The document discusses breeding potato varieties for high temperature tolerance to address climate change impacts. It provides background on potato taxonomy and production. Climate change is expected to increase global temperatures by 1.8-4°C by 2100. This will negatively impact potato growth and yields, as potato is a cool season crop sensitive to heat. Breeding efforts aim to develop varieties with traits like early bulking and tuberization, reduced leaf area, and improved physiological and biochemical responses to cope with increasing heat stress.
Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of severe infection, total crop may be lost.
Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields of all crops is -14%.
In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50% (Bray EA 1997)
Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
Effect of climate change on abiotic stress management in fruit cropsSwati Shukla
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on abiotic stress management in important fruit crops. It provides an overview of climate change trends like rising global temperatures and outlines abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, flooding and temperature fluctuations. It then examines the effects of these stresses at different growth stages of various fruit crops like apple, cherry, citrus and mango. Stress combinations are also discussed along with implications like accelerated pest outbreaks. Adaptation and mitigation strategies for fruit crops under changing climate conditions are mentioned as topics to be covered.
RECENT ADVANCES IN IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS IN INDIAAditika Sharma
This document provides an overview of recent advances in improving vegetable crops in India. It discusses the development of higher yielding and stress resistant varieties through both conventional breeding methods like hybridization, selection, and mutation breeding as well as advanced techniques like genetic engineering and marker assisted selection. Key achievements include the development of gynoecious lines in cucumber, seedless varieties of watermelon, varieties adapted to year-round cultivation, hybrid varieties with disease resistance, and nutritionally enriched varieties. The application of biotechnology tools such as transgenic approaches, molecular markers, and genome sequencing in vegetable improvement is also summarized.
This document provides information on the breeding of cucumber crops. It discusses the taxonomy and domestication of cucumber, describing its botanical classification and possible centers of origin. Methods of cucumber breeding that are described include mass selection, backcrossing, heterosis breeding using gynoecious lines, interspecific hybridization, and polyploidy breeding. The genetics of sex expression in cucumber are also summarized. Recommended resistant varieties and breeding objectives such as reduced plant height are mentioned.
Mitigation strategies for abiotic stress situations in fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
Mitigation Strategies For Abiotic Stress In Horticultural Crops
The document discusses various abiotic stress conditions faced by horticultural crops and strategies to mitigate their effects. It describes drought, salinity, temperature and light stress conditions and lists fruit crops ranging from tolerant to sensitive for drought stress. It discusses drought tolerant rootstocks and cultivars for various fruit crops. Techniques like regulated deficit irrigation, partial root zone drying, anti-transpirants, hydrophilic polymers, mulching, reflective coatings and agronomic practices help conserve soil moisture and mitigate stress effects.
Abiotic stress management in vegetable cropsLabiba Shah
Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies limit crop productivity worldwide. The document discusses various abiotic stresses and their effects on plants. It provides details on injury mechanisms caused by each stress and tolerance mechanisms that have evolved in plants. It also discusses methods for screening and selecting stress-tolerant genotypes in breeding programs, including the use of wild relatives as sources of tolerance traits. Drought is estimated to account for over 50% of worldwide crop losses, while other stresses like salinity and high temperatures also significantly reduce yields. Breeding stress-tolerant crop varieties through selection and hybridization is important for sustainable agriculture.
Propagation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) by tissue culture Abdul Hakim Salehi
Seminar Presented by Abdul Hakim Salehi,
Sr. MSc.(Hort) Fruit Science Department
College of Horticulture Bengaluru,
University of Horticultural Sciences Bagalkot
Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of severe infection, total crop may be lost.
Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields of all crops is -14%.
In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50% (Bray EA 1997)
Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
Effect of climate change on abiotic stress management in fruit cropsSwati Shukla
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on abiotic stress management in important fruit crops. It provides an overview of climate change trends like rising global temperatures and outlines abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, flooding and temperature fluctuations. It then examines the effects of these stresses at different growth stages of various fruit crops like apple, cherry, citrus and mango. Stress combinations are also discussed along with implications like accelerated pest outbreaks. Adaptation and mitigation strategies for fruit crops under changing climate conditions are mentioned as topics to be covered.
RECENT ADVANCES IN IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS IN INDIAAditika Sharma
This document provides an overview of recent advances in improving vegetable crops in India. It discusses the development of higher yielding and stress resistant varieties through both conventional breeding methods like hybridization, selection, and mutation breeding as well as advanced techniques like genetic engineering and marker assisted selection. Key achievements include the development of gynoecious lines in cucumber, seedless varieties of watermelon, varieties adapted to year-round cultivation, hybrid varieties with disease resistance, and nutritionally enriched varieties. The application of biotechnology tools such as transgenic approaches, molecular markers, and genome sequencing in vegetable improvement is also summarized.
This document provides information on the breeding of cucumber crops. It discusses the taxonomy and domestication of cucumber, describing its botanical classification and possible centers of origin. Methods of cucumber breeding that are described include mass selection, backcrossing, heterosis breeding using gynoecious lines, interspecific hybridization, and polyploidy breeding. The genetics of sex expression in cucumber are also summarized. Recommended resistant varieties and breeding objectives such as reduced plant height are mentioned.
Mitigation strategies for abiotic stress situations in fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
Mitigation Strategies For Abiotic Stress In Horticultural Crops
The document discusses various abiotic stress conditions faced by horticultural crops and strategies to mitigate their effects. It describes drought, salinity, temperature and light stress conditions and lists fruit crops ranging from tolerant to sensitive for drought stress. It discusses drought tolerant rootstocks and cultivars for various fruit crops. Techniques like regulated deficit irrigation, partial root zone drying, anti-transpirants, hydrophilic polymers, mulching, reflective coatings and agronomic practices help conserve soil moisture and mitigate stress effects.
Abiotic stress management in vegetable cropsLabiba Shah
Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies limit crop productivity worldwide. The document discusses various abiotic stresses and their effects on plants. It provides details on injury mechanisms caused by each stress and tolerance mechanisms that have evolved in plants. It also discusses methods for screening and selecting stress-tolerant genotypes in breeding programs, including the use of wild relatives as sources of tolerance traits. Drought is estimated to account for over 50% of worldwide crop losses, while other stresses like salinity and high temperatures also significantly reduce yields. Breeding stress-tolerant crop varieties through selection and hybridization is important for sustainable agriculture.
Propagation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) by tissue culture Abdul Hakim Salehi
Seminar Presented by Abdul Hakim Salehi,
Sr. MSc.(Hort) Fruit Science Department
College of Horticulture Bengaluru,
University of Horticultural Sciences Bagalkot
Abiotic stress management in open field vegetablesATMA RAM MEENA
India is the second largest producer of vegetables globally but has low vegetable productivity. Vegetables are important sources of nutrients. Abiotic stresses like temperature extremes negatively impact vegetable growth and yields. Integrated crop management strategies can help overcome abiotic stresses through the use of stress-tolerant varieties, organic farming, protected cultivation, and agronomic practices suited to different climates and vegetable types. Maintaining optimal temperatures, light, and soil conditions enhances vegetable productivity in open cultivation systems.
Climate change and its impact on Vegetable productionMajid Rashid
The document provides information on the impacts of climate change on vegetable production. It discusses how rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events are negatively affecting vegetable growth, development, yields and quality. Key points mentioned include vegetables being very sensitive to changes in temperature and rainfall, leading to crop failures and reduced yields. Climate change is also altering pest and disease pressures on vegetable crops. The document then outlines some mitigation strategies like using improved crop varieties, mulching, drip irrigation, and agronomic practices that help vegetable farmers adapt to climate impacts.
This document provides information on chilli breeding in India. It discusses the botanical details of chilli and its importance as a crop rich in nutrients and used widely in curries. It presents data on the area and production of chilli in India from 2010-2015. It then outlines some common chilli breeding methods and objectives such as developing early maturity, high yield, and stress resistance. The document concludes by describing several popular chilli varieties developed in India, including Arka Lohit, Arka Sweta, Arka Harita, and Arka Suphal, as well as some chilli hybrids like TNAU Hybrid Chilli CO 1, Arka Meghana, Pusa Jwala, and
BREEDING FOR IMPROVED NUTRITION QUALITY AND NUTRACEUTICALS PROPERTIES IN VEGE...NARAYANA SWAMY
This document discusses breeding approaches for improved nutritional quality and nutraceutical properties in vegetable crops. It begins with an introduction on the importance of nutrition and nutraceuticals. It then discusses nutritional quality and colored vegetables, important nutraceuticals found in vegetables and their health benefits. Finally, it outlines breeding objectives such as enhancing productivity, developing high-yielding varieties enriched with micronutrients, and enriching nutraceutical properties in vegetables.
Suitability of different fruit crops under different stress conditionsMANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes research on the suitability of different fruit crops under salt stress conditions. It discusses several studies that evaluated:
1) The salt tolerance of grapevine cultivars grafted onto different rootstocks, finding the Salt Creek rootstock conferred the highest tolerance.
2) The effects of saline irrigation water on grapevine growth and survival, which significantly decreased with higher salt concentrations.
