Exact solutions are important not only in its own right as solution of particular flows, but also serve as accuracy check for numerical solution. Exact solution of the Navier-Strokes equation are, for example, those
of steady and unsteady flows near a stagnation point, Stagnation point flows can either be viscous or inviscid,
steady or unsteady, two dimensional or three dimensional, normal or oblique and forward or reverse. The classic problems of two dimensional and three dimensional stagnation point flow are associated with the names of Hiemenz and Homan A novel radial stagnation point flow impinging axi symmetrically on a circular cylinder was reported by Wang. The present paper deals with the laminar boundary layer flow and heat transfer in the
stagnation region of a rotating and translating sphere with uniform magnetic fields. The governing equations of
flow are derived for ξ = 0 (t*=0) and ξ=1 (t*→∞) and solutions in the closed form are obtained. The
temperature and velocity fields for ξ = 0 are numerically computed. This shows that the thermal boundary layer
thickness decreases as Prandtl number Princreases.The surface heat transfer (28) increases with the Prandtl
number Pr. The surface heat transfer (28) at the starting of motion is found to be strangely dependent on the
Prandtl number Pr. But it is dependent of magnetic field, buoyancy force Bp and Rotation Parameter Ro.
This document discusses oblique shock waves that occur in supersonic flows when the flow direction changes. It provides the governing equations for analyzing oblique shock waves using conservation of mass, momentum, and energy across a control volume. The equations show that an oblique shock acts like a normal shock in the direction normal to the wave. Relations are developed to determine the post-shock Mach number, static properties, and stagnation properties in terms of the shock angle and pre-shock Mach number using normal shock tables. An example problem applies these relations to analyze an oblique shock occurring at a sharp concave corner.
This document discusses a numerical study of the effect of thermal radiation on free convection boundary layer flow over a vertical wavy cone. The governing equations for steady, laminar, two-dimensional flow are presented and non-dimensionalized. These equations are then solved using the Mathematica technique. Graphs of the dimensionless temperature, velocity, skin friction coefficient, and Nusselt number are generated for various values of the Prandtl number, radiation parameter, surface wave amplitude, and cone half-angle. The results are discussed to analyze the impact of thermal radiation on the flow and heat transfer characteristics.
1. The document provides information about normal and oblique shock waves, including: Normal shock waves occur when flow is perpendicular to the shock and changes flow direction, while oblique shock waves occur at an angle and can change the flow direction.
2. Equations of motion are derived using conservation of mass, momentum, and energy across a control volume around the shock. These result in relations that allow calculation of flow properties downstream using upstream conditions and shock angle.
3. An example problem is provided to demonstrate the use of normal shock tables to calculate downstream conditions given an upstream Mach number and shock angle for an oblique shock wave. Flow properties like pressure, temperature, and turning angle are determined.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
The document discusses the derivation of the Navier-Stokes equations, which describe compressible viscous fluid flow. It derives the continuity, momentum, and energy equations using conservation principles. The equations contain terms for advection, pressure, and viscous forces. Viscous stresses are related to velocity gradients via Newton's law of viscosity. The Navier-Stokes equations, along with appropriate equations of state, form the governing equations for fluid dynamics problems.
Heat Transfer in the flow of a Non-Newtonian second-order fluid over an enclo...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : The problem of the heat transfer in the flow of an incompressible non-Newtonian second-order fluid over an enclosed torsionally oscillating discs in the presence of the magnetic field has been discussed. The obtained differential equations are highly non-linear and contain upto fifth order derivatives of the flow and energy functions. Hence exact or numerical solutions of the differential equations are not possible subject to the given natural boundary conditions; therefore the regular perturbation technique is applied. The flow functions 퐻, 퐺, 퐿 and 푀 are expanded in the powers of the amplitude (taken small) of the oscillations. The behaviour of the temperature distribution at different values of Reynolds number, phase difference, magnetic field and second-order parameters has been studied and shown graphically. The results obtained are compared with those for the infinite torsionally oscillating discs by taking the Reynolds number of out-flow 푅푚 and circulatory flow 푅퐿 equals to zero. Nusselt number at oscillating and stator disc has also been calculated and its behaviour is represented graphically.
Here are the key points about stresses in a thin-walled pressure vessel:
- Hoop stress acts circumferentially around the vessel and is caused by the internal pressure pushing outward on the wall.
- Hoop stress is calculated as σh = pr/t, where p is the internal pressure, r is the radius, and t is the wall thickness.
- Hoop stress wants to cause the vessel wall to bulge outward. Hoop stresses must be resisted by the vessel material to prevent failure.
- Axial/longitudinal stresses act along the axis of the vessel and are much smaller than hoop stresses. They are caused by the ends of the vessel being pushed together by the internal pressure.
Finite Difference method to solve Combined effects of viscous dissipation, radiation and heat generation on unsteady non-Newtonian fluid along a vertically stretched surface
This document discusses oblique shock waves that occur in supersonic flows when the flow direction changes. It provides the governing equations for analyzing oblique shock waves using conservation of mass, momentum, and energy across a control volume. The equations show that an oblique shock acts like a normal shock in the direction normal to the wave. Relations are developed to determine the post-shock Mach number, static properties, and stagnation properties in terms of the shock angle and pre-shock Mach number using normal shock tables. An example problem applies these relations to analyze an oblique shock occurring at a sharp concave corner.
This document discusses a numerical study of the effect of thermal radiation on free convection boundary layer flow over a vertical wavy cone. The governing equations for steady, laminar, two-dimensional flow are presented and non-dimensionalized. These equations are then solved using the Mathematica technique. Graphs of the dimensionless temperature, velocity, skin friction coefficient, and Nusselt number are generated for various values of the Prandtl number, radiation parameter, surface wave amplitude, and cone half-angle. The results are discussed to analyze the impact of thermal radiation on the flow and heat transfer characteristics.
1. The document provides information about normal and oblique shock waves, including: Normal shock waves occur when flow is perpendicular to the shock and changes flow direction, while oblique shock waves occur at an angle and can change the flow direction.
2. Equations of motion are derived using conservation of mass, momentum, and energy across a control volume around the shock. These result in relations that allow calculation of flow properties downstream using upstream conditions and shock angle.
3. An example problem is provided to demonstrate the use of normal shock tables to calculate downstream conditions given an upstream Mach number and shock angle for an oblique shock wave. Flow properties like pressure, temperature, and turning angle are determined.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
The document discusses the derivation of the Navier-Stokes equations, which describe compressible viscous fluid flow. It derives the continuity, momentum, and energy equations using conservation principles. The equations contain terms for advection, pressure, and viscous forces. Viscous stresses are related to velocity gradients via Newton's law of viscosity. The Navier-Stokes equations, along with appropriate equations of state, form the governing equations for fluid dynamics problems.
