The document describes an experimental investigation into the properties of concrete with different replacement percentages of natural aggregates with manufactured sand and steel slag. The methodology involves collecting cement, fine aggregates (natural sand and m-sand), coarse aggregates, and steel slag. The mix design for M20 grade concrete is calculated and concrete specimens are cast. The specimens are cured and then tested to determine their mechanical properties. The results are compared to those of conventional concrete to evaluate the suitability of manufactured sand and steel slag as partial replacements for natural aggregates in concrete.
INVESTIGATION ON FLY ASH AS A PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETESk Md Nayar
The use of Portland cement in concrete construction is under critical review due to high
amount of carbon dioxide gas released to the atmosphere during the production of cement. In
recent years, attempts to increase the utilization of fly ash to partially replace the use of Portland
cement in concrete are gathering momentum. Most of this by-product material is currently
dumped in landfills, creating a threat to the environment.
Fly ash based concrete is a ‘new’ material that does not need the presence of Portland
cement as a binder. Instead, the source of materials such as fly ash, that are rich in Silicon (Si)
and Aluminium (Al), are activated by alkaline liquids to produce the binder.
This project reports the details of development of the process of making fly ash-based
concrete. Due to the lack of knowledge and know-how of making of fly ash based concrete in the
published literature, this study adopted a rigorous trial and error process to develop the
technology of making, and to identify the salient parameters affecting the properties of fresh and
hardened concrete. As far as possible, the technology that is currently in use to manufacture and
testing of ordinary Portland cement concrete were used.
Fly ash was chosen as the basic material to be activated by the geopolimerization process
to be the concrete binder, to totally replace the use of Portland cement. The binder is the only
difference to the ordinary Portland cement concrete. To activate the Silicon and Aluminium
content in fly ash, a combination of sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate solution was
used.
Manufacturing process comprising material preparation, mixing, placing, compaction and
curing is reported in the thesis. Napthalene-based superplasticiser was found to be useful to
improve the workability of fresh fly ash-based concrete, as well as the addition of extra water.
The main parameters affecting the compressive strength of hardened fly ash-based concrete are
the curing temperature and curing time, The molar H2O-to-Na2O ratio, and mixing time.
Fresh fly ash-based concrete has been able to remain workable up to at least 120 minutes
without any sign of setting and without any degradation in the compressive strength. Providing a
rest period for fresh concrete after casting before the start of curing up to five days increased the
compressive strength of hardened concrete.
The elastic properties of hardened fly ash-based concrete, i,e. the modulus of elasticity,
the Poisson’s ratio, and the indirect tensile strength, are similar to those of ordinary Portland
cement concrete. The stress-strain relations of fly ash-based concrete fit well with the expression
developed for ordinary Portland cement concrete.
STUDY ON GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE USED FOR PAVING BLOCKSAM Publications
Paver block is used in various applications like in street road and other construction places. Portland cement generates large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) which is responsible for global warming hence it is a greenhouse gas. And the concrete paver block production consume large amount of water and space for curing purpose. The other great problem today is disposal of solid waste from Coal fired thermal power plants generate fly ash and pond ash. This project combined sustainability, curing free with waste management leading to a wonderful product called geo-polymer concrete pavers. This paper represents the results of the geopolymer concrete paver block with the mix of M40 grade Test results indicate that low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete pavers has excellent compressive strength within short period (3 days) without water curing & suitable for practical applications
Development of Green Paving Blocks Using Recycled Aggregates: An Approach tow...iosrjce
Present study deals with the laboratory investigations for fabrication of M-35 grade concrete paving
blocks using recycled coarse and fine aggregates as a replacement of natural aggregates from 25 to 100 % level
by weight and results were compared with control. It was observed that properties of recycled aggregates were
inferior to natural aggregates. However, the properties of recycled aggregates enhanced after washing. The test
results of blocks showed that the replacement of natural aggregates by recycled aggregates at the level of 25 %
had little effect on the compressive strength and it decreased beyond these levels. As compare to natural
aggregates, the flexural strength of paving blocks was higher using recycled aggregates. Durability
performance of blocks like water absorption, density and abrasion resistance was also improved using washed
recycled coarse aggregates. Petrographic image analysis showed improvement in the interface of washed
recycled coarse aggregates and surrounding matrix.
