Botany is the study of plants. It includes the study of bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Some key points covered in the document include: - Bacteria and fungi have economic importance as both harmful and useful organisms. They are involved in food production and cause diseases. - Viruses only infect plants and humans, causing diseases. Fungi grow on decaying organic matter and have edible and poisonous forms. - Algae are important producers and are used as food and in industry. Bryophytes and pteridophytes include mosses and ferns

1. BOTANY
AN OVERVIEW
- Dr Nidhi Sharma

2. BOTANY
“Study of plants”
Dr Nidhi Sharma

3. Includes
 Bacteria & viruses
 Fungi
 Algae
 Bryophyta
 Pteridophyta
 Gymnosperms
 Angiosperms
Dr Nidhi Sharma

4. Bacteria
 Microscopic 0.2mm or less
 Present everywhere
Dr Nidhi Sharma

5. Economic importance-Useful aspect
 Products in our day to day life are the result of
bacteria
 Curd
 Cheese
 Antibiotics
 Streptomycin
 Amoxicillin
Dr Nidhi Sharma

6. Economic importance-Harmful aspect
 Diseases in human being
 Tuberculosis – Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Syphilis- Tryponema pallidum
 Gonorrhoea- Neisseria gonnorhoea
 Diphtheria- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
 Tetanus- Clostridium tetani
 Whooping cough- Bordetella pertussis
 Anthrax-Bacillus anthracis
Dr Nidhi Sharma

7.  Food poisoning (Botulism)-
Clostridium botulinum
 Diseases in plants
 Citrus canker- Xanthomonas
citri
Dr Nidhi Sharma

8. Viruses
 Causes diseases only in plants &
humans
 In humans –e.g. cough & cold
(caused by 100 different
viruses), measles, mumps, AIDS
etc
 In plants- e.g. yellow vein mosaic
of bhindi, Papaya mosaic, leaf
roll of papaya etc
Dr Nidhi Sharma

9. FUNGI
 Non green plants
 Grow on dead & decaying organic matter and absorb
food from it
 Microscopic form to large ones with big fruiting bodies
 Common example is mushroom
Microscopic form Macroscopic form
Dr Nidhi Sharma

10. Forms which you have seen
 Edible mushroom
 Poisonous mushroom like toadstool
 Bread mould-Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor etc
 On the leaves of sarso, muli etc as black rounded
spots
 Yeast –baking, brewing (bread, beer, wine)
 Antibiotics- Penicillin & Cephalosporin
 Cheese- Roquefort & Camembert
Dr Nidhi Sharma

11. Economic importance- useful aspect
 In market different
forms of mushroom are
available which are
edible
 Packed button mushroom
 Truffles
Dr Nidhi Sharma

12. Economic importance- useful aspect
 Soy sauce , tofu, tofu
tempeh , miso
tempeh
Dr Nidhi Sharma

13. Economic importance- useful aspect
Ganoderma lucidum
tea, powder, tooth paste
Used in cancer treatment
Dr Nidhi Sharma

14. Economic importance- harmful aspect
 Crop diseases- e.g.
potato blight (cause of
irish famine in 1845)
 Dandruff in human
beings-Malassezia furfur
Dr Nidhi Sharma

15. Economic importance- harmful aspect
Athelets foot-Trichophyton sp.
Ring worm-Trichophyton sp.
Dr Nidhi Sharma

16. ALGAE
 Largest producer of
carbohydrate
 Range from microscopic
to giant forms
 Some forms are edible
like Ulva (sea lettuce)
 Agar agar extracted
from algae Gelidium-
used as a solidifying
agent in culture medium
Dr Nidhi Sharma

17.  Sometimes colour
of sea & snow
shows the colour of
algae
(Chamydomonas
nivalis)
Dr Nidhi Sharma

18.  Causes water bloom
(Forms a layer on the
surface of dirty water)
Dr Nidhi Sharma

19. BRYOPHYTA
Marcantia
 Amphibious
plant
 Grows on land
Anthoceros
as well as water
Dr Nidhi Sharma

20. PTERIDOPHYTA
 Grows in moist and
shady places.e.g.
 Ferns
 Lycopodium
Dr Nidhi Sharma

21. GYMNOSPERMS
 Do not produce flowers but
form seeds
 Seeds are naked. Fruits not
formed
 E.g. Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra
 Terpentine oil is extracted from
Pinus
 Chilgoza is the seed of Pinus
gerardiana
 Cycas (sago palm) is a source
of sago
 Ephedra is a source of medicine
Ephedrine
Dr Nidhi Sharma

22. ANGIOSPERMS
 Flowering plants
 Produce seeds in fruit
Dr Nidhi Sharma

23. BRANCHES OF BOTANY
 Taxonomy- science that finds, describes, classifies,
identifies, and names plants on the basis of
external features, internal features & showing
relatedness
 Anatomy- study of the internal structure of plants.
 Embryology- the science of the origin and
formation of new plants
 Genetics- studies heredity and variation in plants.
Dr Nidhi Sharma

24.  Ecology- deals with the distribution and abundance of
plants, the interactions among and between members of
plant species and their interaction with their environment.
 Physiology- concerned with the functioning or physiology
of plants.
 Biochemistry- Deals with the structure, function and
interaction of cellular components such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other
biomolecules
Dr Nidhi Sharma

25. APPLIED BRANCHES
 Microbiology- The study of microorganisms.
 Plant pathology- The scientific study of disease and its
causes, processes and effects in plants
 Experimental embryology
 Environmental sciences
 Molecular genetics
 Biotechnology- Application of scientific and technical
advances in life science to develop commercial products
 Soil science- Study of soil, its formation, classification,
physical, chemical, biological and fertility properties of
soils Dr Nidhi Sharma

26. Dr Nidhi Sharma