Heat Transfer in the flow of a Non-Newtonian second-order fluid over an enclo...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : The problem of the heat transfer in the flow of an incompressible non-Newtonian second-order fluid over an enclosed torsionally oscillating discs in the presence of the magnetic field has been discussed. The obtained differential equations are highly non-linear and contain upto fifth order derivatives of the flow and energy functions. Hence exact or numerical solutions of the differential equations are not possible subject to the given natural boundary conditions; therefore the regular perturbation technique is applied. The flow functions 퐻, 퐺, 퐿 and 푀 are expanded in the powers of the amplitude (taken small) of the oscillations. The behaviour of the temperature distribution at different values of Reynolds number, phase difference, magnetic field and second-order parameters has been studied and shown graphically. The results obtained are compared with those for the infinite torsionally oscillating discs by taking the Reynolds number of out-flow 푅푚 and circulatory flow 푅퐿 equals to zero. Nusselt number at oscillating and stator disc has also been calculated and its behaviour is represented graphically.
Here are the key points about stresses in a thin-walled pressure vessel:
- Hoop stress acts circumferentially around the vessel and is caused by the internal pressure pushing outward on the wall.
- Hoop stress is calculated as σh = pr/t, where p is the internal pressure, r is the radius, and t is the wall thickness.
- Hoop stress wants to cause the vessel wall to bulge outward. Hoop stresses must be resisted by the vessel material to prevent failure.
- Axial/longitudinal stresses act along the axis of the vessel and are much smaller than hoop stresses. They are caused by the ends of the vessel being pushed together by the internal pressure.
Finite Difference method to solve Combined effects of viscous dissipation, radiation and heat generation on unsteady non-Newtonian fluid along a vertically stretched surface
Numerical Study of Strong Free Surface Flow and Wave BreakingYi Liu
1. The document describes numerical methods for simulating strong free surface flows and wave breaking, including the coupled level set and volume-of-fluid method.
2. Results are presented from simulations of breaking waves under different wind conditions, showing the generation of vortices and effect of wind speed on wave breaking.
3. Future research topics discussed include studying wave breaking mechanisms under different conditions, the interaction of wind turbulence and breaking waves, and multi-scale simulations of wind-wave-structure interaction using immersed boundary methods.
A detailed analysis of wave equation regarding its formulation solutionSheharBano31
Give a detailed analysis of wave equation regarding its formulation solution and interpretation and also give an expression for forced vibrating membranes
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The document is a presentation on simple harmonic motion, bow and shock waves, and sound waves. It includes:
1) A definition and derivation of the equation of simple harmonic motion, where the restoring force is directly proportional to displacement.
2) An explanation of bow waves in water and shock waves in air caused by moving objects, how they propagate, and their effects.
3) Properties of sound waves including that they are longitudinal waves that propagate through a medium, with loudness determined by amplitude and pitch by frequency.
Simple harmonic motion describes back-and-forth motion caused by a restoring force proportional to displacement from equilibrium. Springs obey Hooke's law, where force is proportional to displacement. The period of a spring or pendulum undergoing simple harmonic motion can be determined from its total energy and amplitude or from equations relating displacement to velocity in circular motion.
The document discusses the Young equation, which relates the contact angle of a liquid drop on a solid surface to the interfacial tensions at the solid-liquid, solid-vapor, and liquid-vapor interfaces. It provides a historical overview of the development of the equation and surrounding concepts. It also discusses issues with interpreting and applying the Young equation in real systems, where ideal conditions like chemical equilibrium at interfaces are often not met due to factors like slow diffusion in solids. The document advocates for a revised surface thermodynamics approach to more accurately describe real solid-liquid-vapor systems.
1) The document discusses momentum analysis of flow systems using Newton's laws of motion and the concepts of linear and angular momentum. Key topics covered include forces on control volumes, the linear and angular momentum equations, and their application to steady and unsteady flow problems.
2) Special cases like steady flow and flow with no external forces/moments are examined. Radial flow devices like centrifugal pumps are identified as important applications of the angular momentum equation.
3) Momentum-flux correction factors are introduced to account for non-uniform flow at control volume boundaries.
This document provides a table of contents for a document on aerodynamics. It discusses various topics related to aerodynamics including mathematical notations, basic laws of fluid dynamics, boundary conditions, airfoil design methods, compressible flow, shock waves, and linearized flow equations. Specifically, it summarizes the conical flow method and singularity distribution method for obtaining the theoretical solution for pressure distribution on a finite span wing in supersonic flow. The conical flow method assumes the potential and other flow properties are constant along rays through a common vertex, modeling conical flow patterns seen in supersonic flows.
Potential flow theory allows for the modeling of inviscid and irrotational fluid flows using potential functions. Key points covered in the document include:
- The Laplace equation relates the potential function to the velocity field for incompressible, inviscid flows.
- Common potential flows include uniform flow, source/sink flows, and irrotational vortex flows. Potential functions can be defined for each case.
- For a line source/sink, the potential function is proportional to the logarithm of radius. For an irrotational vortex, the tangential velocity is inversely proportional to radius.
- Streamlines and equipotential lines are perpendicular for potential flows. Circulation can be calculated from
Non-NewtonianFluid Flow and Heat Transfer over a Non- Linearly Stretching Sur...IJERA Editor
This paper investigates the MHD flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting non-newtonian power-law
fluid over a non-linearly stretching surface along with porous plate in porous medium. The governing equations
are reduced to non-linear ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transformations. These
equations are then solved numerically with the help ofRunge – Kutta shooting method. The effect of various
flow parameters in the form of dimensionless quantities on the flow field are discussed and presented
graphically.
This document provides an overview of convection heat transfer. It defines convection and the controlling equation for convection heat transfer. It describes factors that affect convection including geometry, flow type, boundary conditions, and fluid properties. It introduces important dimensionless groups used to analyze convection like the Prandtl number, Reynolds number, Grashof number, and Nusselt number. It then summarizes equations for forced convection over plates and cylinders/spheres. It also covers internal forced convection in circular tubes and natural convection over surfaces.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the scattering of oblique water waves by bottom undulations in the presence of a submerged thin vertical barrier. The paper uses perturbation analysis to obtain analytical expressions for the first-order reflection and transmission coefficients in terms of integrals involving the bottom shape function and the solution for wave scattering by the barrier alone. For sinusoidal bottom undulations symmetric about the barrier, the first-order transmission coefficient is found to vanish. Numerical results are presented for the first-order reflection coefficient for different parameters.
This document discusses contact angles and the Young-Laplace equation. It begins with an introduction to wetting and motivation for studying contact angles. It then summarizes the Young relationship between contact angle and interfacial tensions. The Young-Laplace equation relating pressure jump, mean curvature, and surface tension is derived. Interfaces are described as being 3D, dynamic, and asymmetric. The document discusses measurements of contact angles and their relationship to molecular interactions.
This document discusses determining the angle of twist of shafts subjected to torque. It provides formulas for calculating the angle of twist based on the applied torque, shear modulus, and polar moment of inertia. For shafts with non-uniform cross sections or multiple torques, the total angle of twist is the vector sum of the twist of each segment. Examples are provided to illustrate applying these formulas and determining reactions at supports for statically indeterminate shafts.