3) The relative salt tolerance of grapevine rootstocks to different chloride salts, determining the Dogridge rootstock accumulated the lowest chloride levels and was most tolerant.
4) The adaptation of grapevine varieties and rootstocks to salinity, aiming to correlate salt resistance with mineral content under salt treatments.
This document provides information about the VSC 611 Breeding of Vegetable Crops course, including its objectives, theory, units, practical schedule, and reference books. The course aims to impart knowledge on principles and practices of breeding vegetable crops. It covers topics like origin, botany, taxonomy, genetics, breeding objectives and methods, varieties, and molecular breeding for crops like solanaceous vegetables, cucurbits, cool season vegetables, bulb crops, and greens. The practical schedule includes modes of pollination, hybridization techniques, assessment of variability, and visits to breeding centers.
This document discusses potato seed production technology in Northeast India, with a focus on Meghalaya. It provides context on agriculture and potato production in India. It then discusses constraints to potato development in Meghalaya like limited knowledge of seed storage, soil erosion from shifting cultivation, lack of tissue culture adoption, and disease issues. It outlines strategies to enhance potato production like developing high-yielding varieties resistant to late blight, improving seed multiplication and storage infrastructure, adopting post-harvest techniques and management of biotic and abiotic stresses. The document also details the various stages and techniques of seed production from breeder to foundation to certified seeds.
This document discusses transgenic vegetable crops, beginning with an introduction to the major steps in transgenic breeding and common plant transformation techniques. It then reviews several GM vegetable crops that are under development, including Bt brinjal, which underwent multi-location field trials in India from 2004-2009 before a moratorium was placed on its commercial release. The document also discusses transgenic tomatoes, including the first commercialized GM vegetable crop - the Flavr Savr tomato developed in the 1990s to have decreased softening without compromising taste or other traits. In conclusion, it presents both arguments for and against the commercialization of Bt brinjal in India.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on parthenocarpic vegetables. It includes an introduction to parthenocarpy, definitions of related terms like parthenogenesis and apomixis. It discusses the importance of parthenocarpy in vegetables and approaches to achieve it, including through plant growth regulators, hybridization, mutation and ploidy alteration. Examples are given of parthenocarpic lines developed in tomatoes and cucumbers through these methods. Research findings on seed and fruit production patterns in parthenocarpic tomatoes under different temperatures are summarized.
This document provides information on the history, breeding methods, and genetic resources of banana. It discusses how banana breeding was started in Trinidad and Jamaica in the 1920s to develop Fusarium wilt resistant varieties. Important breeding programs and achievements are highlighted from India, including the development of hybrid varieties BRS-1 and BRS-2 at Kerala Agricultural University. Mutation breeding has also led to new varieties. The objectives of banana breeding include developing dwarf, disease resistant varieties with good quality fruit suited for different agro-ecological zones.
Crop modeling involves using simplified quantitative representations to describe key variables that control crop growth systems. Fruit tree crop models now focus on carbon-based productivity and were facilitated by advances in computing. Models can predict phenology, climate effects, and stress responses. Developing accurate models requires understanding physiological processes, extensive data, and addressing gaps like root growth patterns. Models combine process-based approaches simulating organ development and biomass partitioning with empirical geometric models of plant architecture. Existing fruit crop models include Hi-SAFE for tree-crop interactions and Yield-SAFE for apples. Crop modeling provides knowledge on fruit tree responses to practices that help optimize yield for export.
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
Marker-assisted Selection (MAS) in fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
This document discusses the use of molecular markers in fruit crop breeding. It begins by explaining how molecular markers like RFLPs, AFLPs, RAPDs, ISSRs, SSRs, and SNPs can be used in marker-assisted selection to improve the efficiency of breeding programs through early trait assessment, selection of complex traits, and distinguishing hybrids from parental lines. It then provides examples of studies using ISSR and SSR markers in citrus and peach breeding. The document concludes by summarizing achievements in various fruit crops using different molecular marker techniques and outlining ongoing research projects at PAU utilizing biotechnology approaches like marker-assisted breeding.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on research related to grafting of vegetable crops. The presentation covered the definition and purpose of grafting, the history of vegetable grafting, common grafting methods, and research examining the effects of grafting on various vegetable crops such as watermelon, cucumber, tomato, brinjal, chilli, and okra. Specific rootstocks were highlighted for their ability to improve yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses for different vegetable crops.
Next generation plant growth regulators in horticulture productionMohamed Farag
1. The document discusses various classes of plant growth regulators (PGRs) including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and newer regulators like brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid.
2. It provides examples of each class and their roles in physiological processes and response to stresses. For example, jasmonic acid induces defense genes in response to damage and salicylic acid confers tolerance to heat, cold, and drought stresses.
3. A case study shows that pre-treating tomato and bean plants with salicylic acid or acetyl salicylic acid improves their survival after exposure to heat,
This document summarizes the impact of various weather parameters on vegetable cultivation based on the doctoral credit seminar of Abha Nutan Kujur. It discusses how climate variability and climate change can significantly impact crop production through changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events. Increased temperatures can negatively affect the growth, development, and quality of vegetables as well as increase pest and disease incidence. Other factors like light intensity, humidity, wind, solar radiation, and elevated carbon dioxide levels can physiological impact vegetables. The document reviews several studies showing effects of these parameters on specific vegetables like tomato, potato, capsicum, cauliflower, and okra.
The document discusses carrots, including their growth requirements, nutritional value, origins, genetic resources, and breeding objectives and methods. Carrots are a cool-season root vegetable that grow best in temperate climates during spring, summer and autumn, and in subtropical climates during winter. They require temperatures between 15-22°C and low soil moisture for elongated roots. Carrots are a source of vitamin A and dietary fiber. Breeding objectives for carrots include high yield, carotene content, uniform shape and size, and disease resistance. Carrots are cross-pollinated and various breeding methods are used to meet objectives, including cytoplasmic male sterility.
In India, the conventional potato cultivation methods are not merely enough to solve the issues like high cost of cultivation, disease management and storage of seed tubers. Also, the novel technologies of potato production such as High tech seed production, Microplant based seed production system, Aeroponic based seed production system, Microtuber based seed production system etc. cannot be easily adopted by small & marginal farmers .
Thus, this void of cheap & cost effective , quality efficient method of potato cultivation can be successfully fulfilled by True Potato seed production technique, which comes with some excellent pros of high net profit, high quality produce, transport & storability.
Its provides information about nutrition situation in India and its solution. Bio-fortification in the context of horticultural crops and its methods . Global initiatives and Future Challenges associated with bio-fortification.
Impacts of climate change on chickpea CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTIONBURLAVENKATAKRISHNA
- Chickpea is an important crop that is sensitive to climate change impacts like increased temperatures and drought. Recent studies project negative impacts of climate change on chickpea production.
- As temperatures and drought increase, chickpea yields and quality are expected to decline. New cultivars adapted to heat and drought through breeding will be important for maintaining chickpea production.
- Research in Ethiopia found that under climate change scenarios, yields of two chickpea varieties were projected to decrease in coming decades without improved varieties. Developing new varieties adapted to future conditions is crucial for food security.
This document provides information about heat stress in wheat crops. It discusses how heat stress reduces wheat yields and quality by affecting grain filling. Several traits for measuring heat tolerance are described, including canopy temperature depression, membrane thermo-stability, chlorophyll content, and stay green ability. Breeding approaches to develop heat tolerant wheat varieties are summarized, such as selection, mutation breeding, and hybridization. Research on heat tolerant wheat varieties developed in India is also mentioned.
Abiotic stress management in open field vegetablesATMA RAM MEENA
India is the second largest producer of vegetables globally but has low vegetable productivity. Vegetables are important sources of nutrients. Abiotic stresses like temperature extremes negatively impact vegetable growth and yields. Integrated crop management strategies can help overcome abiotic stresses through the use of stress-tolerant varieties, organic farming, protected cultivation, and agronomic practices suited to different climates and vegetable types. Maintaining optimal temperatures, light, and soil conditions enhances vegetable productivity in open cultivation systems.
Climate change and its impact on Vegetable productionMajid Rashid
The document provides information on the impacts of climate change on vegetable production. It discusses how rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events are negatively affecting vegetable growth, development, yields and quality. Key points mentioned include vegetables being very sensitive to changes in temperature and rainfall, leading to crop failures and reduced yields. Climate change is also altering pest and disease pressures on vegetable crops. The document then outlines some mitigation strategies like using improved crop varieties, mulching, drip irrigation, and agronomic practices that help vegetable farmers adapt to climate impacts.
This document provides information on chilli breeding in India. It discusses the botanical details of chilli and its importance as a crop rich in nutrients and used widely in curries. It presents data on the area and production of chilli in India from 2010-2015. It then outlines some common chilli breeding methods and objectives such as developing early maturity, high yield, and stress resistance. The document concludes by describing several popular chilli varieties developed in India, including Arka Lohit, Arka Sweta, Arka Harita, and Arka Suphal, as well as some chilli hybrids like TNAU Hybrid Chilli CO 1, Arka Meghana, Pusa Jwala, and
BREEDING FOR IMPROVED NUTRITION QUALITY AND NUTRACEUTICALS PROPERTIES IN VEGE...NARAYANA SWAMY
This document discusses breeding approaches for improved nutritional quality and nutraceutical properties in vegetable crops. It begins with an introduction on the importance of nutrition and nutraceuticals. It then discusses nutritional quality and colored vegetables, important nutraceuticals found in vegetables and their health benefits. Finally, it outlines breeding objectives such as enhancing productivity, developing high-yielding varieties enriched with micronutrients, and enriching nutraceutical properties in vegetables.
