Language and Communication
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The document discusses several key topics related to language and communication: 1) It defines what language is, including words having multiple meanings like denotative and connotative meanings. 2) Grammar and context are important for effective communication. Grammar provides rules but language must also be understood within its context. 3) The functions of language include communication, controlling, informing, feeling, and imagining. Language acquisition involves learning words and how to use them appropriately. 4) There can be problems with language meaning due to vagueness, evasion, bias, and lack of shared context between communicators. Understanding semantics and pragmatics is important.
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Language and Communication
This document discusses various aspects of language and communication. It defines what language is, including words, meanings, and cognitive language. It also covers grammar, functions of language like communication and acquisition. Problems with language are explored, such as abstraction, evasion, semantics and pragmatics. Language behaviors are influenced by relationships, contexts, gender roles and geography. Code switching allows adapting language to different groups.
Language and Communication
This document discusses various aspects of language and communication. It defines what language is, including words having denotative and connotative meanings. It also discusses cognitive language, grammar as a system of rules, and the different functions of language like communication, controlling, informing and imagining. The document outlines problems with language and meaning, including abstraction, evasion, semantics and pragmatics. It examines language behaviors and how they are influenced by relationships, context, gender roles, geography and technology.
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1) Language is intrinsically tied to culture and thinking - when we learn language, we learn the associated beliefs and perspectives of the culture.
2) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that language influences thought and culture, though it does not fully explain their formation. Other researchers see language and culture evolving together through diffusion and assimilation.
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Language and Communication (2nd edition)
The document discusses several topics related to language and communication. It defines what language is, including that words have denotative and connotative meanings. It also discusses cognitive language and how our thoughts and culture can influence the language we use. Grammar is defined as the system of rules that govern language, but successful communication also requires understanding the cultural and situational context. The functions of language include communication, acquisition of language, and controlling, informing, feeling, imagining, and ritualizing. Problems with language can include abstraction, evasion, equivocation, euphemisms, slang, jargon, semantics, pragmatics, and biased language. Language behaviors are influenced by relationships, contexts like family versus work, and the S
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Language and Communication
This document discusses various aspects of language and communication. It defines what language is, including words, meanings, and cognitive language. It also covers grammar, functions of language like communication and acquisition. Problems with language are explored, such as abstraction, evasion, semantics and pragmatics. Language behaviors are influenced by relationships, contexts, gender roles and geography. Code switching allows adapting language to different groups.
Language and Communication
This document discusses various aspects of language and communication. It defines what language is, including words having denotative and connotative meanings. It also discusses cognitive language, grammar as a system of rules, and the different functions of language like communication, controlling, informing and imagining. The document outlines problems with language and meaning, including abstraction, evasion, semantics and pragmatics. It examines language behaviors and how they are influenced by relationships, context, gender roles, geography and technology.
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This document discusses key concepts in linguistics, including definitions of language, linguistic knowledge, creativity in language, grammar, language acquisition, sign languages, animal communication systems, attempts to teach language to primates, theories of language origin, and the relationship between language and thought. It provides examples of linguistic universals and differences between languages in areas like sound systems, words, and expressions of location.
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Language and communication can be studied from several perspectives. Language evolved from early hominid calls and gestures and allows humans to communicate about things not present. Nonverbal communication conveys meaning through signs, body language and gestures which vary across cultures. The structure of language includes phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors influence language variation and use. Historical linguistics studies how languages have changed over long periods of time.
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The document discusses the key components of language:
- Semantics refers to the system of meanings expressed by words and phrases. Learning new words is difficult for children.
- Phonology is the system of speech sounds in a language. Children learn the phonemes of their native language.
- Morphology studies the smallest units of meaning, like morphemes and affixes, which are critical to vocabulary development.
- Syntax involves combining words and morphemes into sentences according to grammatical rules.
- Pragmatics governs social uses of language based on context, turn-taking, and shared understanding between speakers.
Language & Communication
1) Language is an abstract system of symbols and meanings that includes rules for relating symbols and meanings to allow communication. It is a key feature that distinguishes humans from other animals.