This document discusses how the squareness (S*) of the magnetic hysteresis loop in perpendicular magnetic recording media depends on temperature and time scale of measurement. The squareness is often used to evaluate exchange coupling between grains but is actually a dynamic parameter that decreases with increasing thermal effects. The document presents a model for the time and temperature dependence of squareness based on the Sharrock model of coercivity. Fitting experimental data for different media samples to this model allows extraction of the intrinsic squareness (Sint*) independent of thermal effects, revealing information about exchange coupling and grain size/segregation effects.
LES-DQMOM based Studies on Reacting and Non-reacting Jets in Supersonic Cross...Samsung Techwin
This document summarizes a presentation given at the 50th AIAA Aerospace Science Meeting on large eddy simulation (LES) studies of reacting and non-reacting transverse jets in supersonic crossflow. The presentation discusses the numerical methodology used, including the compressible flow solver and direct quadrature method of moments (DQMOM) combustion model. Results are presented for non-reacting and reacting jet in supersonic crossflow cases, including comparisons to experimental data. Key flow features like shock structures and vortical structures are analyzed.
1) The document discusses concepts in planar projective geometry including planar twists, wrenches, and their addition. It shows that planar twists and wrenches can be represented by points and lines in a plane.
2) The addition of planar twists and wrenches follows graphical rules. The addition of two rotations results in a rotation located at a point determined proportionally to the original rotations. The addition of forces follows the parallelogram rule.
3) Invariants like the pole of a twist or the direction and distance of a wrench polar completely describe the motion or loading of a rigid body in the plane.
The document summarizes a study on the effect of jet configuration on transverse jet mixing. Direct numerical simulations were performed to analyze the effect of jet velocity profile and exit shape. Results show that a parabolic velocity profile enhances mixing over a top-hat profile due to slower vortex breakdown. For exit shape, a circular jet exhibits the most efficient mixing while triangular jets display two counter-rotating vortex pairs that increase entrainment and mixing.
1) The document discusses torsion and torsional deformation of circular shafts. It derives the torsion formula which relates the shear stress in a shaft to the torque and geometry of the shaft's cross section.
2) Power transmission using shafts is discussed. The relationship between torque, angular velocity, and power is defined. Shaft design using the torsion formula and allowable shear stress is also covered.
3) Examples are presented to demonstrate calculating shear stresses and designing shafts given torque and power transmission information.
This document discusses potential flow theory and its applications. It defines irrotational flow, introduces the velocity potential and stream function, and describes several elementary plane flows including uniform flow, source/sink flow, vortex flow, and doublet flow. It also discusses how more complex flows can be modeled through superposition of these elementary flows, providing examples of combining sources, sinks, and uniform flow and combining doublets, vortices, and uniform flow.
Effects of some thermo physical properties on forceAlexander Decker
This document presents research on force convective stagnation point flow over a stretching sheet with convective boundary conditions in the presence of thermal radiation and a magnetic field. Governing equations for the flow are derived and non-dimensionalized. The equations are then solved numerically using a shooting method. Results show that increasing the magnetic field parameter decreases velocity, while increasing the Biot number increases temperature. Temperature is also found to decrease with increasing Eckert number, Prandtl number, and radiation parameter. Skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are presented for various parameter values.
MHD convection flow of viscous incompressible fluid over a stretched vertical...IJERA Editor
The effect of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and hall current of the MHD convection flow of the viscous incompressible fluid over a stretched vertical flat plate has been discussed by using regular perturbation and homotophy perturbation technique with similarity solutions. The influence of various physical parameters on velocity, cross flow velocity and temperature of fluid has been obtained numerically and through graphs.
Numerical Study of Strong Free Surface Flow and Wave BreakingYi Liu
1. The document describes numerical methods for simulating strong free surface flows and wave breaking, including the coupled level set and volume-of-fluid method.
2. Results are presented from simulations of breaking waves under different wind conditions, showing the generation of vortices and effect of wind speed on wave breaking.
3. Future research topics discussed include studying wave breaking mechanisms under different conditions, the interaction of wind turbulence and breaking waves, and multi-scale simulations of wind-wave-structure interaction using immersed boundary methods.
A detailed analysis of wave equation regarding its formulation solutionSheharBano31
Give a detailed analysis of wave equation regarding its formulation solution and interpretation and also give an expression for forced vibrating membranes
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The document is a presentation on simple harmonic motion, bow and shock waves, and sound waves. It includes:
1) A definition and derivation of the equation of simple harmonic motion, where the restoring force is directly proportional to displacement.
2) An explanation of bow waves in water and shock waves in air caused by moving objects, how they propagate, and their effects.
3) Properties of sound waves including that they are longitudinal waves that propagate through a medium, with loudness determined by amplitude and pitch by frequency.
Simple harmonic motion describes back-and-forth motion caused by a restoring force proportional to displacement from equilibrium. Springs obey Hooke's law, where force is proportional to displacement. The period of a spring or pendulum undergoing simple harmonic motion can be determined from its total energy and amplitude or from equations relating displacement to velocity in circular motion.
The document discusses the Young equation, which relates the contact angle of a liquid drop on a solid surface to the interfacial tensions at the solid-liquid, solid-vapor, and liquid-vapor interfaces. It provides a historical overview of the development of the equation and surrounding concepts. It also discusses issues with interpreting and applying the Young equation in real systems, where ideal conditions like chemical equilibrium at interfaces are often not met due to factors like slow diffusion in solids. The document advocates for a revised surface thermodynamics approach to more accurately describe real solid-liquid-vapor systems.
1) The document discusses momentum analysis of flow systems using Newton's laws of motion and the concepts of linear and angular momentum. Key topics covered include forces on control volumes, the linear and angular momentum equations, and their application to steady and unsteady flow problems.
2) Special cases like steady flow and flow with no external forces/moments are examined. Radial flow devices like centrifugal pumps are identified as important applications of the angular momentum equation.
3) Momentum-flux correction factors are introduced to account for non-uniform flow at control volume boundaries.
This document provides a table of contents for a document on aerodynamics. It discusses various topics related to aerodynamics including mathematical notations, basic laws of fluid dynamics, boundary conditions, airfoil design methods, compressible flow, shock waves, and linearized flow equations. Specifically, it summarizes the conical flow method and singularity distribution method for obtaining the theoretical solution for pressure distribution on a finite span wing in supersonic flow. The conical flow method assumes the potential and other flow properties are constant along rays through a common vertex, modeling conical flow patterns seen in supersonic flows.
Potential flow theory allows for the modeling of inviscid and irrotational fluid flows using potential functions. Key points covered in the document include:
- The Laplace equation relates the potential function to the velocity field for incompressible, inviscid flows.
- Common potential flows include uniform flow, source/sink flows, and irrotational vortex flows. Potential functions can be defined for each case.
- For a line source/sink, the potential function is proportional to the logarithm of radius. For an irrotational vortex, the tangential velocity is inversely proportional to radius.