Suitability of different fruit crops under different stress conditionsMANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes research on the suitability of different fruit crops under salt stress conditions. It discusses several studies that evaluated:
1) The salt tolerance of grapevine cultivars grafted onto different rootstocks, finding the Salt Creek rootstock conferred the highest tolerance.
2) The effects of saline irrigation water on grapevine growth and survival, which significantly decreased with higher salt concentrations.
3) The relative salt tolerance of grapevine rootstocks to different chloride salts, determining the Dogridge rootstock accumulated the lowest chloride levels and was most tolerant.
4) The adaptation of grapevine varieties and rootstocks to salinity, aiming to correlate salt resistance with mineral content under salt treatments.
This document provides information about the VSC 611 Breeding of Vegetable Crops course, including its objectives, theory, units, practical schedule, and reference books. The course aims to impart knowledge on principles and practices of breeding vegetable crops. It covers topics like origin, botany, taxonomy, genetics, breeding objectives and methods, varieties, and molecular breeding for crops like solanaceous vegetables, cucurbits, cool season vegetables, bulb crops, and greens. The practical schedule includes modes of pollination, hybridization techniques, assessment of variability, and visits to breeding centers.
This document discusses potato seed production technology in Northeast India, with a focus on Meghalaya. It provides context on agriculture and potato production in India. It then discusses constraints to potato development in Meghalaya like limited knowledge of seed storage, soil erosion from shifting cultivation, lack of tissue culture adoption, and disease issues. It outlines strategies to enhance potato production like developing high-yielding varieties resistant to late blight, improving seed multiplication and storage infrastructure, adopting post-harvest techniques and management of biotic and abiotic stresses. The document also details the various stages and techniques of seed production from breeder to foundation to certified seeds.
This document discusses transgenic vegetable crops, beginning with an introduction to the major steps in transgenic breeding and common plant transformation techniques. It then reviews several GM vegetable crops that are under development, including Bt brinjal, which underwent multi-location field trials in India from 2004-2009 before a moratorium was placed on its commercial release. The document also discusses transgenic tomatoes, including the first commercialized GM vegetable crop - the Flavr Savr tomato developed in the 1990s to have decreased softening without compromising taste or other traits. In conclusion, it presents both arguments for and against the commercialization of Bt brinjal in India.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on parthenocarpic vegetables. It includes an introduction to parthenocarpy, definitions of related terms like parthenogenesis and apomixis. It discusses the importance of parthenocarpy in vegetables and approaches to achieve it, including through plant growth regulators, hybridization, mutation and ploidy alteration. Examples are given of parthenocarpic lines developed in tomatoes and cucumbers through these methods. Research findings on seed and fruit production patterns in parthenocarpic tomatoes under different temperatures are summarized.
This document provides information on the history, breeding methods, and genetic resources of banana. It discusses how banana breeding was started in Trinidad and Jamaica in the 1920s to develop Fusarium wilt resistant varieties. Important breeding programs and achievements are highlighted from India, including the development of hybrid varieties BRS-1 and BRS-2 at Kerala Agricultural University. Mutation breeding has also led to new varieties. The objectives of banana breeding include developing dwarf, disease resistant varieties with good quality fruit suited for different agro-ecological zones.
Crop modeling involves using simplified quantitative representations to describe key variables that control crop growth systems. Fruit tree crop models now focus on carbon-based productivity and were facilitated by advances in computing. Models can predict phenology, climate effects, and stress responses. Developing accurate models requires understanding physiological processes, extensive data, and addressing gaps like root growth patterns. Models combine process-based approaches simulating organ development and biomass partitioning with empirical geometric models of plant architecture. Existing fruit crop models include Hi-SAFE for tree-crop interactions and Yield-SAFE for apples. Crop modeling provides knowledge on fruit tree responses to practices that help optimize yield for export.
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
Marker-assisted Selection (MAS) in fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
This document discusses the use of molecular markers in fruit crop breeding. It begins by explaining how molecular markers like RFLPs, AFLPs, RAPDs, ISSRs, SSRs, and SNPs can be used in marker-assisted selection to improve the efficiency of breeding programs through early trait assessment, selection of complex traits, and distinguishing hybrids from parental lines. It then provides examples of studies using ISSR and SSR markers in citrus and peach breeding. The document concludes by summarizing achievements in various fruit crops using different molecular marker techniques and outlining ongoing research projects at PAU utilizing biotechnology approaches like marker-assisted breeding.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on research related to grafting of vegetable crops. The presentation covered the definition and purpose of grafting, the history of vegetable grafting, common grafting methods, and research examining the effects of grafting on various vegetable crops such as watermelon, cucumber, tomato, brinjal, chilli, and okra. Specific rootstocks were highlighted for their ability to improve yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses for different vegetable crops.
Next generation plant growth regulators in horticulture productionMohamed Farag
1. The document discusses various classes of plant growth regulators (PGRs) including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and newer regulators like brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid.
2. It provides examples of each class and their roles in physiological processes and response to stresses. For example, jasmonic acid induces defense genes in response to damage and salicylic acid confers tolerance to heat, cold, and drought stresses.
3. A case study shows that pre-treating tomato and bean plants with salicylic acid or acetyl salicylic acid improves their survival after exposure to heat,
This document summarizes the impact of various weather parameters on vegetable cultivation based on the doctoral credit seminar of Abha Nutan Kujur. It discusses how climate variability and climate change can significantly impact crop production through changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events. Increased temperatures can negatively affect the growth, development, and quality of vegetables as well as increase pest and disease incidence. Other factors like light intensity, humidity, wind, solar radiation, and elevated carbon dioxide levels can physiological impact vegetables. The document reviews several studies showing effects of these parameters on specific vegetables like tomato, potato, capsicum, cauliflower, and okra.
The document discusses carrots, including their growth requirements, nutritional value, origins, genetic resources, and breeding objectives and methods. Carrots are a cool-season root vegetable that grow best in temperate climates during spring, summer and autumn, and in subtropical climates during winter. They require temperatures between 15-22°C and low soil moisture for elongated roots. Carrots are a source of vitamin A and dietary fiber. Breeding objectives for carrots include high yield, carotene content, uniform shape and size, and disease resistance. Carrots are cross-pollinated and various breeding methods are used to meet objectives, including cytoplasmic male sterility.
In India, the conventional potato cultivation methods are not merely enough to solve the issues like high cost of cultivation, disease management and storage of seed tubers. Also, the novel technologies of potato production such as High tech seed production, Microplant based seed production system, Aeroponic based seed production system, Microtuber based seed production system etc. cannot be easily adopted by small & marginal farmers .
Thus, this void of cheap & cost effective , quality efficient method of potato cultivation can be successfully fulfilled by True Potato seed production technique, which comes with some excellent pros of high net profit, high quality produce, transport & storability.
Its provides information about nutrition situation in India and its solution. Bio-fortification in the context of horticultural crops and its methods . Global initiatives and Future Challenges associated with bio-fortification.
Impacts of climate change on chickpea CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTIONBURLAVENKATAKRISHNA
- Chickpea is an important crop that is sensitive to climate change impacts like increased temperatures and drought. Recent studies project negative impacts of climate change on chickpea production.
- As temperatures and drought increase, chickpea yields and quality are expected to decline. New cultivars adapted to heat and drought through breeding will be important for maintaining chickpea production.
- Research in Ethiopia found that under climate change scenarios, yields of two chickpea varieties were projected to decrease in coming decades without improved varieties. Developing new varieties adapted to future conditions is crucial for food security.
This document provides information about heat stress in wheat crops. It discusses how heat stress reduces wheat yields and quality by affecting grain filling. Several traits for measuring heat tolerance are described, including canopy temperature depression, membrane thermo-stability, chlorophyll content, and stay green ability. Breeding approaches to develop heat tolerant wheat varieties are summarized, such as selection, mutation breeding, and hybridization. Research on heat tolerant wheat varieties developed in India is also mentioned.
This document provides notes on key topics for the Geography of Food. It begins by outlining the format for answering questions and providing tips for exams. It then defines various types of farming systems and provides examples. Trends in food consumption are summarized for MEDCs and LEDCs. Factors influencing food supply, production and distribution are defined. Models of the demographic transition and innovations like the Green and Blue revolutions are briefly introduced. The document concludes by mentioning Malthus vs. Boserup theories and various cutting-edge agricultural techniques.
Presentation by Jan Low from CIP at the Land and Water Advantage event on the sidelines of COP23.
More information about the event series: https://bit.ly/AgAdvantage
Crop production is influenced by many genetic and environmental factors. Only 7% of land has suitable conditions for crop growth without advanced technology. Key factors include temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and atmospheric gases. Temperature affects crop growth through biochemical reactions and influences cardinal temperature points. The right amount of precipitation and solar radiation are essential for photosynthesis and water requirements. Relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit impact evapotranspiration. Understanding these factors is important for optimizing crop yields.
