Bpharm 2nd sem-org chem- unit1-day2
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This document discusses the IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds, specifically saturated hydrocarbons and branched alkanes. It outlines the key steps for naming branched alkanes, including identifying the parent chain, numbering the carbons, indicating positions of alkyl groups with hyphenated prefixes, and handling multiple substituents. Examples are provided to illustrate naming compounds with different branching patterns according to IUPAC rules.
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10 organic nomenclature notes
1. To name organic compounds, identify the parent chain and any side groups. Number the parent chain to assign positions to side groups or functional groups like double/triple bonds.
2. Name the parent chain using Greek or Latin prefixes. Add suffixes to indicate functional groups like -ane, -ene, -yne.
3. Name side groups in alphabetical order and indicate their positions on the parent chain.
4. Common functional groups that require specific naming conventions include alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, and amines.
Electromeric effect
The document discusses the electromeric effect, which is a temporary effect observed in organic compounds containing multiple bonds. It involves the movement of a shared pair of pi-electrons between atoms when attacked by a reagent. The atom receiving the electrons becomes negatively charged while the other becomes positively charged. When the reagent is removed, the compound returns to its original state. The document also explains positive electromeric effect occurs when an electrophile attacks and electrons shift toward the positively charged atom, while negative electromeric effect involves electrons shifting away from a nucleophilic attack.
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Chemical reaction and application of benzene
Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid hydrocarbon with a characteristic odor that occurs naturally in fossil fuels. It has a six-carbon ring structure with alternating single and double bonds. Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions like nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation. It also undergoes addition reactions through halogenation and hydrogenation, as well as oxidation. Benzene and its derivatives have many applications in daily products like plastics, rubbers, fibers, detergents, and pharmaceuticals.
Cannizzaro reaction
The Cannizzaro reaction is a disproportionation reaction discovered by Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro in 1853. In the reaction, an aldehyde without an alpha hydrogen undergoes a base-catalyzed reaction in the presence of a strong base like potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide and heat to produce an alcohol and a carboxylic acid as products. The reaction allows for the conversion of aldehydes into mixtures of carboxylic acids and alcohols.
Friedel craft's alkylation
Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond between an aromatic ring and an alkyl group. This reaction occurs when benzene reacts with a haloalkane in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride. The mechanism proceeds in three steps: first, the Lewis acid catalyst forms an alkyl cation from the haloalkane. Second, the alkyl cation attacks the aromatic ring. Third, a proton is transferred to regenerate the aromatic ring structure. However, Friedel-Crafts alkylation has some limitations.
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3. Name side groups in alphabetical order and indicate their positions on the parent chain.
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The document summarizes the Perkin reaction, which involves converting an aromatic aldehyde and an anhydride to an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid using a base catalyst such as sodium acetate. The reaction proceeds via an E1cb mechanism, which is a two-step process where a base abstracts a proton to form a stabilized anion, whose lone pair of electrons then moves to the neighboring atom to expel a leaving group and form a double bond. Some applications of the Perkin reaction include synthesizing coumarin and the anticoagulant drug warfarin.
Chemical reaction and application of benzene
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Cannizzaro reaction
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Friedel craft's alkylation
Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond between an aromatic ring and an alkyl group. This reaction occurs when benzene reacts with a haloalkane in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride. The mechanism proceeds in three steps: first, the Lewis acid catalyst forms an alkyl cation from the haloalkane. Second, the alkyl cation attacks the aromatic ring. Third, a proton is transferred to regenerate the aromatic ring structure. However, Friedel-Crafts alkylation has some limitations.
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3. Nomenclature
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9. Synthetic evidence
10. Analytical evidence
11. Aromaticity and huckle rule
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IUPAC naming and formulae
1. The document discusses IUPAC naming conventions for organic compounds. It provides rules for determining names based on functional groups, carbon chain length, and substituents.
2. The key steps are identifying the functional group to determine the suffix, finding the longest carbon chain to determine the prefix, numbering the carbons, and noting any branches or substituents.