2) Language is organized through processes like remembrance and utilization of limited words and infinite sentences. It involves meaningful, arbitrary symbols linked to concepts through sound.
3) Communication requires at least a transmitter, signal, channel, and receiver. It can be verbal using language or nonverbal using cues like paralanguage, proxemics, and body language. While language is important for human communication, some communication is still possible without it through other signals.
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This document discusses language communities and key terms related to language use. It defines terms like monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual to describe people who use one, two, or three or more languages respectively. It also defines the concepts of domain as the topic of communication, and setting as the physical location. Examples are given of different language domains like family, education, and employment. The document also discusses diglossia where two variants of a language are used differently based on formality, and polyglossia which involves three or more languages. Stages of childhood bilingual acquisition are outlined. Key takeaways focus on understanding terms related to speech communities and language variations.
Nature of language
Language can refer to a system of communication used by humans or a specific instance of such a system. There are approximately 3000-6000 natural languages spoken worldwide with sign languages and written languages also considered forms of language. Language allows humans to learn and use complex communication systems. Words can have literal meanings as well as implied meanings from context and interpretation. Different types of meanings include denotative, connotative, social, metaphorical, emotive, and pragmatic meanings which depend on factors such as context, intent, interpretation, and cultural associations.
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Lesson 1 defining language
Language is a complex system of communication that is unique to humans. It uses various systematic elements like sound and grammar to convey meaning. Sound patterns take on meaning when combined according to the rules of a language's grammar, where word order is critical. As a symbolic system, language evolves over time as new words are introduced and meanings of words change, allowing humans to articulate thought.
Word and culture
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This document discusses the relationship between language and culture. It makes three key points:
1) Language is the primary means of transmitting culture from one generation to the next and helps establish shared cultural identities.
2) The structure of a language influences how its speakers view and categorize the world, as demonstrated by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Different languages encourage different conceptualizations.
3) Culture strongly influences language acquisition and use, affecting vocabulary, social conventions around self-reference, and high- versus low-context communication styles. Language both shapes and is shaped by the cultures of its speakers.
Sociolinguistic relativity
Sociolinguistic relativity refers to the set of conventions and rules unique to language use within a community. It examines the relationship between language and society. The theory suggests that language shapes our cognition and influences how we see the world. Different social and cultural backgrounds can lead to different value systems for speech and social behavior. Understanding sociolinguistic diversity and cultural relativity helps explain why differences in language use across cultures does not mean one culture is superior. Violations of sociolinguistic rules within a culture, such as not acknowledging compliments, can be seen as offensive.
The Importance Of Language And Culture
This document discusses the relationship between language and culture. It argues that language is central to culture, as culture is transmitted orally through language. Understanding another culture's subtle meanings requires knowledge of its language. Different languages reflect different ways of categorizing the world and processing information. As cultures see the world differently, their languages express different beliefs and values. Language influences thought processes and is integral to cultural identity.
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This document discusses the relationship between language, mind, and culture. It defines language as a means of communication that occurs within a social context. The mind is described as enabling consciousness, perception, thinking, and memory. Culture is defined as shared meanings, values, and beliefs that characterize groups and guide their behavior. The document argues that language transfers a speaker's purpose to the mind, which then processes it and can turn it into a culture if many people assume it as a truth, according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity.
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This document discusses nonverbal communication and how people communicate without words. It covers various aspects of nonverbal communication including body language, facial expressions, posture, gestures, clothing, personal space, touch, time, smell, and differences in nonverbal communication across cultures. The key points are that nonverbal communication provides important cues about people's feelings and relationships, it can reinforce, negate, or substitute for verbal messages, and interpretations may differ across cultures due to varying social norms and contexts.
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This document discusses key concepts in linguistics, including definitions of language, linguistic knowledge, creativity in language, grammar, language acquisition, sign languages, animal communication systems, attempts to teach language to primates, theories of language origin, and the relationship between language and thought. It provides examples of linguistic universals and differences between languages in areas like sound systems, words, and expressions of location.