INVESTIGATION ON FLY ASH AS A PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETESk Md Nayar
The use of Portland cement in concrete construction is under critical review due to high
amount of carbon dioxide gas released to the atmosphere during the production of cement. In
recent years, attempts to increase the utilization of fly ash to partially replace the use of Portland
cement in concrete are gathering momentum. Most of this by-product material is currently
dumped in landfills, creating a threat to the environment.
Fly ash based concrete is a ‘new’ material that does not need the presence of Portland
cement as a binder. Instead, the source of materials such as fly ash, that are rich in Silicon (Si)
and Aluminium (Al), are activated by alkaline liquids to produce the binder.
This project reports the details of development of the process of making fly ash-based
concrete. Due to the lack of knowledge and know-how of making of fly ash based concrete in the
published literature, this study adopted a rigorous trial and error process to develop the
technology of making, and to identify the salient parameters affecting the properties of fresh and
hardened concrete. As far as possible, the technology that is currently in use to manufacture and
testing of ordinary Portland cement concrete were used.
Fly ash was chosen as the basic material to be activated by the geopolimerization process
to be the concrete binder, to totally replace the use of Portland cement. The binder is the only
difference to the ordinary Portland cement concrete. To activate the Silicon and Aluminium
content in fly ash, a combination of sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate solution was
used.
Manufacturing process comprising material preparation, mixing, placing, compaction and
curing is reported in the thesis. Napthalene-based superplasticiser was found to be useful to
improve the workability of fresh fly ash-based concrete, as well as the addition of extra water.
The main parameters affecting the compressive strength of hardened fly ash-based concrete are
the curing temperature and curing time, The molar H2O-to-Na2O ratio, and mixing time.
Fresh fly ash-based concrete has been able to remain workable up to at least 120 minutes
without any sign of setting and without any degradation in the compressive strength. Providing a
rest period for fresh concrete after casting before the start of curing up to five days increased the
compressive strength of hardened concrete.
The elastic properties of hardened fly ash-based concrete, i,e. the modulus of elasticity,
the Poisson’s ratio, and the indirect tensile strength, are similar to those of ordinary Portland
cement concrete. The stress-strain relations of fly ash-based concrete fit well with the expression
developed for ordinary Portland cement concrete.
STUDY ON GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE USED FOR PAVING BLOCKSAM Publications
Paver block is used in various applications like in street road and other construction places. Portland cement generates large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) which is responsible for global warming hence it is a greenhouse gas. And the concrete paver block production consume large amount of water and space for curing purpose. The other great problem today is disposal of solid waste from Coal fired thermal power plants generate fly ash and pond ash. This project combined sustainability, curing free with waste management leading to a wonderful product called geo-polymer concrete pavers. This paper represents the results of the geopolymer concrete paver block with the mix of M40 grade Test results indicate that low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete pavers has excellent compressive strength within short period (3 days) without water curing & suitable for practical applications
Development of Green Paving Blocks Using Recycled Aggregates: An Approach tow...iosrjce
Present study deals with the laboratory investigations for fabrication of M-35 grade concrete paving
blocks using recycled coarse and fine aggregates as a replacement of natural aggregates from 25 to 100 % level
by weight and results were compared with control. It was observed that properties of recycled aggregates were
inferior to natural aggregates. However, the properties of recycled aggregates enhanced after washing. The test
results of blocks showed that the replacement of natural aggregates by recycled aggregates at the level of 25 %
had little effect on the compressive strength and it decreased beyond these levels. As compare to natural
aggregates, the flexural strength of paving blocks was higher using recycled aggregates. Durability
performance of blocks like water absorption, density and abrasion resistance was also improved using washed
recycled coarse aggregates. Petrographic image analysis showed improvement in the interface of washed
recycled coarse aggregates and surrounding matrix.