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In order to give compounds a name, certain rules must be followed. When naming organic compounds, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature (naming scheme) is used. This is to give consistency to the names. It also enables every compound to have a unique name, which is not possible with the common names used (for example in industry). We will first look at some of the steps that need to be followed when naming a compound, and then try to apply these rules to some specific examples.
Anhing
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Anhing
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Nomenclature
This document provides an overview of organic compound nomenclature systems. It discusses:
- The need for systematic naming to deal with the large number of organic compounds and isomers
- Common trivial names that were historically used but lack systematic principles
- The IUPAC system which provides logical rules to systematically name compounds based on molecular structure
- General features of IUPAC names including the compound root, functional group suffixes, and substituent names
- Specific nomenclature rules for naming alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives
Alkanes
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons whose carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2. The first ten alkanes are methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane and decane. Alkanes undergo combustion reactions and halogenation reactions when exposed to halogens like chlorine in the presence of UV light or heat. Haloalkanes are named according to IUPAC rules by identifying the parent alkane, halogen prefix, and halogen position number.
CBSE Class XI Chemistry :- Organic chemistry (Basics)
Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds as it has 4 valence electrons. It can gain 4 electrons to form C4- anion or lose 4 electrons to form C4+ cation, moving it away from stability by the octet rule. Carbon overcomes this by sharing electrons in covalent bonds, allowing it to catenate or link together by forming sigma and pi bonds to itself due to orbital overlap.
Organic chemistry
This document discusses hydrocarbons and their derivatives. It begins by defining organic compounds and their main classes - hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen and can be straight-chain, branched-chain, or cyclic. The document then discusses hydrocarbon nomenclature, including naming conventions for alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and branched hydrocarbons. It concludes by mentioning some common hydrocarbon derivatives like halides, alcohols, and ethers and instructing the reader to investigate their general formulas, functional groups, and properties.
Classification, nomenclature and isomerism
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry, including definitions and classifications of organic compounds. It discusses the key components of organic molecules as being carbon and hydrogen, and sometimes other elements. Organic compounds are classified as open chain or cyclic, and cyclic compounds can be homocyclic or heterocyclic. The document also summarizes IUPAC nomenclature rules for systematically naming organic molecules and different types of structural isomerism.
Chemistry- JIB Organic Chemistry
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
1. Alkanes, their structures, nomenclature using IUPAC rules, and properties such as isomerism.
2. Cycloalkanes including naming conventions and structural features.
3. An introduction to other functional groups like alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amines.
Chemistry- JIB Organic Chemistry Review
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
1. Alkanes, their structures, nomenclature using IUPAC rules, and properties such as isomerism.
2. Cycloalkanes including naming conventions and structural features.
3. An introduction to other functional groups like alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amines.
Alkane Alkene Alkyne.pptx
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry and discusses some key topics including:
- Organic chemistry is the study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, while inorganic chemistry is the study of all other substances.
- Carbon can form four bonds by bonding to four other atoms, three other atoms, or two other atoms.
- Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons containing only carbon-carbon single bonds. The molecular formulas of alkanes follow the general formula CnH2n+2.
- Structural formulas depict the atoms and bonds in a molecule either expanded or condensed. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
HYDROCARBON ALAKANE ALKENE AND ALKYNE.ppt
This document discusses organic chemistry concepts including:
- Defining organic compounds and listing common elements found in them
- Examples of organic compounds used in various industries
- Different types of bonds and distinguishing saturated and unsaturated compounds
- Drawing structural formulas and identifying carbon atom types
- Naming conventions for alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes like using IUPAC nomenclature
- General formulas for different hydrocarbon groups and practice drawing their structures
Organic Chemistry 4.pptx
The document discusses the rules for systematic nomenclature of organic compounds as devised by IUPAC. It focuses on the nomenclature of alkanes and cycloalkanes. The key aspects covered are: naming unbranched and branched alkanes based on the parent chain and substituents; systematic names for common alkyl substituents like methyl, ethyl, propyl etc.; nomenclature of monocyclic and bridged bicyclic alkanes; and conventions for naming geometric isomers.