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Language both reflects and creates culture through linguistic practices that generate meaning. It serves several cultural functions, including shaping cultural worldviews and cognitive processes, directing attention to important social realities, fostering group identity, and enabling social change. While language reinforces cultural norms, it also allows for code-switching and the flexible expression of new meanings over time. Overall, the document discusses the close relationship between language and culture, and how language socializes individuals and transmits cultural values.
Language & Communication
Language and communication can be studied from several perspectives. Language evolved from early hominid calls and gestures and allows humans to communicate about things not present. Nonverbal communication conveys meaning through signs, body language and gestures which vary across cultures. The structure of language includes phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors influence language variation and use. Historical linguistics studies how languages have changed over long periods of time.
Understanding language
The document discusses the key components of language:
- Semantics refers to the system of meanings expressed by words and phrases. Learning new words is difficult for children.
- Phonology is the system of speech sounds in a language. Children learn the phonemes of their native language.
- Morphology studies the smallest units of meaning, like morphemes and affixes, which are critical to vocabulary development.
- Syntax involves combining words and morphemes into sentences according to grammatical rules.
- Pragmatics governs social uses of language based on context, turn-taking, and shared understanding between speakers.
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1) Language is an abstract system of symbols and meanings that includes rules for relating symbols and meanings to allow communication. It is a key feature that distinguishes humans from other animals.
2) Language is organized through processes like remembrance and utilization of limited words and infinite sentences. It involves meaningful, arbitrary symbols linked to concepts through sound.
3) Communication requires at least a transmitter, signal, channel, and receiver. It can be verbal using language or nonverbal using cues like paralanguage, proxemics, and body language. While language is important for human communication, some communication is still possible without it through other signals.
Language and Communities
This document discusses language communities and key terms related to language use. It defines terms like monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual to describe people who use one, two, or three or more languages respectively. It also defines the concepts of domain as the topic of communication, and setting as the physical location. Examples are given of different language domains like family, education, and employment. The document also discusses diglossia where two variants of a language are used differently based on formality, and polyglossia which involves three or more languages. Stages of childhood bilingual acquisition are outlined. Key takeaways focus on understanding terms related to speech communities and language variations.
Nature of language
Language can refer to a system of communication used by humans or a specific instance of such a system. There are approximately 3000-6000 natural languages spoken worldwide with sign languages and written languages also considered forms of language. Language allows humans to learn and use complex communication systems. Words can have literal meanings as well as implied meanings from context and interpretation. Different types of meanings include denotative, connotative, social, metaphorical, emotive, and pragmatic meanings which depend on factors such as context, intent, interpretation, and cultural associations.
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This document discusses the concepts of language and communication. It defines language as an abstract system of symbols that carry prescribed meanings, which can be sounds or letters. The key characteristics of language are that it is humane, meaningful, symbolic, systematic, and flexible. Communication is defined as the process of sharing information, messages, knowledge, or feelings through a communicator, message, channel, and receiver. The relationship between language and communication is that language provides one of the primary channels for the process of communication between humans. While communication is possible without language through gestures, language helps to make communication more meaningful, reduces confusion, and facilitates thinking, aesthetic expression, and cultural exchange.
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This document is a 20 slide PowerPoint presentation by Otissia McKinnon on the topic of language. It defines language, discusses the different parts of language in a sentence, and different types of literacy such as books, poems and articles. It also profiles several authors and poets who influenced language like Robert Frost, Maya Angelou, Dr. Seuss, and Langston Hughes. The presentation emphasizes that reviewing material is important to learning and ends by stating this PowerPoint was created by Otissia McKinnon.
Lesson 1 defining language
Language is a complex system of communication that is unique to humans. It uses various systematic elements like sound and grammar to convey meaning. Sound patterns take on meaning when combined according to the rules of a language's grammar, where word order is critical. As a symbolic system, language evolves over time as new words are introduced and meanings of words change, allowing humans to articulate thought.
Word and culture
Kinship systems are a universal feature of language because kinship is important for social organization. For example, one's father's father and mother's father are both called grandfather. People use folk taxonomies rather than scientific classifications to categorize aspects of their world in a way that makes sense to them and shows how systematic their language use is. The terms used to describe color provide insight into the relationships between languages and cultures. All languages have basic color terms, which are single words like blue or yellow rather than combinations like light blue. Concepts are best viewed as prototypes, such as defining a bird by a robin rather than its characteristics. Taboo prohibits behavior in a society believed to cause anxiety, embarrassment, or shame through
What is language?