Heat waves and its effect on crops.pptxUAS, Dharwad
Heat waves can severely impact agriculture and crops. The presentation discusses heat waves, their measurement, history and effects on crops. Extreme heat can reduce yields for wheat, rice, maize and soybeans. It causes issues like wilting, scorching of plant tissues, reduced photosynthesis and lower quality. Methods to reduce heat stress on plants include overhead watering, mulching and shade cloth. Research findings show heat waves have reduced global cereal harvests by 10% over 50 years. The conclusion reiterates the negative impacts of heat waves on agriculture.
The document discusses strategies for breeding rice varieties that are tolerant to abiotic stresses caused by climate change. It describes stress tolerance breeding efforts for heat, drought, flooding, and salinity. For each stress, key genes have been identified, such as SUB1A for flood tolerance and DRO1 for deeper root growth and drought tolerance. Marker-assisted backcrossing is being used to introgress stress tolerance genes into popular rice varieties to develop climate-resilient crops. Overall, the document emphasizes the need for stress tolerant rice to ensure food security amidst climate change impacts.
Abstract
More than 300m people below the poverty line in developing countries depend on root, tuber and banana crops for food and income, particularly in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) is working globally to harness the untapped potential of those crops in order to improve food security, nutrition, income, and climate change and variability resilience of smallholder production systems. RTB is changing the way research centres work and collaborate, creating a more cohesive and multidisciplinary approach to common challenges and goals through knowledge sharing, multidirectional communications, communities of practice, and crosscutting initiatives. Participating centres work with an array of national and international institutions, non-governmental organisations, and stakeholders’ groups. RTB aims to promote greater cooperation among them while strengthening their capacities as key players. Because the impact of RTB research is highly dependent on its adoption by users, the programme’s research options are designed and developed together with partners, clients, and other stakeholders, and are informed by their needs and preferences. Climate change will have multiple impacts on poverty and vulnerability. Recent studies by the World Bank suggest that one of the most significant routes for this impact will be through increased food prices, which may undo progress in poverty reduction and will make achieving Sustainable Development Goals increasingly difficult. This underlines the urgency of investment in mid- to long-term strategic research to improve climate resilience. The presentation looks at progress in understanding the current trends and forecasting the changes that may occur to guide research; it examines some of the critical issues that will face potato and sweetpotato farmers; and ends with a plea for climate-smart research and breeding. And though this includes many of the things we already do, we need to do them faster, better, and smarter.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on insect pests. It begins with definitions of climate change and its causes, including both natural factors and human activities that increase greenhouse gases. Sections then examine how rising temperatures, CO2 levels, and changes in precipitation patterns can indirectly and directly affect insect populations, ranges, development, and interactions with plants. Specifically, climate change may lead to faster insect growth, expanded ranges, altered life cycles, and increased outbreaks. The conclusion states that predicting climate change impacts is complex, as some factors may help or harm different insects, requiring further research on species' sensitivities.
Impact of climate change on agriculture & allied sectorsPradipa Chinnasamy
Climate change will significantly impact agriculture and food security in India. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events will affect crop yields, livestock, and fisheries. Higher temperatures can reduce yields of major crops like rice, wheat and soybean. Pests, diseases and weeds will also spread to new areas, posing additional threats. Livestock will face heat stress and lower milk production. Fisheries may see increased catches but ocean acidification could damage shells of shellfish. To ensure food security, India needs strategies like switching crops, establishing food reserves, and developing climate-resilient varieties.
1. Climate change will increase food prices, worsening poverty, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where roots and tubers are a major staple crop.
2. Breeding climate-smart varieties of roots and tubers is essential to dampening food price rises and hunger under climate change.
3. A new paradigm of genomics-assisted climate-smart breeding is needed to identify key drought and heat tolerant traits, develop climate-smart varieties faster and better, and ensure widespread adoption through seed systems.
This document summarizes research on challenges to sustainable potato production from climate change and identifies knowledge gaps. Rising temperatures and carbon dioxide levels may increase potato yields but also pest and disease pressures. Models are being used to understand these impacts but need better data. Farmers in the Andes are already adapting through changes in planting locations and varieties. However, expanding potato into peatlands or grasslands could release large amounts of soil carbon. Overall research is needed to develop climate-smart agriculture that balances adaptation, mitigation and food security goals.
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of thermotherapy to inactivate Potato leaf
roll virus (PLRV) from the potato tubers. For this purpose an experiment was carried out at Newly Developmental Farms
(NDF) of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan. Potato tubers infected with PLRV were collected from
farmer’s fields. The potato tubers were than treated with hot water at average 370C for various intervals of time.
Afterwards these heat treated tubers were shifted to fields for sowing. In field condition minimum % incidence (16.66%)
of PLRV was observed from the treatments T3 (2 hours hot water treatment), T4 (2 ½ hours hot water treatment) and T5
(3 hours hot water treatment) respectively while in control 53.33 % incidence of PLRV was recorded. Therefore it can be
concluded that thermotherapy at 370C for 2 hours, 2 ½ hours and 3 hours in case of hot water treatment were effective in
fully or partially elimination of PLRV from potato tubers. Further combine effect of thermotherapy, confidor and neem
extract was evaluated against PLRV. It was observed that in T6 (hot water treatment for 2 ½ hours, insecticide and
biocide) % incidence of PLRV was 13.2% with maximum vegetative parameters such as % germination, height (cm),
tuber size (cm) and yield (kg) recorded followed by T4 (Confidor + 2½ hours hot water treatment) and T1 (2 ½ hours hot
water treatment) where % incidence of PLRV was 16.66% and 20% respectively. Moreover the treatment T2 (Confidor)
when applied individually was found to more effective against PLRV as compared to T3 (Neem extract) with % incidence
value 26.66% and 33.33% respectively.
Key words- PLRV, Thermotherapy, Hot water treatment, Confidor, Neem extract
Effect of cultural practices on branching of groundnut reportHARISH J
The document reports on a study examining the effect of cultural operations on branching in groundnut. It describes 4 treatments: 1) nipping at 20 days after sowing (DAS), 2) passing empty drums over plants at 20 DAS, 3) withholding irrigation up to 30 DAS, and 4) nipping at 30 DAS with no irrigation. Observations recorded the number of branches, plant height, and leaves per branch before and after each treatment. Nipping and passing drums increased branching while withholding irrigation increased branching and plant height but decreased leaves per branch.
This document discusses off-season vegetable production in India. It begins by defining off-season vegetable production as producing vegetables after or before their normal season through various methods. It then discusses the advantages of off-season production such as higher profits, employment, and nutritional security. Specific production methods covered include adjusting planting times, using different agroclimatic regions, and protected structures like greenhouses, tunnels, and polyhouses. Key off-season vegetables grown in India and suitable varieties are also outlined. The document provides details on production systems, yields, and strategies to facilitate year-round vegetable availability.
Temperature – limiting factor [autosaved] newSumer Pankaj
Temperature is the degree or the intensity of heatness or coldness of any object surroundings or organism and it plays a major role in development and growth of organisms in various ways like affect on metabolism, reproduction, sex ratio, morphology etc. Some organisms are adapted to extreme high temperatures and extreme low temperatures, which make them to sustain their life easily. There are many ways by which organisms can sustain themselves in these areas like occurrence of hibernation, activation, morphological and physiological changes etc. Though organisms have made their lives very much easier, temperature plays a major role in their growth and development.
Review on Postharvest Handling Practices of Root and Tuber Crops.Premier Publishers
The root and tuber crops, including cassava, sweet potato, yams, and aroids, enjoy considerable importance as a vegetable, staple food, or raw material for small‐scale industries at a global level, particularly in the less developed tropical countries. The perishability and postharvest losses of root and tuber crops are the major constraints in the utilization of these crops. Several simple, low‐cost traditional methods are being followed by fanners in different parts of the world to store different root and tuber crops in the fresh state. An account of different storage practices and constraints is reviewed in this article. Some of these methods have been studied and evaluated by different research workers. Several modern techniques, including refrigerated cold storage, freezing, chemical treatments, wax coating, and irradiation, for storing fresh tropical tubers are also reviewed. The pre‐ and postharvest factors to be considered for postharvest storage of different root and tuber crops are incorporated into the review.
- The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an alternative methodology for growing rice that can significantly increase yields using fewer external inputs. It involves transplanting young seedlings with wide spacing, maintaining moist soil conditions, and mechanical weeding.
- SRI has led to increased yields of 8-16 tons/hectare in various countries, compared to average worldwide yields of 3.8 tons/hectare, through profuse tillering, greater root growth, larger panicles, and less water requirement. Additional benefits include lower costs, higher profits, and less need for fertilizers and agrochemicals.