Alkanes types and iupac naming reactions .ppt
This document provides an overview of alkanes and nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds. It discusses the properties and structures of alkanes, including that they are saturated hydrocarbons made of C-C and C-H bonds. Cycloalkanes contain carbon rings. Naming involves identifying the parent chain, numbering substituents, and combining names. Physical properties are also reviewed, noting that many alkanes are found as fossil fuels like natural gas and petroleum. Crude oil is separated through distillation into usable fuel fractions like gasoline and diesel based on boiling points.
iupac chemistry tsh .pptx
The document discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds. It covers general rules for IUPAC names including prefixes, word roots, and suffixes. It also describes nomenclature rules for specific compound classes including open-chain hydrocarbons, compounds with functional groups, alicyclic compounds, and aromatic compounds. The document provides detailed guidelines for applying IUPAC nomenclature principles to different structural features and substitution patterns.
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Bpharm 2nd sem-org chem- unit1-day2
- 1. BPHARM 2ND SEM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CLASS By S. R. Mohanta (contact-srmph05@yahoo.co.in) COLLEGE-SIPS,Jharpokharia,Odisha UNIT-I-DAY2 STUDY Nomenclature of Organic compounds
- 2. What is IUPAC Nomenclature? IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds refers to the systematic approach taken for the naming of organic compounds as per the recommendation of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (often abbreviated to IUPAC). 1st start with naming of saturated hydro carbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are those whose all 4 valences of carbon satisfied with sigma bond or single bond.
- 3. Primary naming of alkanes
- 4. Branched Alkanes When an alkane has a shorter side-chain attached to the continuous- chain, it is designated as a Branched alkane. The continuous chain is called the root or parent chain, while the side- chain is the alkyl group. Nomenclature of Alkyl groups (alkane—ane+yl=alkyl). Thus CH3-CH3 is ethane and CH3-CH2 is named ethyl group.
- 5. Branched-chain Alkyl groups having 3, 4, 5 carbon atoms.
- 6. IUPAC Rules for Naming Branched Alkanes. 1.Select the longest continuous carbon chain and name the branched alkane as alkyl derivative of the parent alkane containing this chain. It is not necessary that the longest chain is a straight line ; it may be straight or zig-zag. Both are 2-methyl butane.
- 7. 2. The parent-chain carbon atoms are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., beginning with the end nearest to the branch alkyl group. This gives the lowest number to the carbon to which the alkyl group is attached. The position of the alkyl group on the Parent chain is indicated by the number of the carbon which carries it. It is called Position number . The position number is mentioned before the name of alkyl group from which it is separated by a hyphen. Thus, if a methyl group is on carbon 2, it is written as 2-methyl.
- 8. 3. The complete name of the branched alkane is written as one word by prefixing the name of the alkyl group to the name of the parent aikane. 4. When two or more different alkyl groups are present on the parent chain, assign position-number to each and list them alphabetically with a hyphen in between.
- 9. 5. When two or more identical groups are present, indicate them by the use of the prefixes di, tri, tetra, etc., immediately before the alkyl group. Commas are used to separate position numbers from each other. While determining the alphabetic order, the prefixes di, tri. etc., are ignored. Thus the prefix di is disregarded while determining the alphabetic order.
- 10. 6. When there are two longest chains having equal member of carbons, select the one with the greater member of branches alkyl groups) as the parent chain. 7. When branching occurs at an equal distance from either end of the longest chain, choose the numbering pattern that gives the lower number at the first point of difference.
- 11. 8. In case the substituent on the parent chain is a complex one (containing more than 4 carbons), name it as a substituted alkyl group whose carbon chain is numbered from the carbon attached to the main chain. The name of the complex substituent is given in brackets to avoid confusion with the numbers of the parent chain.