Language involves communication, conversation, collaboration and co-creation. It allows for one-way communication where a message is sent as well as two-way communication where both sides feel understood. Language is used for thinking, planning, making decisions and joint activities. Ultimately, language is the primary method for doing things together and is the accumulation of shared meaning and common ground.
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Language is defined in multiple ways in the document. The most encompassing definition is that language is a system of arbitrary and conventional vocal symbols through which thought is conveyed from one human being to another. Language has several key elements - it is a system, the symbols used are arbitrary, it is vocal in nature, uses symbols, and the symbols are conventional. Language allows for the transmission of messages between humans. It has unique properties like duality of structure, creativity, arbitrariness, reciprocity, displacement, cultural transmission through learning, specialization, discreteness, and reflexiveness. Competence refers to the internalized knowledge of language rules, while performance is the actual use of language. Language serves important functions like communication
Nature and Structure of Language
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#LanguageCurriculum
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This document discusses the concepts of language and sound. It begins by posing some general questions about the relationship between language and sounds, such as what is considered a language, whether all sounds can be part of a language, and if animals have languages. It then examines several definitions of language from linguists such as Sapir, Bloch & Trager, Hall, and Gimson. A common theme in the definitions is that language is a system of communication. The document also discusses the physical nature of sounds, how they are produced, and the stages of sound production. It explores the differences between human language and animal communication systems.
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Language and culture are closely intertwined. A language carries the culture of the people who speak it and influences their worldview. As children learn their first language from parents and community, it transmits culture from one generation to the next. The relationship between language and culture is complex; they influence each other as they develop and cannot be fully separated. Speaking a new language means interacting with a new culture in ways of thinking and communication styles.
language and culture
Language and culture are closely intertwined. A language carries the culture of the people who speak it and influences their worldview. As children learn their first language from parents and community, it transmits culture from one generation to the next. The relationship between language and culture is complex; they influence each other as they develop and cannot be fully separated. Speaking a new language means interacting with a new culture in ways of thinking and communication styles.
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Looking Out/Looking In
Fourteenth Edition
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Language
CHAPTER TOPICSLanguage Is SymbolicUnderstandings and MisunderstandingsThe Impact of LanguageGender and LanguageCulture and Language
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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE
Language Is SymbolicThe Natural WorldSmoke means something is burningA fever means someone is illLanguage Is SymbolicConnection between words and the ideas or things they represent is arbitrary
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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE
Understanding and MisunderstandingUnderstanding WordsSemantic rules“Bikes” are for riding and “books” are for readingEquivocationStatements that have more than one commonly accepted definition
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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE
Understanding and MisunderstandingRelative LanguageWords that gain their meaning by comparisonStatic EvaluationStatements that contain or imply the word is lead to mistaken assumptions about people
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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE
Understandings and MisunderstandingsAbstractionIs vague in natureBehavioral language is specific to things people do or sayAbstraction LadderHighly abstract language can lead to blanket judgments
Figure 5.1
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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE
Understandings and MisunderstandingsSyntactic RulesGovern the grammar of languagePragmatic RulesGovern the way speech works in everyday interactionCommunication as a cooperative gameCoordination
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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE
Understandings and MisunderstandingsPragmatic RulesSome rules shared by most people in a culturePeople in their own individual relationships create their own sets of rules
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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE
The Impact of LanguageNaming and IdentityNames are more than just a simple means of identificationThey shape the way others think of usThey shape the way we view ourselvesThey shape the way we act
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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE
The Impact of LanguageAffiliationSpeech can build and demonstrate solidarity with othersConvergenceThe process of adapting one’s speech style to match othersDivergenceSpeaking in a way that emphasizes one’s differences from others
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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE
The Impact of LanguagePowerless Language Hedges HesitationsIntensifiersPolite formsTag questionsDisclaimersRising inflections
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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE
The Impact of LanguagePowerless Language Powerful speech is culturally basedLanguage that is too powerful may intimidateIn some situations, polite forms of speech can enhance effectiveness
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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE
The Impact of LanguageDisruptive languageThree linguistic habits to avoidFact-Opinion ConfusionFact-Inference ConfusionEmotive Language
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The Impact of LanguageLanguage of Responsibility“It” Statements“But” Statements“I” and “You” Language“We” Language
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This document discusses several key concepts related to language, including:
1) The relationship between language and thought, with hypotheses that they are separated but dependent, identical, or have a middle relationship. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that language determines thought.
