries with it, the burden of its past
actions; which conditions the forms of its
future incarnations. As long as the soul
mistakes this phenomenal world for reality
and clings to existence in it, it is doomed to
suffer endless births and deaths.
97. The various Indian cults and philosophical systems offer
ways in which to attain moksa or mukti (release or
liberation) from the misery of subjection to the
inexorable processes of cosmic time. Basically, this
liberation consists of the soul's effective comprehension
of its essential unity with Brahman, the supreme
“Atman” or essence of reality, and it’s merging with it.
Most of the ways by which this goal may be attained
require self-effort in mastering meditation techniques
and living an ascetic life. But, in the devotional (bhakti)
cults associated withVisnu (Vishnu) and Siva (Shiva), an
intense personal devotion to the deity concerned is
believed to earn divine aid to salvation. Also see Jainism
– next Indus page.
98. Vishnu is one of the principal Hindu deities,
worshiped as the protector and preserver of
the world and restorer of dharma (moral
order).Vishnu, like Siva (the other major
god of Hinduism), is a syncretic personality
who combines many lesser cult figures and
local heroes.
99. Temple images ofVishnu depict him either
sitting, often in the company of his
consorts Laksmi (also called Sri) and
Bhumidevi (Earth); standing holding
various weapons; or reclining on the coils of
the serpent Sesa, asleep on the cosmic
ocean during the period between the
periodic annihilation and renewal of the
world.
100. The standingVishnu is dressed in royal
garments and holds in his four (sometimes
two) hands the sankha (conch), cakra (discus),
gada (club), or padma (lotus). On his chest is
the curl of hair known as the srivatsa mark, a
sign of his immortality, and around his neck he
wears the auspicious jewel Kaustubha. In
painting,Vishnu is usually shown as dark
complexioned, which is also a distinguishing
feature of his incarnations.
101. Also spelled Siwa, or Shiva, one of the main
deities of Hinduism, worshiped as the paramount
lord by the Saiva (Shaivite) sects of India. Siva
(Sanskrit: “Auspicious One”) is one of the most
complex gods of India, embodying seemingly
contradictory qualities. He is both the destroyer
and the restorer, the great ascetic and the symbol
of sensuality, the benevolent herdsman of souls
and the wrathful avenger.Though some of the
combinations of roles may be explained by Siva's
identification with earlier mythological figures,
they also arise from a tendency in Hinduism to
combine complementary qualities in a single
ambiguous figure.
102. Siva is usually depicted in painting and
sculpture as white or ash-colored, with a blue
neck (from holding in his throat the poison
thrown up at the churning of the cosmic
ocean, which threatened to destroy
humankind), his hair arranged in a coil of
matted locks (jatamakuta) and adorned with
the crescent moon and the Ganges (according
to legend he brought the Ganges River to
earth by allowing her to trickle through his
hair, thus breaking her fall).
103. He has three eyes, the third eye bestowing
inward vision but capable of burning
destruction when focused outward. He
wears a garland of skulls and a serpent
around his neck and carries in his two
(sometimes four) hands a deerskin, a
trident, a small hand drum, or a club with a
skull at the end.
104. Modern Pakistan (Which was a part of India
until 1947)
When last we left the IndusValley, Arians
from the Central Asian Plains had invaded
theValley and then expanded out into the
rest of India.They had also melded their
religious belief's with local belief's to form
the Hindu religion.
105. Later, the Arian's learned to write, however some
Brahmins considered it a sacrilege to change from
communicating their beliefs orally, to putting
them in written form. But a sufficient number of
Brahmins supported this innovation, and they
began to put traditional Arian stories into writing.
These writings became known as theVedas -Veda
meaning wisdom.TheseVedas became wisdom
literature, a literature that would be considered as
an infallible source of timeless, revealed truth.The
most important of theVedas was the RigVeda,
which consisted of hymns or devotional
incantations written in ten books.
106. in the far northeast, Brahmins performed as
teachers and gave instruction to local original
inhabitant elites, who had not been completely
Hindunized.These elites were accustomed to
deference from local people, and they were
offended by the posturing, pride and arrogance of
the Brahmins.They resisted the claims of the
Brahmins to higher rank and superior knowledge.