- Streamlines and equipotential lines are perpendicular for potential flows. Circulation can be calculated from
Non-NewtonianFluid Flow and Heat Transfer over a Non- Linearly Stretching Sur...IJERA Editor
This paper investigates the MHD flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting non-newtonian power-law
fluid over a non-linearly stretching surface along with porous plate in porous medium. The governing equations
are reduced to non-linear ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transformations. These
equations are then solved numerically with the help ofRunge – Kutta shooting method. The effect of various
flow parameters in the form of dimensionless quantities on the flow field are discussed and presented
graphically.
This document provides an overview of convection heat transfer. It defines convection and the controlling equation for convection heat transfer. It describes factors that affect convection including geometry, flow type, boundary conditions, and fluid properties. It introduces important dimensionless groups used to analyze convection like the Prandtl number, Reynolds number, Grashof number, and Nusselt number. It then summarizes equations for forced convection over plates and cylinders/spheres. It also covers internal forced convection in circular tubes and natural convection over surfaces.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the scattering of oblique water waves by bottom undulations in the presence of a submerged thin vertical barrier. The paper uses perturbation analysis to obtain analytical expressions for the first-order reflection and transmission coefficients in terms of integrals involving the bottom shape function and the solution for wave scattering by the barrier alone. For sinusoidal bottom undulations symmetric about the barrier, the first-order transmission coefficient is found to vanish. Numerical results are presented for the first-order reflection coefficient for different parameters.
This document discusses contact angles and the Young-Laplace equation. It begins with an introduction to wetting and motivation for studying contact angles. It then summarizes the Young relationship between contact angle and interfacial tensions. The Young-Laplace equation relating pressure jump, mean curvature, and surface tension is derived. Interfaces are described as being 3D, dynamic, and asymmetric. The document discusses measurements of contact angles and their relationship to molecular interactions.
This document discusses determining the angle of twist of shafts subjected to torque. It provides formulas for calculating the angle of twist based on the applied torque, shear modulus, and polar moment of inertia. For shafts with non-uniform cross sections or multiple torques, the total angle of twist is the vector sum of the twist of each segment. Examples are provided to illustrate applying these formulas and determining reactions at supports for statically indeterminate shafts.
This document discusses how the squareness (S*) of the magnetic hysteresis loop in perpendicular magnetic recording media depends on temperature and time scale of measurement. The squareness is often used to evaluate exchange coupling between grains but is actually a dynamic parameter that decreases with increasing thermal effects. The document presents a model for the time and temperature dependence of squareness based on the Sharrock model of coercivity. Fitting experimental data for different media samples to this model allows extraction of the intrinsic squareness (Sint*) independent of thermal effects, revealing information about exchange coupling and grain size/segregation effects.
LES-DQMOM based Studies on Reacting and Non-reacting Jets in Supersonic Cross...Samsung Techwin
This document summarizes a presentation given at the 50th AIAA Aerospace Science Meeting on large eddy simulation (LES) studies of reacting and non-reacting transverse jets in supersonic crossflow. The presentation discusses the numerical methodology used, including the compressible flow solver and direct quadrature method of moments (DQMOM) combustion model. Results are presented for non-reacting and reacting jet in supersonic crossflow cases, including comparisons to experimental data. Key flow features like shock structures and vortical structures are analyzed.
1) The document discusses concepts in planar projective geometry including planar twists, wrenches, and their addition. It shows that planar twists and wrenches can be represented by points and lines in a plane.
2) The addition of planar twists and wrenches follows graphical rules. The addition of two rotations results in a rotation located at a point determined proportionally to the original rotations. The addition of forces follows the parallelogram rule.
3) Invariants like the pole of a twist or the direction and distance of a wrench polar completely describe the motion or loading of a rigid body in the plane.
The document summarizes a study on the effect of jet configuration on transverse jet mixing. Direct numerical simulations were performed to analyze the effect of jet velocity profile and exit shape. Results show that a parabolic velocity profile enhances mixing over a top-hat profile due to slower vortex breakdown. For exit shape, a circular jet exhibits the most efficient mixing while triangular jets display two counter-rotating vortex pairs that increase entrainment and mixing.
1) The document discusses torsion and torsional deformation of circular shafts. It derives the torsion formula which relates the shear stress in a shaft to the torque and geometry of the shaft's cross section.
2) Power transmission using shafts is discussed. The relationship between torque, angular velocity, and power is defined. Shaft design using the torsion formula and allowable shear stress is also covered.
3) Examples are presented to demonstrate calculating shear stresses and designing shafts given torque and power transmission information.
This document discusses potential flow theory and its applications. It defines irrotational flow, introduces the velocity potential and stream function, and describes several elementary plane flows including uniform flow, source/sink flow, vortex flow, and doublet flow. It also discusses how more complex flows can be modeled through superposition of these elementary flows, providing examples of combining sources, sinks, and uniform flow and combining doublets, vortices, and uniform flow.
Effects of some thermo physical properties on forceAlexander Decker
This document presents research on force convective stagnation point flow over a stretching sheet with convective boundary conditions in the presence of thermal radiation and a magnetic field. Governing equations for the flow are derived and non-dimensionalized. The equations are then solved numerically using a shooting method. Results show that increasing the magnetic field parameter decreases velocity, while increasing the Biot number increases temperature. Temperature is also found to decrease with increasing Eckert number, Prandtl number, and radiation parameter. Skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are presented for various parameter values.
MHD convection flow of viscous incompressible fluid over a stretched vertical...IJERA Editor
The effect of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and hall current of the MHD convection flow of the viscous incompressible fluid over a stretched vertical flat plate has been discussed by using regular perturbation and homotophy perturbation technique with similarity solutions. The influence of various physical parameters on velocity, cross flow velocity and temperature of fluid has been obtained numerically and through graphs.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Unsteady Free Convection MHD Flow of an Incompressible Electrically Conductin...IJERA Editor
In this paper we investigate unsteady free convection MHD flow of an incompressible viscous electrically
conducting fluid through porous medium under the influence of uniform transverse magnetic field between two
heated vertical plate with one plate is adiabatic. The governing equations of velocity and temperature fields with
appropriate boundary conditions are solved by the Integral Transform Technique. The obtained results of
velocity and temperature distributions are shown graphically and are discussed on the basis of it. The effects of
Hartmann number, Darcy parameter, Prandtl number and the decay factor, and effects of adiabatic plate on the
velocity and temperature fields are discussed.
Effects of conduction on magneto hydrodynamics mixed convection flow in trian...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection flow in triangular enclosures. Key points:
1) The study investigates the effects of conduction on MHD mixed convection flow in triangular enclosures using a finite element method.
2) Parameters like the Hartmann number, Prandtl number, Reynolds number, and Rayleigh number are found to strongly influence the flow and thermal fields.
3) Validation of the numerical code is done by comparing average Nusselt numbers to previous research on natural convection in triangular enclosures.