2) The functions of language include communication, social interaction, thinking, expression of identity, and recording information.
3) The concept of "the magic of language" and how languages use verbal taboos, euphemisms, and avoid certain names like those of deceased people.
4) The view that all languages are equal and function according to the psychological and social needs of their communities.
Language and Process of Thinking.pdf
Language and Process of Thinking.pdfProf. Ganesh Wagh, Ashoka International Centre for Educational Studies and research Nashik
This document explores the relationship between language and thinking. It discusses how language shapes our perception of the world and how we process information. Specifically, it examines how the language we speak can determine or influence how we think. Additionally, the document notes that learning a second language may enhance creativity and cognitive abilities. Finally, it concludes that the connection between language and thinking is complex and an area that requires further research.Gl second lecture
The document discusses several key design features of human language and communication systems:
1. Language is arbitrary but rule-governed, allowing humans to produce an infinite number of utterances through a finite set of rules.
2. It is discrete, composed of identifiable linguistic units, but only discernible with knowledge of the linguistic system.
3. It can displace communication beyond the present time and place through cultural transmission from generation to generation.
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How Languages Work An Introduction to Language and Linguistics
Second Edition
Edited by CAROL GENETTI
Carol Genetti4
1.1 Language 1.1.1 Language and You; Language and Us
Language is an essential and ubiquitous component of our lives. To see that this statement is true for yourself, take a moment to think about your day. Cast your mind back to when you first awoke. What were your thoughts and how were they expressed?
Trace the day in your mind and try to count how many people you spoke with, even if it was just a quick “hi†or “thank you.†Did you listen to a lecture? Watch television? Talk on the phone? Make an appointment? Sing a song? All of these activities centrally involve language. Now think about what you read today. Perhaps a newspaper, pages on the Internet, email, advertisements, labels, signs, home- work assignments? Now move on to thought itself. What thoughts and ideas have passed through your mind? Have you made explicit plans, imagined conversations, debated with yourself? If you are like most people, this brief exer- cise has revealed that language is both within and around you, a constant part of your internal and external existence. Language is the primary medium which you use to interact with people and institutions in our society. Your particular use of language is also a reflection of who you are as an individual; all of us use language as a means to build and portray our identities in the world around us. We also use language to shape and interpret the great and small experi- ences of our lives.
Think about the broader world in which we live. Language is the principal means by which societies are constructed and cultures are developed. Think of the size of our soci- ety’s great libraries, and how the majority of the volumes in those vast collections (14.6 million volumes in the Harvard University Library alone) are language in its written form. The intellectual achievements of humankind are essentially embodied in language. Not only is this true of the written works that formally encapsulate our knowledge, but it is also true of the huge body of indigenous knowledge held by the speakers of thousands of languages across the globe, from the Brazilian Amazon to the Mongolian steppes. Some may argue that music and art are non-linguistic, but note that they often incorporate lan- guage, as with lyrics. Even works that do not contain language are interpreted and under- stood through verbal thought, discussion, and critical analysis. Similarly, mathematics could be argued to be non-linguistic, but again language is used to teach, understand, and interpret it.
Beyond the modern world, consider that language has been used by humans for at least 30,000 years, by thousands of groups across the globe, wherever humans have ven- tured. Speakers of each generation endow their language with their own unique mark, their own contribution, changing it in myriad subtle ways. As language passes from
SIDEBAR 1.1 You can find definit.
Sociolinguistics
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics and key concepts in the field. It discusses how sociolinguistics goes beyond linguistic structure to understand the relationship between language and social structure. Some key points made include:
- Sociolinguistics aims to better understand how linguistic structure and language function in communication by studying language in relation to society.