Some among them opposed the bloodletting of
Hinduism's animal sacrifices. Some of them also
thought the Brahmins to be too involved in
ceremonial formalities and ritual, and saw the
Brahmin's view of gods and salvation as strange.
107. With this dissent against orthodox
Hinduism, a variety of men with vision
appeared, they tried to fill the void left
unfulfilled by Hinduism.These new sect
leaders denied the authority of theVedas,
and each developed a code of conduct and
a way of living and thinking, that would
hopefully lead to enlightenment and
fulfillment.
108. Jains
This movement was supported by original
inhabitants of wealth and influence, who gave
their support to one or another of these
religious visionary's in their area.These new
Sect leaders wandered across the northeast,
sometimes with large bands of followers. They
entered communities to engage in
disputations with rival sects and orthodox
Brahmins, these disputations were welcomed
entertainment for local people, unused to
thoughts and concepts from the outside world.
109. The most successful of the new sects were
those that attempted to provide relief from
orthodox Hinduism's failure to alleviate
human suffering. One such sect was the
Jains - from the Sanskrit verb ji, meaning to
conquer.The Jains sought relief from
suffering, by conquest over one's own
passions and senses.This conquest they
believed, gave one purity of soul.
110. According to legend, the Jains were led by
NataputtaVardhamana, the son of a royal
governor from the Magadha region,
"NataputtaVardhamana" gave up his
princely status for a life of asceticism, and
he became known as Mahavira (Great
Souled One).
111. Legend describes Mahavira's beginnings as
a reformer - as not seeking to overthrow
the Hindu caste system or the worship of
Hindu gods, but wishing to do something
about the misery that he saw all around
him. Legend describes him as having
sympathy, not only for people, but also for
the animals that the Brahmins sacrificed.
112. Jain lay persons took the following vows: never to
intentionally destroy a living thing, never to speak
falsehoods, never to steal, to always be faithful in
marriage, to always be chaste outside of
marriage, to possess no more money or other
things than one had set for oneself as sufficient, (a
practical restriction that varied with how wealthy
one was), to travel no farther than the limits that
one had set for oneself, to think no evil thoughts
about others, to sit in meditation as often as one
had planned, to spend time as a temporary monk
or nun, and to support the nuns and monks with
contributions
113. Politically, India followed man's normal
course of kingdoms rising and falling, with
almost constant warfare. However, there
was one kingdom of particular note, it is
the kingdom founded by Mahapadma
Nanda.The Nandas are universally
described as being of low origin, {code for
Sudras}, they are of particular note
because:
114. The northwestern part of India, suffered a
campaign by Alexander the Great in 327 B.C,
he was pursuing his campaign to conquer the
extremities of the defeated Achaemenian
Empire. Having entered Gandhara, he
campaigned successfully across the Punjab as
far as the Beas River. Here his troops refused
to continue fighting, because they had
encountered the army of the Nandas. Some
historians suggest that Alexander's Greek
soldiers, may have mutinied out of fear of this
army.
115. The Kshatriya (Warrior Class)
In Hindu India, the second-highest of the
four varnas, or social classes, traditionally
the military or ruling class. In ancient times
before the caste system was completely
defined, they were considered first in rank,
placed higher than the Brahmans, or
priestly class.
116. The legend that they were degraded by an
incarnation ofVishnu as a punishment for
their tyranny may reflect a historical
struggle for supremacy between priests and
rulers. In modern times the Kshatriya varna
includes members from a variety of castes,
united by their status in government or the
military or their land ownership.
117. When society became organized and a
warrior caste (Kshatriya) came into being, it
was felt that the members of this caste
should be governed by certain humane
laws, the observance of which, it was
believed, would take them to heaven, while
their non-observance would lead them into
hell.