- While counterintuitive, SRI principles take advantage of plant biology and dynamics
Similar to breeding for heat resistance in potato (20)
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
1. Breeding potato for high temperature tolerance &
Climate Change
Hemant Ghemeray
10908 PhD VEGETABLE SCIENCE
IARI NEW DELHI
10908 PhD VEGETABLE SCIENCE
IARI NEW DELHI
1
2. • Belongs to the family Solanaceae
• The genus Solanum comprises 8 cultivated
species and 2000 wild relatives
• 4th most important food crop (
http://faostat.fao.org)
• Herbaceous C3 annual plant
• Cultivated: tetraploid with 48 chromosomes
• About 235 Solanum species tuberize
• The basic chromosome number of the genus
Solanum is x = 12
• Ploidy level of potato species varies from 2x
to 6x
• 73 % diploids, 4 % triploids, 15 % tetraploids ,
2 % pentaploids and 6 % hexaploids
• Main tuber-bearing species: S. tuberosum ssp.
tuberosum and S. tuberosum ssp. andigena
POTATOPOTATO
2
4. Uses of potatoUses of potato
Food uses: fresh, "frozen",
dehydrated
fresh potatoes are baked, boiled or fried
Value –added: processed food products:frozen
potatoes, french fries ("chips" in the UK)
Dehydrated potato flakes and granules
Potato starch provides higher viscosity AND
binding agent in cake mixes, dough, biscuits and
ice-cream.
fresh potatoes are baked, boiled or fried
Value –added: processed food products:frozen
potatoes, french fries ("chips" in the UK)
Dehydrated potato flakes and granules
Potato starch provides higher viscosity AND
binding agent in cake mixes, dough, biscuits and
ice-cream.
Non-food uses Glue, animal feed and fuel-grade ethanol
Seed potatoes: renewing the cycle...Seed potatoes: renewing the cycle...
4
5. The potato's story begins about
8,000 years ago( near Lake Titicaca,
in the Andes mountain border
between Bolivia and Peru).
There, research indicates, at least
7,000 years before began
domesticating wild potato plants
that grew around the lake in
abundance
The potato's story begins about
8,000 years ago( near Lake Titicaca,
in the Andes mountain border
between Bolivia and Peru).
There, research indicates, at least
7,000 years before began
domesticating wild potato plants
that grew around the lake in
abundance
ORIGINISORIGINIS
• Till 16th
century it was unknown to the people of Europe, Asia, Africa and
north America.
• Introduced into India in the mid 17th century by Portuguese traders or
British missionaries.
• Now potatoes became one of the most important food crop of the world
after rice, wheat and maize.
5
6. Potato is a cool season crop & sensitive to
heat
The IPCC (2007) predicted a rise in global
temperature by 1.8–4 o
C by the year 2100
In addition subcontinent will very likely
(with > 90% probability) experience global
warming
Global temperatures are likely to rise
Precipitation patterns are likely to change
production have been predicted to
decrease yields by:
10-19% in 2010-39
18-32% in the 2050s
Potato is a cool season crop & sensitive to
heat
The IPCC (2007) predicted a rise in global
temperature by 1.8–4 o
C by the year 2100
In addition subcontinent will very likely
(with > 90% probability) experience global
warming
Global temperatures are likely to rise
Precipitation patterns are likely to change
production have been predicted to
decrease yields by:
10-19% in 2010-39
18-32% in the 2050s
6
Potato and Climate Change
Potato production is likely to
be affected by climate change
7. Stress: Any external condition that adversely affect plant
growth development and productivity
StressStress
Biotic
Disease ,Insects
Parasitic ,Weeds
Biotic
Disease ,Insects
Parasitic ,Weeds
Abiotic
Drought,cold,nutrient
salinity and heat
Heat stress:Heat stress:
The rise in temperature beyond a threshold level &
cause irreversible damage to plant growth and
development
Why we should consider heat stress in potato?Why we should consider heat stress in potato?
Usually 10–15 C above◦
ambient
7
8. Causes Of Heat StressCauses Of Heat Stress
Gaseous emissions due to human activities Gaseous emissions due to human activities
GHG:CO2, methane,
chlorofluorocarbons and nitrous
oxide ,etc
GHG:CO2, methane,
chlorofluorocarbons and nitrous
oxide ,etc
IPCC: global mean temperature
will rise 0.3 ◦C per decade
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSOEl Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO
8
10. lead to altered geographical distribution and growing seasonlead to altered geographical distribution and growing season
At very high temperaturesAt very high temperatures
•cellular injury and even cell death
•catastrophic collapse of cellular organization
At moderately high temperatureAt moderately high temperature
•injuries or death may occur only after long-
term exposure
Physiological consequence of heat stress on potatoesPhysiological consequence of heat stress on potatoes
Heat stress associated injuries ultimately lead to:
Starvation
inhibition of growth
reduced ion flux
production of toxic compounds
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
10
11. •Early flowering
• Maturity,
• Variation in
duration of growth
period depending
on the extent of
water scarcity
•Water uptake, storing in plant cell
and reducing water loss .
•Physiological whole-plant
mechanisms
•Canopy tolerance and leaf area
reduction (which decrease
radiation, adsorption and
transpiration),
•Stomatal closure and cuticular wax
formation, and root depth and
density, root hair development
•Balancing of
turgor through
osmotic
Adjustment
•Increase in
elasticity in
cell but
decrease in cell
size
11
12. i)Morpho-phenological parameters:
Earliness,
Reduced leaf area and leaf rolling
Wax content
Efficient rooting system and reduced tillering,
ii)Physiological Parameters :
Reduced transpiration,
High water-use efficiency,
Stomatal closure and osmotic adjustment
iii)Biochemical Parameters :
Accumulation of proline, polyamine, trehalose, etc.,
Increased nitrate reductase activity and
Increased storage of carbohydrates
iv)Molecular parameters
Oxidative strees and antioxidants
Stress proteins
Genetic Mechanism
12
13. Heat tolerance for heat stressHeat tolerance for heat stress
The best performing genotypes genes viz.,tuberosum, andigena and phureja.
High temperature = senescence +shortens the crop duration.
Early Tuberisation and FAST BULKING RATE (perform better under high temperature )
Good Indication of the Heat Tolerance
The presence of tubers, stolons or tubers on long stolons from which leaf bus cuttings
were taken.
Tall plants with elongated inter-nodes and small leaves indicate heat stress.
Further, direct or indirect indications of heat tolerance can be obtained by measuring:
Photosynthesis rate
Chlorophyll fluorescence
Thermo-stability of the membranes
Chlorophyll stability
Rate of inter-node elongation
Yield Under high temperature conditions in the field
13
14. Fig 2: Proposed heat-stress tolerance mechanisms in plants.Sung et al.(2003).Fig 2: Proposed heat-stress tolerance mechanisms in plants.Sung et al.(2003).
14
15. Fig 3: Global zonification based on length of growing period (LGP) and photoperiod
at tuberization. LGP and photoperiod were classified in two (≤150 and >150 days)
and three classes (short:≤13 h, intermediate: 13–15 h and long: >15 h) respectively
15
Summer potato in temperate zones: 45° N – 57°N
Winter potato in subtropical lowlands: 23° N – 34° N
25% of the potato area > 1000 m altitude
17. Trends in Area, Production and Productivity(1949-50 to 2010-
11)
Trends in Area, Production and Productivity(1949-50 to 2010-
11)
India is producing
41.3 m tons (2011-12)
from 1.9 m ha at an
average productivity
of 22.1 t/ha.
2.8 m tons (7.5%) of
the produce is
processed.
2.96 m tons (8.5%) of
the produce is used as
seed.
0.1 m tons are
exported
Post harvest losses are
nearly 16% of the
total produce.
17
18. Potato growing regions and their varietal requirements in IndiaPotato growing regions and their varietal requirements in India
Region States Potato seasons Varietal requirement
ZONES
North Indian Plains
North
Western
Plains
Haryana, Punjab and
Rajsthan
Autumn
(October –
January/Februa
ry) Spring (Jan
– April//May)
Short day adapted, early
bulking, moderately resistant to
late blight and frost, slow rate of
degeneration.
North Central
Plains
Northwestern districts
of Madhya Pradesh
and western Uttar
Pradesh
Autumn
(October -
February)
Short day adapted, medium
maturing, moderately resistant
to late blight, slow rate of
degeneration.
North
Eastern
Plains
Plains of Assam, Bihar,
North eastern Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa,
Eastern Uttar Pradesh
and West Bengal
Autumn
(November -
March)
Short day adapted, early
bulking, moderately resistant to
late blight, slow rate of
degeneration, red skinned
medium to small sized tubers
(Bihar, MP, Orissa and UP) or
white medium tubers (Assam
and West Bengal).
18
19. Region States Potato seasons Varietal requirement
ZONES
North Indian Hills
North Western
Hills
Southern Jammu and
Kashmir and Himachal
Pradesh
Summer (April-
September)
Long day adapted, resistant to
late blight.
North Central
Hills
Hills of Uttarakhand Summer (April –
August /September)
Long day adapted, resistant to
late blight and bacterial wilt.
North Eastern
Hills
Hills of Arunachal Pradesh,
Manipur, Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Nagaland and
Tripura
SpringJanuary/Februar
y- May/June)
Autumn (August –
November /December)
Long day adapted, resistant to
late blight and bacterial wilt.