MHD Natural Convection Flow of an incompressible electrically conducting visc...IJERA Editor
We consider a two-dimensional MHD natural convection flow of an incompressible viscous and electrically
conducting fluid through porous medium past a vertical impermeable flat plate is considered in presence of a
uniform transverse magnetic field. The governing equations of velocity and temperature fields with appropriate
boundary conditions are solved by the ordinary differential equations by introducing appropriate coordinate
transformations. We solve that ordinary differential equations and find the velocity profiles, temperature profile,
the skin friction and nusselt number. The effects of Grashof number (Gr), Hartmann number (M) and Prandtl
number (Pr), Darcy parameter (D-1) on velocity profiles and temperature profiles are shown graphically.
This document discusses mixed convective flow of Jeffrey nanofluid along an inclined stretching sheet. Chapter 2 examines MHD Jeffrey fluid flow through a stretching vertical surface with a porous medium. The governing equations for the fluid flow, heat and mass transfer are presented. Chapter 3 examines the steady, incompressible flow of Jeffrey nanofluid along a stretching sheet with mixed convection boundary conditions. Appropriate transformations are applied to reduce the governing equations to ordinary differential equations. Results and discussions include various plots showing the effects of governing parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the steady magnetohydrodynamic mass transfer flow of a polar fluid through a porous medium bounded by an infinite vertical porous plate. The paper presents the governing equations for the fluid flow, angular momentum, energy, and concentration considering effects such as magnetic field, thermal diffusion, and radiation. Exact solutions for the velocity, angular velocity, temperature, and concentration fields are obtained. The skin friction and heat transfer rate are also derived. Graphs illustrate the effects of various parameters on the flow behavior and transport properties.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of Hall current, chemical reaction, and viscous dissipation on unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow, heat, and mass transfer along a porous flat plate. The governing equations were solved numerically using the Galerkin finite element method. Parameters like the magnetic field, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, and modified Grashof numbers for heat and mass transfer were varied to examine their impacts on velocity, temperature, and other variables. The results provide insight into complex coupled transport processes with potential applications in areas like material processing, energy systems, and industrial equipment.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of radiation on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convection flow of a viscous fluid past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate. The governing equations are solved numerically using an implicit finite difference Crank-Nicolson method. It is found that the fluid velocity decreases with increasing magnetic field or radiation parameter. Fluid temperature also decreases with stronger radiation. Shear stress and heat transfer at the plate increase and decrease, respectively, with higher radiation or magnetic parameters.
Effect of rotation on the onset of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a layer of F...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection flow and boundary layer control of a nan...IAEME Publication
This research work is focused on the numerical solution of steady MHD mixed convection boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over a semi-infinite flat plate with heat generation/absorption and viscous dissipation effects in the presence of suction and injection. Gyarmati’s variational principle developed on the thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes is employed to solve the problem
numerically. The governing boundary layer equations are approximated as simple polynomial functions, and the functional of the variational principle is constructed.
Magnetohydrodynamic Rayleigh Problem with Hall Effect in a porous PlateIJERA Editor
This paper gives very significant analytical and numerical results to the magnetohydrodynamic flow version of
the classical Rayleigh problem including Hall Effect in a porous plate. An exact solution of the MHD flow of
incompressible, electrically conducting, viscous fluid past an uniformly accelerated and insulated infinite porous
plate has been presented. Numerical values for the effects of the Hall parameter N, the Hartmann number M and
the Porosity parameter P0 on the velocity components u and v are tabulated and their profiles are shown
graphically. The numerical results show that the velocity component u and v increases with the increase of N,
decreases with the increase of P0 and u decreases and v increases with the increase of M.
Effects of radiation on an unsteady natural convective flow of a eg nimonic 8...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the effects of thermal radiation on the unsteady natural convective flow of a nanofluid (ethylene glycol with Nimonic 80A nanoparticles) past an infinite vertical plate. The governing equations for the fluid flow and heat transfer are presented and non-dimensionalized. The equations are then solved numerically using MATLAB. The results examine how velocity, temperature, Nusselt number, and skin friction coefficient are affected by parameters like thermal radiation, particle shape, and volume fraction. It is found that heat transfer increases with radiation and changing particle shape, while skin friction decreases with lower radiation. Particle shape does not affect fluid velocity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Radiation Effects on MHD Free Convective Rotating Flow with Hall EffectsIJERA Editor
In this paper, we have studied the unsteady an incompressible MHD rotating free convection flow of Viscoelastic fluid through a porous medium with simultaneous heat and mass transfer near an infinite vertical oscillating porous plate under the influence of uniform transverse magnetic field. The governing equations of the flow field are solved by a regular perturbation method for small elastic parameter. The expressions for the velocity, temperature, concentration have been derived analytically and also its behaviour is computationally discussed with reference to different flow parameters with the help of graphs. The skin friction, the Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are also obtained and their behaviour discussed.
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Similar to Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of the Forward Stagnation Point of the Spinning and Translating Sphere (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
1. The document describes a study that designed a balanced scorecard for a nonprofit organization called Yayasan Pembinaan dan Kesembuhan Batin (YPKB) in Malang, Indonesia.
2. The balanced scorecard translated YPKB's vision and mission into strategic objectives across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth.
3. Key strategic objectives included donation growth, budget effectiveness, customer satisfaction, reputation, service quality, innovation, and employee development. Customers perspective had the highest weighting, suggesting a focus on public service over financial growth.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
- The document examines customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets in India through a survey of 418 customers.
- It finds that in supermarkets, previous experience, atmosphere, price, social environment and experience in other channels most influence customer experience, while in hypermarkets, previous experience, product assortment, social environment and experience in other channels are most influential.
- The study provides insights for retailers on key determinants of customer experience in each format to help them improve strategies and competitive positioning.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
This document discusses the implementation of quality management principles at Zimbabwe Open University's Matabeleland North Regional Centre. It begins with background information on ZOU and the importance of quality management in open and distance learning institutions. The study aimed to determine if quality management and its principles were being implemented at the regional centre. Key findings included that the centre prioritized customer focus and staff involvement. Decisions were made based on data analysis. The regional centre implemented a quality system informed by its policy documents. The document recommends ensuring staffing levels match needs and providing sufficient resources to the regional centre.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of the Forward Stagnation Point of the Spinning and Translating Sphere
1. IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)
e-ISSN: 2278-5728, p-ISSN: 2319-765X. Volume 11, Issue 1 Ver. IV (Jan - Feb. 2015), PP 26-37
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11142637 www.iosrjournals.org 26 |Page
Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of the Forward Stagnation
Point of the Spinning and Translating Sphere
Indeewar Kumar1
, Khemlal Mahto2
1
(Department of Mathematics, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, India)
2
(Department of Mathematics,University College of Engineering &Technology (UCET), VBU, Hazaribah,
Jharkhand, India)
Abstract: Exact solutions are important not only in its own right as solution of particular flows, but also serve
as accuracy check for numerical solution. Exact solution of the Navier-Strokes equation are, for example, those
of steady and unsteady flows near a stagnation point, Stagnation point flows can either be viscous or inviscid,
steady or unsteady, two dimensional or three dimensional, normal or oblique and forward or reverse. The
classic problems of two dimensional and three dimensional stagnation point flow are associated with the names
of Hiemenz and Homan A novel radial stagnation point flow impinging axi symmetrically on a circular cylinder
was reported by Wang. The present paper deals with the laminar boundary layer flow and heat transfer in the
stagnation region of a rotating and translating sphere with uniform magnetic fields. The governing equations of
flow are derived for ξ = 0 (t*
=0) and ξ=1 (t*
→∞) and solutions in the closed form are obtained. The
temperature and velocity fields for ξ = 0 are numerically computed. This shows that the thermal boundary layer
thickness decreases as Prandtl number Princreases.The surface heat transfer (28) increases with the Prandtl
number Pr. The surface heat transfer (28) at the starting of motion is found to be strangely dependent on the
Prandtl number Pr. But it is dependent of magnetic field, buoyancy force Bp and Rotation Parameter Ro.