118. In the postVedic epoch, and especially before
the epics were reduced to writing, lawless war
had been supplanted, and a code had begun to
govern the waging of wars.The ancient law-
givers, the reputed authors of the
Dharmasutras and the Dharmasastras,
codified the then existing customs and usages
for the betterment of mankind.Thus the law
books and the epics contain special sections on
royal duties and the duties of common
warriors.
119. It is a general rule that kings were chosen
from among the Kshatriya caste. In other
words, a non-Ksatriya was not qualified to
be a king. And this is probably due to the
fact that the kshatriya caste was
considered superior to others in virtue of its
material prowess.
120. Though the warrior's code enjoins that all
the Ksatriyas should die on the field of
battle, still in practice many died a peaceful
death.There is a definite ordinance of the
ancient law books prohibiting the warrior
caste from taking to asceticism.
121. Action and renunciation is the watch-word
of the Ksatriya.The warrior was not
generally allowed to don the robes of an
ascetic. But Mahavira and Gautama
protested against these injunctions and
inaugurated an order of monks or
sannyasins.
122. When these dissenting sects gathered in
strength and numbers, the decline of
Ksatriya valor set in. Once they were
initiated into a life of peace and prayer,
they preferred it to the horrors of war. this
was a disservice that dissenting sects did to
the cause of ancient India.
123. When a conqueror felt that he was in a
position to invade the foreigner's country,
he sent an ambassador with the message:
'Fight or submit.'
124. More than 5000 years ago India recognized
that the person of the ambassador was
inviolable.This was a great service that
ancient Hinduism rendered to the cause of
international law. It was the religious force
that invested the person of the herald or
ambassador with an inviolable sanctity in
the ancient world.The Mahabharata rules
that the king who killed an envoy would
sink into hell with all his ministers.
125. Megasthenes was a Greek ethnographer in
the Hellenistic period, author of the work
Indica. He was born in Anatolia (modern
Turkey) and became an ambassador of
Seleucus I of Syria to the court of
Sandrocottus, who possibly is
Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra, India.
However the exact date of his embassy is
uncertain. Scholars place it before 288 B.C.
126. Megasthenes noticed a peculiar trait of Indian warfare.
"Whereas among other nations it is usual, in the contests
of war, to ravage the soil and thus to reduce it to an
uncultivated waste, among the Indians, on the contrary,
by whom husbandmen are regarded as a class that is
sacred and inviolable, the tillers of the soil, even when
battle is raging in their neighborhood, are undisturbed
by any sense of danger, for the combatants on either
side in waging the conflict make carnage of each other,
but allow those engaged in husbandry to remain quite
unmolested. Besides, they never ravage an enemy's land
with fire, nor cut down its trees."
127. The modern "scorched earth" policy was
then unknown. "
Professor H. H. Wilson says:
"The Hindu laws of war are very chivalrous
and humane, and prohibit the slaying of
the unarmed, of women, of the old, and of
the conquered."
128. At the very time when a battle was going
on, be says, the neighboring cultivators
might be seen quietly pursuing their work, -
" perhaps ploughing, gathering for crops,
pruning the trees, or reaping the harvest."
Chinese pilgrim to Nalanda University,
HiuenTsiang affirms that although the
there were enough of rivalries and wars in
the 7th century A.D. the country at large
was little injured by them.
129. The British Raj
The British Raj, meaning "rule" in Hindi,
was the British rule in the Indian
subcontinent between 1858 and 1947.The
term can also refer to the period of
dominion.The region under British control,
included areas directly administered by the
United Kingdom, as well as the princely
states ruled by individual rulers under the
paramountcy of the British Crown.
130. The system of governance was instituted in
1858, when the rule of the British East India
Company was transferred to the Crown in the
person of QueenVictoria (and who, in 1876,
was proclaimed Empress of India), and lasted
until 1947, when the British Indian Empire was
partitioned into two sovereign dominion
states, the Union of India (later the Republic of
India) and the Dominion of Pakistan (later the
Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the eastern half
of which, still later, became the People's
Republic of Bangladesh).
131. At the inception of the Raj in 1858, Lower
Burma was already a part of British India;
Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the
resulting union, Burma, was administered
as a province until 1937, when it became a
separate British colony, gaining its own
independence in 1948.