SPECIAL PROBLEM AREAS
North Bengal
Hills and
Sikkim
North Bengal hills and
Sikkim
Autumn (September -
December);
Spring (January -
June)
Medium maturing, resistant to
late blight, immune to wart,
red skinned tubers.
Plateau Region
and peninsular
India
Southern parts of Bihar,
Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Orissa
Kharif (July -
September) and Rabi
(November - February)
Early bulking, ability to
tuberise under high
temperatures, resistant to
bacterial wilt, tuber moth and
mites, slow rate of
degeneration.
South Indian
Hills
Hills of Tamil Nadu Summer (April - Augt);
Autumn (Sept - Dec)
Spring (Jan-May)
Early bulking, resistant to late
blight and cyst nematodes.
19
20. Potato Genetic ResourcesPotato Genetic Resources
Indian varieties/hybrids 285
Exotic
Tuberosum:
Andigena:
1750
803 (core: 78)
Wild Species 1082 of 118 species
Total 3924
20
TO NARROW A GENE POOL IS
DANGEROUS!
21. Sources of resistance to various stresses in wild potato speciesSources of resistance to various stresses in wild potato species
Diseases Sources
Viruses - PVX S. acaule, S. berthaultii, S. tuberosum subsp. andigena
PVY S. phureja, S. demissum, S. stoloniferum
PLRV S. acaule, S. demissum, S. tuberosum subsp. andigena
Late blight Vertical S. demissum, S. verrucosum, S. stoloniferum
Horizontal S. berthaultii, S. chacoense, S. microdontum, S. vernei
Wart S. acaule, S. berthaultii.
Common scab S. chacoense, S. tuberosum ssp. andigena
Bacterial wilt S. Chacoense, S. microdontum,
Cyst nematodes S. tuberosum subsp. andigena, S. berthaultii. S. vernei
Root knot nematode S. spegazzinii
Aphids S. berthaultii.
Frost S. acaule, S. ajanhuiri
Heat tolerance S. chacoense, S. commersonii
High protein content S. phureja
21
22. Critical stages of heat stress
Potato Tuberization and
tuber enlargement
Poor tuber growth and yield, splitting, internal
brown spot
Heat tolerant variety: Kufri Surya
Source
Central Potato Research Institute,
(Indian Council of Agricultural
Research),
Shimla (HP) 171001
22
23. The breeding and use of climate resilient cultivars??
-Genetic improvement for heat-stress tolerance
Conventional breeding strategies :
Several issues of concern when employing
traditional breeding protocols :
1. Identification of genetic resources with
heat tolerance attributes.
2.screening different genotypes (in
particular wild accessions) for growth under
high temperatures
3. When breeding for stress tolerance, often
it is necessary that the derived lines/cultivars
be able to perform well under both stress and
non-stress conditions
Conventional breeding strategies :
Several issues of concern when employing
traditional breeding protocols :
1. Identification of genetic resources with
heat tolerance attributes.
2.screening different genotypes (in
particular wild accessions) for growth under
high temperatures
3. When breeding for stress tolerance, often
it is necessary that the derived lines/cultivars
be able to perform well under both stress and
non-stress conditions
How can potato cultivation adapt to climate change? Coping MechanismsHow can potato cultivation adapt to climate change? Coping Mechanisms
23
24. Breeding for Heat ToleranceBreeding for Heat Tolerance
Heat-tolerant accessions of several diploid species including
S. berthaultii, S. chacoense, S. demissum, and S. stoloniferum among others
have been identified (Reynolds & Ewing, 1989)
heat stress tolerance multigenicmultigenic
Aspects of heat tolerance 1.Ability of the plants to tuberise at night
temperature of 22 oC and above
2) low shoot/root ratio at high night
temperature
3) early maturity of the crop/avoidance
1.Ability of the plants to tuberise at night
temperature of 22 oC and above
2) low shoot/root ratio at high night
temperature
3) early maturity of the crop/avoidance
Desirable traits which should be included in the heat-tolerance breeding
programmes are:
• high water-use efficiency
•increased root
•early maturity to escape heat and disease resistance
Desirable traits which should be included in the heat-tolerance breeding
programmes are:
• high water-use efficiency
•increased root
•early maturity to escape heat and disease resistance
24
25. 25
The potato tubers are grown under non-
tuberizing conditions for 30 days (i.e. 240
C
temperature)
After the plants attain growth, single leaf
bud cuttings with one axillary bud each are
cut from the 4th to 7th leaf from these
plants and is transplanted in the sterilized
sand (without nutritional supplement) and
treated with the desired temperature under
controlled environment
For heat stress, it may be 240
C temperature
during 12hrs photoperiod. The cuttings are
grown for 21 days and at the end of this
period these are checked for the formation
of sessile tubers, tubers on stolons and only
stolon formation at axillary bud and
accordingly ranked
Heat Tolerance Screening techniquesHeat Tolerance Screening techniquesHeat Tolerance Screening techniquesHeat Tolerance Screening techniques
26. Molecular and biotechnological strategiesMolecular and biotechnological strategies
Enhance efficiency, effectiveness and economy of
cultivar improvement
Molecular marker technologies for genebank
scientists,breeders and pathologists
Population development,wide crosses,embryo rescue
Genetic engineering
The use of genetic stocks with different degrees of
heat tolerance, molecular biology techniques and
molecular markers to identify tolerance QTLs
Phenomics and genomics are two important and trendy
tools in developing stress tolerant cultivar
A high-throughput phenotyping is a key step to identify
individuals tolerant to targeted stress factors
Enhance efficiency, effectiveness and economy of
cultivar improvement
Molecular marker technologies for genebank
scientists,breeders and pathologists
Population development,wide crosses,embryo rescue
Genetic engineering
The use of genetic stocks with different degrees of
heat tolerance, molecular biology techniques and
molecular markers to identify tolerance QTLs
Phenomics and genomics are two important and trendy
tools in developing stress tolerant cultivar
A high-throughput phenotyping is a key step to identify
individuals tolerant to targeted stress factors 26
27. Microtubers: 50-60% survival
Field multiplication-1 Field multiplication-2 Basic or Breeder Seed
Microplants
Microtubers Minitubers
Culturing in liquid media Microtuber in vitro
New Seed Production Technologies (Micro Propagation)
29. Screening genotype for
HEAT TOLERANCE
Screening genotype for
HEAT TOLERANCE
Development of materials for heat toleranceDevelopment of materials for heat tolerance
Gene pyramiding for
heat tolerance
Transgenics
29
30. Jae Woong Yu , Kappachery Sajeesh , Se Won Park
30
Case 1Case 1
32. Results
Optimization of temperature stress for yeast functional screeningOptimization of temperature stress for yeast functional screening
Fig. 5 Optimization of ideal high-temperature conditions for yeast functional
screening. a Wild-type yeast strain BY4741 grown at 30 °C, b 35 °C, c 39 °C, and d 42 °C.
Fig. 5 Optimization of ideal high-temperature conditions for yeast functional
screening. a Wild-type yeast strain BY4741 grown at 30 °C, b 35 °C, c 39 °C, and d 42 °C.
32
33. 95 full-length cDNA-gene sequences, characterized and classified into 11 broad groups
based on their similarity and putative functions determined by BLAST analysis
Computational analysis and functional classification of isolated genes
33
37. Stress/defense-associated genes induced by heat stressStress/defense-associated genes induced by heat stress
Source
of
RNA
titter of
yeast
expression
library
(Cfu/ml)
number of
yeast
colonies
screened
(cells/μg of
DNA)
no of
heat-
tolerant
clones
identified
(39 °C)
number of
cDNAs
with
putative
function
annotated
number of
clones
having OrFs
similar
length to
homologues
number of
clones
having OrFs
with lesser
length to
homologues
2 h
heat
stress
plants
8.3 × 107
4.8 × 104 120 40 31 9
48 h
heat
stress
plants
5.0 × 107
3.5 × 104 150 55 34 21
TAS14 gene may be crucial for growing potato plants under heat stress
Avr9/Cf-9 elicitor’s gene
TAS14 gene may be crucial for growing potato plants under heat stress
Avr9/Cf-9 elicitor’s gene
37
38. Fig 6:Real-time PCR analysis of selected genes to validate their expression profles which
are involved in high-temperature stress tolerance in S. tuberosum.
qPCr analysis showed down regulation of genes encoding plastocyanin precursor and
chlorophyll a/b binding protein. Bars represent Set of mean (n = 3)
Fig 6:Real-time PCR analysis of selected genes to validate their expression profles which
are involved in high-temperature stress tolerance in S. tuberosum.
qPCr analysis showed down regulation of genes encoding plastocyanin precursor and
chlorophyll a/b binding protein. Bars represent Set of mean (n = 3)
Photosynthesis-associated genes responsive to heat stressPhotosynthesis-associated genes responsive to heat stress
38
39. Metabolism/signal transduction-related genesMetabolism/signal transduction-related genes
In this analysis, a candidate
gene CaM encoding the
calmodulin an important
intermediate of calcium-
mediated signal transduction
was heat regulated suggesting
role of Ca2+ mediated signal
transduction in mitigating heat
stress in potato
CaM protein, an important
regulator of several key
enzymes and plays crucial roles
in maintaining cellular
responses to temperature
changes
39Fig 7Fig 7
40. Fig 8 :Functional classifcation of putative proteins obtained from :
a. heat-tolerant yeast clones expressing cDNA from 2 h heat stressed S. tuberosum
plants b. expressing cDNA from 48 h heat-stressed S. tuberosum plants
Fig 8 :Functional classifcation of putative proteins obtained from :
a. heat-tolerant yeast clones expressing cDNA from 2 h heat stressed S. tuberosum
plants b. expressing cDNA from 48 h heat-stressed S. tuberosum plants
Ionic and osmotic homeostasis
40
41. ConclusionConclusion
The yeast-based screening method presented here can be efficiently used to identify
potential heat tolerance genes of various other crops with slight modification.