Keywords:Temperature field, velocity field,uniform magnetic field, buoyancy force, Rotation Parameter.
I. Introduction
Exact solutions are important not only in its own right as solution of particular flows, but also serve as
accuracy check for numerical solution.
Exact solution of the Navier-Strokes equation are, for example, those of steady and unsteady flows near
a stagnation point, Stagnation point flows can either be viscous or inviscid, steady or unsteady, two dimensional
or three dimensional, normal or oblique and forward or reverse. The classic problems of two dimensional and
three dimensional stagnation point flow are associated with the names of Hiemenz and Homan A novel radial
stagnation point flow impinging axi symmetrically on a circular cylinder was reported by Wang
Luthander and Rydberg measured drag coefficient on a rofating sphere in axial flow. Homan and
Frossling first obtained the exact solution of the Navier – Strokes equations for rotationally symmetrical
stagnation point flow and found that the boundary layer thickness was independent of the distance along the
wall and the velocity profiles were similar. Mishra and Choudhary studied axi-symmetric stagnation point flow
with uniform suction. Rott and Crabtree simplified the boundary layer calculations for bodies of revolution. Lok
et al. studied the growth of the boundary layer of micropolar fluid started implusively from rest near the forward
stagnation point of a two dimensional plane surface.
We discussed axi-symmetric stagnation flow of a viscous and electrically conducting fluid near the
blunt nose of a spinning body with pressure of magnetic field. Sparrow et. al investigated the effect of
transpiration cooling in MHD stagnation point flow. Ece has investigated the initial boundary layer flow past an
impulsively started translating and spinning body of revolution. Rajasekaran and Palekar studied the influence
of buoyancy force on the steady forced convection flow over a spinning sphere. Lee et. al discussed heat transfer
over rotating bodies in forced flows. Hatrikonstantinou studied the effects of a mixed convection and viscous
dissipation on heat transfer about porous rotating sphere.
Bush analyzed the stagnation point boundary layer in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Ozturk
and Ece investigated into unsteady force convection heat transfer from a translating and spinning body. Thakur
et. al investigated hydromagnetic boundary layer flow and heat transfer in the stagnation region of a spinning
and translating sphere in the presence of buoyancy forces.
The present paper deals with the laminar boundary layer flow and heat transfer in the stagnation region
of a rotating and translating sphere with uniform magnetic fields. The governing equations of flow are derived
for ξ = 0 (t*=0) and ξ=1 (t*→∞) and solutions in the closed form are obtained. The temperature and velocity
fields for ξ = 0 are numerically computed.
2. Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of the Forward Stagnation Point of the Spinning and ….
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11142637 www.iosrjournals.org 27 |Page
Notations
u, v, w : velocity components in the direction of X- axis, and Y-axis and
Z-axis respectively
V : Characteristic velocity
L : Characteristic length
σ : electrical conductivity
μ0 : magnetic permeability
Rm= μ0 σ vL<<1 : magnetic Reynold number
B : constant magnetic field applied in the z-direction
T : temperature
t : time
ρ : density
μ : coefficient of visconsity
ν : μ/ρ = kinenaticviscousity
K : thermal conductivity
Ω : angular velocity of the sphere
G : acceleration due to gravity
β : coefficient of thermal expansion
R : radius of the sphere
Cp : specific heat at a constant pressure Subscripts
e,w,∞ : denote conditions of the edge of the boundary layer on the
surface and in the free stream
Tω : temperature on the surface
T∞ : temperature in the free stream
Pr = μCp / K : Prandtl number
M = σB2
/ Pr : magnetic parameter
Bp = μGr R / Re2R : Buoyancy parameter
GrR = g β (Tω - T∞) R3/ Ѵ3
:Grashof number
Ө = T - T∞ / Tω - T∞ : dimensionless temperature
b : velocity gradient at the edge of the boundary layer.
ReR = b R2
/ ν : Reynolds number
Ro = (Ω/b)2
: rotation parameter
3. Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of the Forward Stagnation Point of the Spinning and ….
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11142637 www.iosrjournals.org 28 |Page
ue : ax, velocity on the edge of the boundary layer, a>0
η = (2b/ν)1/2
Z/ξ1/2
: dimensionless variable
t : dimensionless time
f1
: dimensionless velocity component along x-direction
s : dimensionless velocity component along y-direction
II. Formulation of the problems, assumptions and governing equations
Formulation
Suppose a sphere is at rest in an abient fluid with surface temperature T∞ at t< 0 (i.e. prior to the time t
= 0). The sphere is suddenly spinning with the constant angular velocity Ω. When at t=0 an impulsive motion is
imposed to the fluid, and T∞ is suddenly raised to Tω (Tω> T∞). The unsteadiness is caused by the impulsive
motion of the fluid and the impulsive motion of sphere.
OU U
Flow Model
Consider the unsteady laminar boundary layer flow of a viscous, incompressible fluid of small
electrical conductivity in the front stagnation region of this spinning sphere in the presence of uniform magnetic
field and a buoyancy force. Take x the distance along a meridian from the front stagnation point, y the distance
in the direction of spinning and z the distance normal to the surface.
Assumptions
Following assumptions are made.
i. A uniform magnetic field B is imposed in the direction of z-axis.
ii. The boundary layer flow under uniform magnetic field is axi-symmetric.
iii. The magnetic Reynolds number Rm is very small. i.e. Rm<< 1.
iv. As Rm<<1, the effect of the induced magnetic field as compared to B is neglected.
v. The dissipation terms, Ohmic heating and surface curvature are neglected in the region of front stagnation
point of the surface.
vi. The fluid has constant properties except the density changes which produce buoyancy forces.
vii. The effect of the buoyancy induced stream wise pressure gradient terms on the flow and temperature
profile is negligible.
viii. Tw and T∞ are taken as constants.
4. Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of the Forward Stagnation Point of the Spinning and ….