132. Perhaps the most important aspect of
British Albino rule of India, was that it
afforded European Albinos opportunity to
further expand their World wide War
against Blacks into newVenues. Note this
account of India, circa 1350:
133. The Travels of Marco Polo
This manuscript from about 1350 is one of
the oldest extant copies of Les voyages de
Marco Polo (The travels of Marco Polo), the
account by theVenetian merchant Marco
Polo (circa 1254−1324) of his adventures in
Central Asia and the Far East during the
latter part of the 13th century.
134. It is possibly one of five manuscripts
relating to Marco Polo’s journey that
belonged to King CharlesV of France
(reigned 1364−80). Later it was part of the
library of the French book collector
Alexandre Petau. It was sold to Queen
Christina of Sweden (1626−89) in 1650.
135. Accompanied by his father Niccolò and his
uncle Maffeo, Marco Polo travelled
overland to China in 1271–75. He then spent
17 years serving Kublai Khan (1215–94),
grandson of Genghis Khan and conqueror
of China, for whom he undertook
assignments in China as well as in South
and Southeast Asia.
136. The threeVenetians returned to their
native city by sea in 1292–95. Marco Polo
soon was caught up in the war between
Venice and Genoa, for which he equipped
and commanded a galley in theVenetian
navy. He was taken prisoner by the
Genoese in 1296.
137. According to tradition, while in prison he
dictated the stories of his travels to a
cellmate, Rustichello da Pisa, who wrote
them down in Old French. Marco Polo’s
account was not just a simple record of the
journey, but a description of the world—a
mixture of a travel report, legend, hearsay,
and practical information.
138. For these reasons, Les voyages de Marco Polo
is sometimes called Divisament du monde
(Description of the world) or Livre des
merveilles du monde (Book of the marvels of
the world).The work was an important
introduction for Europeans to the history and
geography of Central Asia and China. At the
end of the Stockholm manuscript is a mappa
mundi, a medieval schematic zonal map of the
world, which, however, may be a later
addition.
139. One of the Albinos main reasons to pursue
dominance over all of the worlds other peoples, in
spite of their meager numbers, was their desire for
their defect - Albinism - to be seen as something
positive, not the defect and impediment that it
actually was.To this end, once they had secured
control over societies and means of
communication, they set about turning
everything around in their teachings to the
Worlds, Now subject, non-Albino populations. As
we have seen, and shall see more of: what was up,
became down, what was left, became right, and
what was once Black, (as historical People, and
otherwise), became White.
140. One might wonder how a tiny little country like Britain could
have ruled a huge country like "Original India" with it's 1.5
billion people, from thousands of miles away. Logic and
common sense tells us that India should have squashed Britain
like a Cockroach. It is only by looking at India after
Independence that we see why India couldn't squash Britain.
Immediately after Independence, a huge chunk of India broke
away and became Muslim Pakistan, later another huge chunk
broke away and became Muslim Bangladesh.What's left of
original India is wracked by religious Bombings by Muslims
and Hindu's. Clearly religious and ethnic divisions are what
made India weak, and what the Albinos used to exploit those
populations. But let us not overlook the part played by India's
Albino population - remnants of the Aryan invasion. India's
Mulattoes are the majority of the population, and like
everywhere else, India's Mulattoes are often "Race Confused".
141. European and American Albino cosmetics
companies, AND India's Albinos, teach her
that in order to be beautiful and acceptable,
she must lighten her skin. Clearly one objective
of world domination by the Albinos, was the
opportunity to change the perception of
Albinism, from that of a defect, to that of an
attribute to be sought after.Their success is
akin to Stockholm Syndrome. But as in
Stockholm Syndrome, the victims perception
is wrong, Albinism is still a defect.
142. Bhagat SinghThind, a native of Punjab,
immigrated to America in 1913. Working in an
Oregon lumber mill he paid his way through
University of California, Berkeley and enlisted in
the United States Army in 1917, when the United
States enteredWorld War I. He was honorably
discharged in 1918. In 1919,Thind filed a petition
for naturalization under the Naturalization Act of
1906 which allowed only "free white persons"
and "aliens of African nativity and persons of
African descent" to become United States
citizens by naturalization.