In this study, 95 potato tolerance genes were identified to enhance thermo-tolerance of
yeast cells.
11 out of these 95 genes demonstrated to have the role in mechanisms that regulate
multiple stress responses (heat, osmotic and salt stress).
Further qPCR analysis in potato plants subjected several abiotc stresses have confirmed
their involvement in multiple stress-tolerance mechanisms.
In addition, functional assignment suggested that numerous candidate heat-tolerance
genes were known to be master switches that regulate the expression of cascades of genes
associated with heat stress responses, ensuring the efficacy of this method in identifying
potential thermo-tolerance genes common to plants.
These genes not only provide a starting point for understanding the nature of molecular
mechanisms associated with potato response and tolerance to high-temperature stress, but
also serve as potential targets for developing broad-spectrum abiotic stress-tolerant potato
cultivar
41
42. Expression of small heat shock proteins and heat
tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Expression of small heat shock proteins and heat
tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
1 Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of
Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
2 Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
3 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 64 (1), 135-144, 2012
42
Case 2Case 2
43. MATERIALSMATERIALS
Plant material
Virus-free tubers of nine commercial potato (Solanum tuberosum l.) cultivars used:
Desiree, Agria, red Scarlett, Arnova, Carrera, liseta ,LA, marabel and Cleopatra
Virus-free tubers of nine commercial potato (Solanum tuberosum l.) cultivars used:
Desiree, Agria, red Scarlett, Arnova, Carrera, liseta ,LA, marabel and Cleopatra
Tubers of each cultivar were planted
Ave.daily temp. of 22.8 ± 4.2°C
Electrolyte leakage assay (ELA)
Heat shock treatment
Immunoblot analysis
METHODSMETHODS
4 WEEK PLANTS EXPOSED AT 40 0
C FOR 18 HRS4 WEEK PLANTS EXPOSED AT 40 0
C FOR 18 HRS
HSPs ACCUMULATIONHSPs ACCUMULATION
FOR RELATIVE HEAT STRESS
QUANTIFICATION
FOR RELATIVE HEAT STRESS
QUANTIFICATION
43
44. ResultsResults
Relative heat-tolerance of potato cultivars
The electrolyte leakage assay was
used to assess the heat tolerance in
nine commercial potato cultivars
The electrolyte leakage assay was
used to assess the heat tolerance in
nine commercial potato cultivars
Fig 9 : The relative cellular membrane damage (CmD) caused by heat treatment
CMD ∞ heat sensitivity
Fig 9 : The relative cellular membrane damage (CmD) caused by heat treatment
CMD ∞ heat sensitivity
LA
L
A
LA
44
45. Expression of potato HSP18 under ex vitro and in vitro growing conditions: BASED ON ELA
-among 9 cultivar ,3 cultivar chosen for analysis of sHSPs- LA(HT), LI(MHT) AG(HS)
Expression of potato HSP18 under ex vitro and in vitro growing conditions: BASED ON ELA
-among 9 cultivar ,3 cultivar chosen for analysis of sHSPs- LA(HT), LI(MHT) AG(HS)
Fig 10 :the heat stress-induced accumulation of cytosolic HSP18 in (A) ex vitro- and (B)
in vitro-grown potato plants. expression of HSP18 was examined by immunoblot analysis
in plants exposed to HS (40°C, 18 h) and control plants (23°C, 18 h).
Fig 10 :the heat stress-induced accumulation of cytosolic HSP18 in (A) ex vitro- and (B)
in vitro-grown potato plants. expression of HSP18 was examined by immunoblot analysis
in plants exposed to HS (40°C, 18 h) and control plants (23°C, 18 h).
45
46. Expression of HSP21 under ex vitro and in vitro growing conditionsBASED ON ELA -among
9 cultivar ,3 cultivar chossen for analysis of sHSPs- LA(HT), LI(MHT) AG(HS)
Expression of HSP21 under ex vitro and in vitro growing conditionsBASED ON ELA -among
9 cultivar ,3 cultivar chossen for analysis of sHSPs- LA(HT), LI(MHT) AG(HS)
Fig 11. The heat stress-induced accumulation of cytosolic HSP21 in (A) ex vitro- and (B)
in vitro-grown potato plants. expression of HSP21 was examined by immunoblot analysis
in plants exposed to HS (40°C, 18 h) and control plants (23°C, 18 h)
Fig 11. The heat stress-induced accumulation of cytosolic HSP21 in (A) ex vitro- and (B)
in vitro-grown potato plants. expression of HSP21 was examined by immunoblot analysis
in plants exposed to HS (40°C, 18 h) and control plants (23°C, 18 h)
46
47. This study demonstrates that ELA combined with immunoblot
analysis of sHSP accumulation under HS conditions could be
considered as a reliable procedure in screening potato genotypes
for heat tolerance and for the identification of heat tolerant
potato cultivars.
In addition, HSP18 and HSP21 expression under HS present
similar patterns in potato plants grown in vitro compared to ex-
vitro grown plants, opening up the possibility for the use of an
in-vitro culture for heat tolerance screening
CONCLUSION
47
48. KUFRI SURYA: A NEW HEAT-TOLERANT POTATO VARIETY SUITABLE FOR EARLY
PLANTING IN NORTH-WESTERN PLAINS, PENINSULAR INDIA AND PROCESSING
INTO FRENCH FRIES AND CHIPS
KUFRI SURYA: A NEW HEAT-TOLERANT POTATO VARIETY SUITABLE FOR EARLY
PLANTING IN NORTH-WESTERN PLAINS, PENINSULAR INDIA AND PROCESSING
INTO FRENCH FRIES AND CHIPS
Case 3Case 3
48
49. Early bulking + high yielding indigenous varieties
Heat tolerant lines developed for lowland tropics
(International Potato Centre, Lima Peru)
Early bulking + high yielding indigenous varieties
Heat tolerant lines developed for lowland tropics
(International Potato Centre, Lima Peru)
Parents selection
HYBRIDIZATION
Kufri (32°N, 77°E, 2501 AMSL) in Shimla hills
SCREENED for heat tolerance, particularly tuberizationSCREENED for heat tolerance, particularly tuberization
Promising HYBRIDS were identified viz., HT/92-621 and HT/92-802Promising HYBRIDS were identified viz., HT/92-621 and HT/92-802
EVALUATION in multi-location trials (AICRPPotato)EVALUATION in multi-location trials (AICRPPotato)
Hybrid HT/92- 621 consistently performed wellHybrid HT/92- 621 consistently performed well
KUFRI SURYA
49
50. Kufri Surya is a selection from the progeny of a cross between Kufri Lauvkar
and LT-1
The female parent,Kufri Lauvkar is an early bulking variety especially bred for
the plateau region of Maharashtra and the male parent LT-1, is a selection made by
the International Potato Centre, Lima, Peru, for lowland tropics.
Kufri Surya is a selection from the progeny of a cross between Kufri Lauvkar
and LT-1
The female parent,Kufri Lauvkar is an early bulking variety especially bred for
the plateau region of Maharashtra and the male parent LT-1, is a selection made by
the International Potato Centre, Lima, Peru, for lowland tropics.
The pedigree of Kufri SuryaThe pedigree of Kufri Surya
Kufri Surya :was accepted for release by “Central Sub-committee on Crop Standards,
Notification and Release of Varieties for Horticultural Crops”, Ministry of Agriculture
and Co-operation, Government of India, New Delhi in October 2005
50
51. Tuberization and Photosynthetic efficiencyTuberization and Photosynthetic efficiency
Kufri Surya was able to tuberize at all the temperature combinations and good
tuberization was observed up to 22°C night temperature.
Kufri Chandramukhi showed good tuberization at 18°C only and failed to tuberize at
24°C.
Kufri Surya germinated well (>90%) and established a vigorous crop canopy when
compared with control cultivar Kufri Ashoka.
Measurements of net photosynthesis rate (Pn) during the course of a day in 36-day old
crop showed significantly higher Pn (32.3 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) than Kufri Ashoka (26.8 µmol
CO2 m-2 s-1
) at 10 am.
Higher Pn in Kufri Surya was accompanied by higher stomatal conductance that was 1.0
s cm-1
as against 0.5 s cm-1
in Kufri Ashoka at 10am
Higher stomatal conductance in Kufri Surya led to faster evaporative cooling, which is
beneficial to the plant during the period of heat stress, resulting in higher rate of
photosynthesis and better plant growth
51
52. S.N. Item Details
1
Name of varieties/ hybrids/ seed/ planting
material/ breeds/ strains/ micro-propagules/
microorganism/ cell line/ embryo/ germplasm/
fingerling/ spawn etc.