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11142637 www.iosrjournals.org 29 |Page
Governing Equations
Under the above assumptions the boundary layer equations governing the flow of the present problem
after lee et. al, Ozturk et. al and Bush are
∂
∂x
ux +
∂
∂z
wx = 0 (1)
∂u
∂t
+ u
∂u
∂x
+ w
∂u
∂z
−
v2
x
= μe
due
dx
+ v
∂2u
∂z2 + g β T − T∞
x
R
−
ςB2
ρ
u − ue (2)
∂v
∂t
+ u
∂v
∂x
+ w
∂v
∂z
−
uv
x
= v
∂2w
∂z2 −
ςB2
ρ
v (3)
∂T
∂t
+ u
∂T
∂x
+ w
∂T
∂z
=
K
ρCp
∂2T
∂t2 (4)
With initial conditions
t< 0: u (x, z, t) = 0
v (x, z, t) = 0 (5)
w (x, z, t) = 0
T (x, z, t) = T∞
And the boundary layer conditions
t ≥ 0
u (x, 0, t) = 0
v (x, 0, t) =Ω x
w (x, 0, t) = Tw (6)
u (x, ∞, t) = ue(x)
v (x, ∞, t) = 0
T (x, ∞, t) = T∞
Application of Transformation
Following William and Rhyme, we apple the transformation given below for making the region of time
integration finite:
t = b t, b>0
ξ = 1 – e-t
η =
2b
v
1/2
ξ -1/2
z (7)
R0 =
Ω
b
2
Bp =
GrR
R2 eR
GrR =
gβ Tω −T∞ R3
v2
ReR =
bR2
v
M =
ς B2
ρ b
μe = bx
VW = Ω x
f ' (ξ, η) =
u(x,z,t )
b x
S (ξ, η) =
u(x,z,t )
Ω x
f (ξ, η) =
−w(x,z,t)
ξ1/2(2b2)1/2 (7)
Ө (ξ, η) =
T x,z,t −T∞
Tω −T∞
Pr=
μ Cp
K
These transformations (7) are used in the governing equations. Equation (1) is identically satisfied and equations
(2), (3) and (4) are transformed into equations.
f ′′ ′ +
η
4
1 − ξ f ′′ + ξ f f′′
+
ξ
2
1 − f f′ 2
R0s2
+
ξ
2
ηM 1 − f′
+
1
2
ξBpθ = ξ(1 − ξ)
∂f′
∂ξ
(8)
s′′
+
η
4
1 − ξ s′
+ ξ fs′
− f′
s −
ξ M s
2
=
1
2
ξ(1 − ξ)
∂s
∂ξ
(9)
θ′′
Pr
+
η
4
1 − ξ θ′
+ ξ f θ′
=
1
2
ξ(1 − ξ)
∂θ
∂ξ
(10)
The boundary condition (6) become
f ξ, 0 = f ′ (ξ, 0) = 0; s(ξ, 0) = θ(ξ, 0) = 1
5. Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of the Forward Stagnation Point of the Spinning and ….
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11142637 www.iosrjournals.org 30 |Page
f ′ (ξ, ∞) = 1; s ξ, ∞ = θ(ξ, ∞) = 0 (11)
Special forms of governing equation at time infinity and at time zero
When ξ =1( t →∞) equation (8), (9) and (10) reduce to
f ′′ ′ + f f′′ +
1
2
[1 − (f ′)2
+ R0S2
] +
M
2
(1 − f ′) +
Bp θ
2
= 0 (12)
s′′
+ f s′
− f′
s −
Ms
2
= 0 (13)
θ′′
Pr
+ f θ′
= 0 (14)
When ξ = 0 (t = 0 i.e at the start of the motion), equations (8), (9) and (10) becomes.
f ′′ ′ +
η
4
f′′
= 0 (15)
s ′′ +
η
4
s′ = 0 (16)
1
Pr
θ′′
+
η
4
θ′
= 0 (17)
The boundary conditions (11), for the equations (12) – (17) changed to
f (0) = f '(0) = 0
s (0) = θ (0) = 1 (18)
f '(∞) = 1, s (∞) = θ (∞) = 0
Closed from solutions for the case t = 0 (ξ = 0)
From (17)
1
Pr
θ′′
= −
η
4
θ′
or,
θ′′
θ
dη = −
Pr
4
η dη
or log θ′
C = −
Pr
8
η2
θ′
C
= e−
Pr
8
η2
or, θ′
η = C . e−
Pr
8
η2
(17a)
Or
dθ
dη
= C . e−
Pr
8
η2
dθ = C e−
Pr
8
η2
dη
θ η = C e−
Pr
8
η2
η
0
dη + D, D is constant
θ η = C e
−
Pr
2 2
η
2
dη + D
η
0
(18a)
Now, e r f η =
2
π
e−x2
dx
n
0
e r f c η = 1 − e r f η (19)
(18) can be written as
η = 0 : f = f '= 0, s = 1, θ = 1 (20)
η → ∞ : f ' = 1 , s = θ = 0
Using first condition of (20) in (18), we get
θ (0) = 0 + D
Or 1 = D
Let x =
Pr
8
η
Then dx =
Pr
8
dη
η → 0, x → 0
η → ∞, x → ∞
So using second condition of (20) in (18), we get
O = C e−x2 8
Pr
dx
∞
0
+ 1
6. Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of the Forward Stagnation Point of the Spinning and ….
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11142637 www.iosrjournals.org 31 |Page
or − 1 = C e−x2 8
Pr
∞
0
dx
−
Pr
8
= C e−x2
dx
∞
0
= C
π
2
or, C = −
Pr
8
4
π
C = −
Pr
2π
Putting C and D in (18), we get
θ η = 1 −
Pr
2π
e
−
Pr
8
η
2
dη
n
0
θ η = 1 −
Pr
2π
e
−
Pr
8
y
2
dy
n
0
Put
Pr
8
y = t
Then
Pr
8
dy = dt
So, θ η = 1 −
Pr
2π
e−t2
Pr
8
η
0
8
Pr
dt
= 1 −
Pr
2π
2 2
Pr
e−t2
dt
Pr
8
η
0
θ η = 1 − e r f
Pr
8
η
or, θ η = e r f c
Pr
8
η (20a)
From (15), f '' '(η) +
η
4
f ′′(η) = 0
or,
f ′′ ′
f ′′(η)
dη = −
η
4
dη
On integration
loge
f ′′(η)
C1
= −
η2
8
f ′′ η = C1e−
η2
8 , C1is constant of integration
Again on, integration
f ′ (η) = C1 e−
η2
8 dη + D1 , D1 is constant
η
0
Using first condition of (18), D1= 0
Then f ′ (η) = C1 e−
η2
8 dη
η
0
(20b)
put
η
2 2
= x 20c
Then
dη
2 2
= dx
7. Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of the Forward Stagnation Point of the Spinning and ….