143. The fourteenth amendment to the United
States Constitution declared all persons
born within the United States to be U.S.
citizens and worked to bestow citizenship
on freedmen. Congress went further by
amending naturalization requirements in
1870 and extending naturalization
eligibility to "aliens being free white
persons, and to aliens of African nativity
and to persons of African descent."
144. 3The 1870 revision of §2169, U.S. Revised
Statutes, laid the foundation for future
confusion over racial eligibility to
citizenship.The rule did not state that
white persons and black persons may
naturalize, nor did it limit naturalization to
those of European or African nativity or
descent.
145. Rather, the 1870 rule appeared to apply a
color test— white persons and those with
African origins (i.e., black)— but did so by
reference to geography. After extending
naturalization to blacks (as Africans) in
1870, Congress banned the naturalization
of Chinese in 1882.
146. The Chinese Exclusion Act of that year,
which is primarily an immigration law,
included a section directing that "hereafter
no State court or court of the United States
shall admit Chinese to citizenship; and all
laws in conflict with this act are hereby
repealed."4The 1882 law clearly directed
the courts not to naturalize any Chinese,
but it did not explain whether "Chinese"
indicated race or nationality.
147. In 1920 he applied for citizenship and was
approved by the U.S. District Court.The
Bureau of Naturalization appealed the case,
which made its way to the Supreme Court.
Thind's attorneys expected a favorable
decision since the year before in the Ozawa
ruling the same Court had declared
Caucasians eligible for citizenship andThind,
as most North Indians, was clearly Caucasian.
148. GRANTED - BUT NOT FOR LONG.
THE COURT CASE
After his petition was granted, Government attorneys
initiated a proceeding to cancelThind’s naturalization and a
trial followed in which the Government presented evidence
ofThind’s political activities as a founding member of the
Ghadar Party, a violent Indian independence movement
headquartered in San Francisco.Thind did not challenge
the constitutionality of the racial restrictions. Instead, he
attempted to have "high-caste" classified as "free white
persons" within the meaning of the naturalization act based
on the fact that both northern Indians and most Europeans
are Indo-European peoples.
149. court rejected this argument, holding that while
Hindi-speaking high-caste Indians were indeed
akin to white European peoples, they had
intermarried too freely with the non-white
pre-Indo-European populace of India, hence
their present skin color. Because of the
uncertainty this caused for scientific
classification, the court decided to use a
"common sense" definition of Caucasian that did
not allow for the scientific argumentsThind
made and did not classify Indians as white. Thind
argued that though he was Black, he belonged
to the "Aryan race".
150. Thind argued using "a number of anthropological
texts" that people in Punjab and other Northwestern
Indian states belonged to the "Aryan race", and
Thind cited scientific authorities such as Johann
Friedrich Blumenbach as classifying Aryans as
belonging to the Caucasian race.Thind argued that,
although some racial mixing did indeed occur
between the Indian castes, the caste system had
largely succeeded in India at preventing race-mixing.
Thind argued that by being a "high-caste, of full
Indian blood" he was a "Caucasian" according to the
anthropological definitions of his day.
151. Thind argued that since he hated "Mongol Blacks" for
sure that made him a "Caucasian".
Thind's lawyers argued thatThind had a revulsion to
marrying an Indian woman of the "lower races" when they
said, "The high-caste Hindu regards the aboriginal Indian
Mongoloid in the same manner as the American regards
the Negro, speaking from a matrimonial standpoint."
Thind's lawyers argued thatThind had a revulsion to
marrying a woman of the Mongoloid race, because they felt
that expressing "disdain for inferiors" would characterize
Thind as being white. Also, this would characterizeThind
as being someone who would be sympathetic to the
existing anti-miscegenation laws in the United States.