- Factors like region can lead to variation in vocabulary between dialects of the same language.
- The boundaries between languages and dialects are not clear-cut, and concepts like size and mutual intelligibility are relative rather than absolute criteria.
- A standard language undergoes a process of selection, codification, elaboration and acceptance to become a national language.
Language across the curriculum
A common language is one of the most important features of a community. Language is a means of communication that conveys culture and traditions. It is a social phenomenon that allows people to interact and cooperate. Language is symbolic, systematic, vocal, non-instinctive, and conventional. It is acquired through social learning rather than innate instincts. A first language is acquired naturally as a child, while additional languages are learned later in life, requiring more effort. Understanding students' language backgrounds is important for effective education.
Week 3 LIN321
The document discusses how language may influence thought and behavior. It provides examples of how the words used in different languages can shape perceptions of concepts like color. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the structure of a language affects how its speakers think and experience the world. While early studies provided examples of this, their methods were questionable and criticisms have been made. More rigorous experiments on topics like color identification have found some support for the idea that language influences cognition, but the degree of this effect is still debated.
Week 3 LIN321
The document discusses how language may influence thought and behavior. It provides examples of how different languages categorize concepts like colors differently, using kinship terms to reflect cultural values, and acquiring communicative competence to understand social norms. While early studies by Whorf and Sapir supported the idea that language shapes thought, their work has also faced criticisms over questionable methodology. More recent experiments testing this Sapir-Whorf hypothesis have yielded mixed results.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Language and Communication
- 1. LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION Real Communication by Dan O’Hair and Mary Weimann
- 2. LANGUAGE What is language?
- 3. LANGUAGE A word is a symbol or a sign for something which forms a language. Words have multiple meanings. Denotative meaning is a basic and acceptable definition. Connotative meaning is the emotional or response that people have to it.
- 4. LANGUAGE Cognitive language is the language we use to describe people, things, or situations in our mind. This is related to our thoughts, attitudes, co- cultures, the society in which we live. This can influence language and how we form our message.
- 5. GRAMMAR The system of rules of a language that serves as a way to create words, phrases and sentences. Language is bound by relational, situational, and cultural context. To communicate well, you must understand the context as much as the grammar.
- 7. WHAT IS FOCACCE? We need the context...
- 8. FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE Communication Acquisition is learning how to use the words in a language, appropriately and effectively in context.
- 10. PROBLEMS WITH LANGUAGE AND MEANING
- 11. PROBLEMS Hayakawa’s abstraction ladder language can range from vague to specific high is very vague low is very specific
- 12. PROBLEMS evasion equivocation euphemisms slang jargon
- 13. PROBLEMS Semantics is the meaning of words. Pragmatics is the appropriate use of words. Use of labels can erase individual differences.
- 14. PROBLEMS Biased language is infused with subtle meanings that might affect our perceptions. PC-Politically Correct! facts, opinions, inferences “Just so you know, we’re on the good side with y’all. We do not want this war, this violence, and we’re ashamed that the President of the United States is from Texas.”
- 16. LANGUAGE BEHAVIORS Speech repertoires are files of language possibilities. church family friends work
- 17. LANGUAGE BEHAVIORS Relationships High language Low language How comfortable are you?
- 18. LANGUAGE BEHAVIORS Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says our words influence our thinking. If there is no word in that language for something, then the culture likely has few thoughts about that concept.
- 19. LANGUAGE BEHAVIORS Linguistic determinism- language determines how we see the world around us. Linguistic relativity- speakers of different languages have different world views.
- 20. LANGUAGE BEHAVIORS Linguistic determinism- language determines how we see the world around us. Linguistic relativity- speakers of different languages have different world views.
- 21. LANGUAGE BEHAVIORS High-context cultures use the context to communicate in subtle ways. Low-context cultures use direct methods of communicating.
- 22. LANGUAGE BEHAVIORS Gender Roles Geographic Area Dialects Chat Rooms Texting Technology
- 23. LANGUAGE BEHAVIORS Accommodation Code switching Style switching
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