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11142637 www.iosrjournals.org 32 |Page
η → ∞, x → ∞
η → 0, x → 0
Using (20c) and 2nd
condition of (18), we have
f ′(∞) = C1 e−x2
∞
0
2 2 dx
= 2 2C1 e−x2
∞
0
dx
∴ 1 = 2 2C1
π
2
= C1 2π
∴ C1 =
1
2π
Putting C1 in (20b), we get
∴ f ′(η) =
1
2π
e−
η2
8
η
0
dη
=
1
2π
e−
t2
8
η
0
dt
=
1
2π
e− y2
8
η
8
0
dy taking
t
8
= y
=
8
2π
e− y2
η
8
0
dy
f ′(η) =
2
π
e− y2
η
8
0
dy
∴ f ′ η = e r f
η
8
(21)
Integrating,
f η = e r f
η
8
dη
=
2
π
e− x2
dx
η
8
0
dη
=
2
π
e− x2
dx
η
8
0
dη
=
2
π
1 −
x2
1!
+
x4
2!
−
x6
3!
+
x8
4!
−. … … . .
η
8
0
dx dη
=
2
π
x −
x3
3
+
x5
5.2!
−
x7
7.3!
+
x9
9.4!
−. … …
0
η
8
dη
f η =
2
π
η
8
−
η
8
3
3
+
η
8
5
5.2!
−
η
8
7
7.3!
+. … … dη (22)
From (21),
f ′ η = e r f
η
8
On integration
8. Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of the Forward Stagnation Point of the Spinning and ….
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11142637 www.iosrjournals.org 33 |Page
f ′ η = e r f
η
8
dη
= η e r f
η
8
− ηd e r f
η
8
dη
Using (22), we have
f η = η e r f
η
8
− η
2
π
1
8
−
3η2
3 8
3 +
5η4
5 2! 8
5 −
7η6
7 3! 8
7 dη
= η e r f
η
8
−
2
π
η
8
−
η3
8 8
+
η5
2! 82 8
+
η7
3! 83 8
dη
= η e r f
η
8
−
2
π
η2
2 8
−
η4
4.8 8
+
η6
6.2. 82 8
−
η8
8.3!. 83 8
+. … … … … … …
= η e r f
η
8
−
1
π
η2
8
−
η4
2.8. 8
+
η6
6. 82. 8
−
η8
4.3. 83 8
+. … … … … … … ….
η e r f
η
8
−
8
π
η2
8
1!
−
η2
8
2
2!
+
η2
8
3
3!
−
η2
8
4
4!
+. … … … … … … . .
f η = η e r f
η
8
−
2 2
π
1 − e−
η2
8 (23)
From (16)
s ′′ +
η
4
s′ = 0
or
s′′
s′
= −
η
4
On integration,
s′′
s′
dη = −
1
4
η dη
or, log
s′
C
= −
η2
8
or
s′
C
= e−
η2
8
s′
η = C e−
η2
8 (23a)
On integration
s η = C e−
η2
8 dη + C1
Using first condition in (24) of (20)
C1 = 1
∴ s η = C e−
η2
8 dη + 1
= 1 + C e−
η2
8 dη
η
0
= 1 + C e−
y2
8 dy
η
0
= 1 + C e
−
y
2 2
2
dy
η
0
Put t = y/2 2
dt =
dy
2 2
∴ s η = 1 + C e−t2
2 2 dt
η
2 2
0
9. Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of the Forward Stagnation Point of the Spinning and ….
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11142637 www.iosrjournals.org 34 |Page
s η = 1 + C 2 2 e−t2
dt
η
2 2
0
(23b)
Using 2nd conditions of (20)
s ∞ = 01 + 2 2 C e−t2
dt
∞
0
0 = 1 + 2 2 C
π
2
−1 = C 2π
∴ C = −
1
2π
Putting C, in (23a) we get
∴ s′
η = −
1
2π
e−
η2
8
Putting C =
1
2π
in (23b), we get
s η = 1 + 2 2 −
1
2π
e−t2
dt
η
2 2
0
or, s η = 1 −
2
π
e−t2
dt
η
2 2
0
= 1 − e r f
η
8
or, s η = e r f c
η
8
Similarly equation (17) is solved for θ'(η) and θ(η).
Equation (17) is solved for θ'(η) and θ(η) in the same way as (16) is solved for s'(η) and s(η)
Thus, the closed from solutions of (15) – (17) under boundary conditions (18) are
f′
η = e r f
η
8
(24)
f η = ηe r f
η
8
−
2 2
π
1 − e−η2/8
(25)
s η = e r f C
η
8
(26)
s′
η = −
1
2π
e−η2/8
(27)
−θ′
η =
Pr
2π
e−
Pr η2
8 (28)
θ η = e r f c
Pr
8
η (29)
Surface heat transfer for ξ = 0 (i.e. at the start of the motion) is given by
−θ′
0 = −
Pr
2π
e−
Pr η2
8
η=0
=
Pr
2π
30
III. Results and Conclusion
Numeric calculations are made for temperature distribution, velocity field and heat transfer. Variation
of velocity distribution f '(η) and s(η) in the directions of x-axis and y-axis against η are shown in table 1 and 2;
and shown graphically by curves in figure.
10. Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of the Forward Stagnation Point of the Spinning and ….
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11142637 www.iosrjournals.org 35 |Page
The heat transfer expression (26) is calculated for Prandtl number Pr (.71, 3.02, 10 and 19.6) and the
numerical values are listed in Tables .Temperature distribution (27) is computed for Pr (=.71, 3.02, 10 and 19.6)
and results of calculations are entered in Tables and illustrated in figures
This shows that the thermal boundary layer thickness decreases as Prandtl number Princreases.The
surface heat transfer (28) increases with the Prandtl number Pr. The surface heat transfer (28) at the starting of
motion is found to be strongely dependent on the Prandtl number Pr. But it is dependent of magnetic field,
buoyancy force Bpand Rotation Parameter Ro.
For non-conduction fluid (M=0) and without boundary force Bp for Steady state (ξ=0) equations (12)
and (13) become
f′ ′′
η + f η f′′
η +
1
2
1 − f′ 2
η + ROs2
η = 0
And
s''(η) + f (η) s'(η) – f '(η) s (η) = 0
These equations are same as that of Lee et. al. This deduction confirms the correctness of our approach.
Table – 1
Boundary layer flow in the vicinity of the forward stagnation point of the spinning and translating
sphere
Value of velocity field f '(η) in the direction of x-axis f'(η) = e r t f (η/ 8 )
Η f'(η)
0 0
0.03 0.011128
0.14 0.05637
0.28 0.11246
0.42 0.16800
0.57 0.22270
0.71 0.27633
0.85 0.32863
0.99 0.37938
1.13 0.42839
1.27 0.47548
1.41 0.52050
1.56 0.56332
1.70 0.60386
1.84 0.64203
1.98 0.67780
2.12 0.71116
2.26 0.74210
1.40 0.77667
2.55 0.79691
2.69 0.82089
2.83 0.84270
2.97 0.86244
3.11 0.88021
3.25 0.89612
3.39 0.91031
….. …..
6.79 0.99931
….. …..
∞ 1
Table 2
η s(η)
0 1.00000
0.03 0.98872
0.14 0.94363
0.28 0.88754
0.42 0.83200
0.57 0.77730
0.71 0.72367
0.85 0.67137
0.99 0.62062
1.13 0.57161