152. Now the Supreme Court found it necessary to
qualify "Caucasian" as being synonymous with
"white," according to the understanding of the
common man of the time. Justice Sutherland
expressed their unanimous decision, denying
Thind citizenship:
It is a matter of familiar observation and knowledge
that the physical group characteristics of the Hindus
render them readily distinguishable from the various
groups of persons in this country commonly
recognized as white
153. The children of English, French, German, Italian,
Scandinavian, and other European parentage,
quickly merge into the mass of our population and
lose the distinctive hallmarks of their European
origin. On the other hand, it cannot be doubted that
the children born in this country of Hindu parents
would retain indefinitely the clear evidence of their
ancestry. It is very far from our thought to suggest
the slightest question of racial superiority or
inferiority.What we suggest is merely racial
difference, and it is of such character and extent that
the great body of our people instinctively recognize
it and reject the thought of assimilation.
154. ustice Sutherland wrote in his summary:
The eligibility of this applicant for citizenship is based on the sole fact
that he is of high caste Hindu stock, born in villageTaragarhTalawa,
Amritsar district, Punjab, one of the extreme north western districts of
India, and classified by certain scientific authorities as of the Caucasian
or Aryan race... In the Punjab and Rajputana, while the invaders seem to
have met with more success in the effort to preserve their racial purity,
intermarriages did occur producing an intermingling of the two and
destroying to a greater or less degree the purity of the "Aryan" blood.
The rules of caste, while calculated to prevent this intermixture, seem
not to have been entirely successful... the given group cannot be
properly assigned to any of the enumerated grand racial divisions.The
type may have been so changed by intermixture of blood as to justify an
intermediate classification. Something very like this has actually taken
place in India.Thus, in Hindustan and Berar there was such an
intermixture of the "Aryan" invader with the dark-skinned Dravidian.
155. He finally got citizenship
Thind petitioned for naturalization a third
time in 1935 after Congress passed the Nye-
Lea Act, which made WorldWar I veterans
eligible for naturalization regardless of race,
and based on his status as a veteran of the
United States military during WorldWar I he
was finally granted United States citizenship
Indians become eligable in 1946
156. Luce–Celler Act of 1946
The Luce–Celler Act of 1946 (H. R. 3517;
Public Law 483) was proposed by
Republican Clare Boothe Luce and
Democrat Emanuel Celler in 1943 and
signed into law by President HarryTruman
on July 2, 1946.
157. It provided a quota of 100 Filipinos and 100
Indians to immigrate into the United States
per year. As the Philippines became
independent from the United States in
1946, Filipinos would have been barred
from immigrating without the Act.
158. The act also allowed Filipino Americans and
Indian Americans to naturalize and become
US citizens. Indian Americans had not been
allowed to naturalize since United States v.
Bhagat SinghThind in 1923, which the law
effectively reversed. Upon becoming
citizens, the new Americans could own
homes and farmland and petition for family
from their nation of birth.
159. Websters defines the Mughals as: an Indian
Muslim of or descended from one of several
conquering groups of Mongol,Turkish, and
Persian origin.That is correct, there was no
particular "Type" of Mughal - but Arab
should also be added, as they all came into
India as a result of the victory of the Muslim
Babar.
160. As we have shown, Europeans are the Albinos of
India's Dravidians.The White/Albino Race started
out as DravidianAlbinos seeking refuge in Central
Asia. Upon their return/invasion of India, the
Albinos/Aryans pushed deep into india, but could
not penetrate into Southern India. Over the course
of the next 3,500 years, Dravidians and
Albinos/Aryans cross-bred, developing skin color
regions in India: In the North we have mainly
White and light skinned people, in the South we
have mainly Black people, and scattered through
the region, we have the majority Brown skin
Mulattoes of the two.
161. The 2013 genetic study: "The Light Skin Allele
of SLC24A5 in South Asians and Europeans
Shares Identity by Descent" Proves that
Europeans and Indians are the SAME people. It
also shows that the mixing of Albinos and
Blacks, which typifies India, is also responsible
for the populations in the Middle East (and
elsewhere), where it involved the native Blacks
(Berbers, Libyans, Egyptians, Hebrews,
Phoenicians, Anatolians, Arabs: and theTurk
Albinos/invaders.