Kufri Surya.
2
Characteristics (suitability/ recommended for the
specific/ different agro climatic conditions, how it is
an improvement over the existing technology, safety/
quarantine factors incorporated etc.)
Early maturity variety and suitable for cultivation in
North Indian plains and plateau.
3
Performance results (yield, quality, level of resistance
for insects/ pests and diseases etc.
250-300 q/ha. Immune to wart. Tolerant to hopper burn.
4
Likely cost (per unit of weight/ area/ as applicable)
and reasons for its attractiveness.
Public domain. Cost not calculated.
5
Additional information in terms of economic benefits
over conventional materials/ technology along with
any other pertinent information.
Suitable for making French fries. Suitable for early
planting in plains. Easy to cook, texture waxy, flavour
mild, free from after-cooking discoloration
6 Social/environmental/ others benefits. Heat tolerant
7 Status of commercialization/ IPO Rights etc. In public domain.
8
If commercialized, name and address of the
firm/entrepreneurs to whom the technology has been
transferred.
In public domain.
9
Special regulatory requirements required (for
example, confirming to the norms of National
Biodiversity Authority or others).
Yes variety confirms to the norms of Protection of Plant
Varieties & Farmers Rights (PPV&FR) Authority and is
in the process of registration as extant variety.
52
53. 53
Kufri Surya is expected to be the most popular variety for early
planting in north western plains as well as in rabi and kharif crops
in peninsular India.
Due to its large tuber size and oblong shape (desired shape for
French fries), and high dry matter, it is
likely to be accepted as the first French fry variety in the country.
This new heat tolerant variety is expected to extend potato
cultivation to non-traditional areas and seasons, thus bringing
more area under potato cultivation in the country
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
54. ConstraintsConstraints
Lack of efforts through multidisciplinary approach
Lack of repeatable and precise screening techniques
Incomplete knowledge about reliable attributes
Negative effect on crop productivity
Selection for high WUE often results in decrease in crop
growth rate
Lack of information on availability of most appropriate gene
54
55. Conclusion
CC predictions suggest potato yield reductions in the tropics and large
gains in high latitudes, Sustainably increasing productivity in a changing
climate is one of the most important challenges
Precise identification of species is essential for making decisions for
effective utilization of germplasm collections therefore, taxonomic
research and updating taxonomical descriptions of the gene bank
collections in potato are indispensable.
Options targeting multiple gene regulation appear better than targeting
single genes
Molecular markers may be utilized as breeding tool for MAS with respect
to these low heritable traits
Use of transgenic to improve the tolerance of crops to abiotic stress
remains an attractive option
55
The problem of high temperatures is more pronounced in tropical lowland zones (Hancock e al., 2013).
Warm tropical environments are generally defined as those having a day length of 10–14 hours,
minimum night-time temperatures of 17–20 oC,
maximum >25 oC
mean annual soil temperatures at 50 cm depth being 22 oC or more (InfoResources, 2008).
Almost all of us do not have active potato breeding programmes and have been depending on the International Potato Center (CIP) for generation of advanced potato clones.
Consequently, subcontinent is unlikely to have heat-tolerant varieties bred for our own specific localities because CIP has a more global mandate.
These countries are therefore bound to experience high potato yield reduction due to high temperatures occasioned by climate change.
The potato has long been considered a crop for cool climates defined 17O C as an optimum mean temperature for good yield in potatoes.
Higher temperature may inhibit yield by overall reduction of plant development due to heat stress or by reduced partitioning of assimilates to tubers.
Minimum night temperature is very important for potato crop. Whether or not potato will tuberise, depends largely on the minimum night temperature and not on the average daily temperature.
Tuberisation is reduced by night temperature of 20O C
There may not be any tuberisation at night temperature of 25O C and above, even though potato plants can tolerate day temperature of about 35O C without much deleterious effect
Effects of High Temperature on Potato Growth and Production
Higher temperature may inhibit yield through overall reduction of plant development due to heat stress or by reduced partitioning of photoassimilates to tubers.
The most important effect of high temperature is on the partitioning of assimilated carbon between leaves and tubers.
More of assimilated carbon is partitioned to vegetative parts at high temperature while at lower night temperature most of the assimilated carbon is partitioned to the tubers (Wolf et al., 1990).
A combination of high temperatures and long days favour assimilate partitioning to the above ground vegetative parts and as a result, above ground biomass and plant height is increased and tuber yield is reduced
Therefore the main effect of high temperature is on assimilate partitioning and not on total plant productivity
Direct injuries :protein denaturation and aggregation, and increased fluidity of membrane lipids
Indirect /slower heat injuries: inactivation of enzymes in chloroplast and mitochondria, inhibition of protein synthesis, protein degradation and loss of membrane integrity
Indirect /slower heat injuries: inactivation of enzymes in chloroplast and mitochondria, inhibition of protein synthesis, protein degradation and loss of membrane integrity
Thin stems
Small leaves
Long stolons
Increase in the number if inter-nodes
Inhibition of tuber development
Decrease in the ratio of tuber fresh weight to total fresh weight
Increases the rate of dark respiration in plants.
The rate of night respiration in potato plants at different temperatures and found doubling of respiration with every 10O C increase in temperature
So, as the temperature increases, more and more carbohydrates are used up as respiratory substrate and less and less are available for translocation to the tubers.
Furthermore, in environments where low temperatures now limit crop production, global warming could lead to a beneficial lengthening of the growing season and temperatures may rise close to optimal for crop production. Global warming is related to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration which is likely to increase crop yields particularlywhen water shortage limits crop production (Nonhebel, 1993). Higher concentrations of atmospheric CO2, mayactually benefit potatoes as increased CO2 stimulates the development of underground biomass in potato plants,with tuber weight and number both increasing significantly. Despite this, the real threat to potato production in thehot tropics is heat stress (Midmore, 1983)
Parameters
India
Europe/America
Growing season
Winter
Summer
Temperature during planting and harvesting
High
Planting: 25-320C
Harvesting: 10-200C
Low
Planting: (15-250C)
Harvesting: Less than 200C
Day & night temp. during crop season
Day : 25-32 0C
Night : 3-15 0C
Day : 20-25 0C
Night : 5-20 0C
Crop duration (d)
Short (60-100)
Long (150-180)
Photoperiod
10 hrs/day
14 hrs/day
Frosting
Common
Absent
Post harvest handling
Difficult (high temps.)
Easy (low temps.)
Result
Low yields, less dry matter, and more reducing sugars
High yields, high dry matter, and low reducing sugars
Plains: Early (70-90 days), Medium (90-110 days) and Late (>110 days)Hills: Early (100-110 days), Medium (110-120 days) and Late (> 120days)
Phenotyping of K.Surya K.Chandramukhi at 240 C night temperature with respect to tuberization
However, often there are great difficulties in both the identification and successful use of wild accessions for stress tolerance breeding
distinction must be made between heat tolerance and growth potential
Potato (S. tuberosum) is a highly heat-sensitive crop; a slight rise from optimal temperature can lead to drastic decline in tuber yield.
Despite several advancements made in breeding for thermo-tolerant potato, molecular mechanisms governing thermo-tolerance is poorly understood.
The frst step towards understanding the thermotolerance mechanism is to identify the key genes involved in it.
Here they used a yeast-based functional screening method to identify, characterize and classify potato genes with potentials to impart heat tolerance.
We constructed two cDNA expression libraries from heat-stressed potatoplants (35 °C) after 2 and 48 h of treatment.
95 potential candidate genes were identifed based on enhanced ability of yeast cells over-expressing heterologous potato cDNA sequences to tolerate heat stress.
Plant material, stress treatments and rna isolation, Preparation of cDna from heat-stressed S. Tubersoum and its size separation , Construction of yeast cDna expression library
damage to the cellular membranes(CmD) due to high temperature treatment is measured by the release of electrolytes into the surrounding solution.
Sustainably increasing productivity in a changing climate is one of the most important challenges for people conducting researches on potato worldwide to ensure food security. Many highly diverse species compose the genus Solanum. Primitive cultivars and wild relatives of potato have been used as sources of desirable traits, such as resistance or tolerance to diseases, pests, and environmental stresses, and of tuber qualities, for potato breeding. Tools for incorporating useful alleles from its wild relatives into cultivated potato have been developed so that there remains a broad gene pool to be more effectively exploited. Currently, large amounts of potato germplasm containing useful alleles are available in gene banks around the world; however, recollection may reveal novel genes. In situ conservation oDissection of resistance into its componentswild populations is important for maintaining gene pool integrity and allowing evolution to occur in natural populations. Precise identification of species is essential for making decisions for effective utilization of germplasm collections; therefore, taxonomic research and updating taxonomical descriptions of the gene bank collections in potato are indispensable.
Identification of QTLs and genes
Pyramiding of various complementary traits through MAS
Transgenics with specific stress –related genes/TFs
Scattered production area Microclimates Irrigated Protected agriculture