COMPARISON OF SUBGRADE SOIL STRENGTH USING LIME & COST ANALYSISSk Md Nayar
Soil stabilization can be explained as the alteration of the soil properties by chemical or physical means in order to enhance the engineering quality of the soil. The main objectives of the soil stabilization is to increase the bearing capacity of the soil, its resistance to weathering process and soil permeability. The long-term performance of any construction project depends on the soundness of the underlying soils. Unstable soils can create significant problems for pavements or structures, Therefore soil stabilization techniques are necessary to ensure the good stability of soil so that it can successfully sustain the load of the superstructure especially in case of soil which are highly active, also it saves a lot of time and millions of money when compared to the method of cutting out and replacing the unstable soil. This project report deals with the complete analysis of the improvement of soil properties and its stabilization using lime.
As concrete is the most abundant material used in the world, it contains aggregate content of around 60 to 70 %. Since aggregate are being used rapidly there has been a scarcity in the avaibility of these materials. This research investigates the effect of partially replacing aggregates by burnt brick bats and lateritic fines in concrete respectively for M25 grade concrete. The incorporation is done for 5%, 10% and 15% of burnt brick bats for coarse aggregate and by talking 15% of lateritic fines as constant for fine aggregate by conducting compressive strength test which gave the optimum value of 15% for natural sand. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength was conducted. The results showed density of of the concrete incorporating brick and laterite was lower compared to conventional concrete, the concrete with 5% burnt brick and 15% lateritic soil showed increased strength for 7 days compared to normal concrete but when 28 days test was conducted the strength was similar to conventional concrete. The split tensile and flexural strength of replaced concrete was found to be lower than the nominal concrete.
Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste Granite Powder as an AdmixtureIJERA Editor
Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes. Granite fines are used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will help in filling up the pores in the concrete. Filling up of the pores by granite fines increase the strength of the concrete and also a material which is abundantly to investigate the strength behavior of concrete with use of granite fines as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine concrete in 4 different propositions namely 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and various tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with the conventional concrete without the granite fines. It was observed that substitution of 7.5% of cement by weight with Granite fines in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength for both 7 & 28 days to 33.14 & 43.40 N/mm2 compared to 23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 7.5% substitution with granite fines increasing the tensile strength for 7 & 28 days to 2.87 &4.19 N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 & 3.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 7.5% granite fine replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength for 28 days to 6.34 N/mm2compared to a 3.35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 10% substitution with granite fines is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available granite is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Partial Replacement on Cement with Flyash and Cowdung Ashijtsrd
The usage of cement in concrete is rising day by day. Cement is mostly used in Civil Engineering filed due to the infra structures development and urbanization. The production of cement is emitting the carbon dioxide and effect the environmental problem like global warming, etc. The way to reduce carbon dioxide in cement by the waste material. The fly ash is massive waste disposal in power plants. Cow dung is a used for fuel in domestic proposes like cooking, etc. In current year’s engineers has start using the waste materials in structural component and decrease the rate of concrete. This material is under the category of eco friendly green materials under the carbon foot print and continuous alternate grow without harming the environment. The paper is revealed that the fly ash and cow dung is particle replaced with cement in concrete. The cubes are prepared by the dimension of 150 150 150 mm and M25 grade of concrete are used. The cubes are cure under the period of 7 days, 14days and 28 day. The cubes are tested through the compression testing machine. N. V. Manjunath | P. Karthikeyan | J. Kumaraguru | E. Sankar | S. Praveen "Partial Replacement on Cement with Flyash and Cowdung Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41281.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41281/partial-replacement-on-cement-with-flyash-and-cowdung-ash/n-v-manjunath
To Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregat...ijtsrd
Natural resources are depleting worldwide while at the same time the generated wastes from the industry are increasing substantially. The sustainable development for construction involves the use of nonconventional and innovative materials, and recycling of waste materials in order to compensate the lack of natural resources and to find alternative ways conserving the environment. So, this paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate sand was replaced with Copper Slag. The fine aggregates sand was replaced with percentages 0 for the control mixture , 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , 60 , 80 , and 100 of Copper Slag by weight. Tests were performed for properties of fresh concrete and Hardened Concrete. Compressive strength and Flexural strength were determined at 7, 28 and 56days. The results indicate that workability increases with increase in Copper Slag percentage. Test results indicate significant improvement in the strength properties of plain concrete by the inclusion of up to 80 Copper slag as replacement of fine aggregate sand , and can be effectively used in structural concrete. Also as percentage of Copper Slag increased the density of concrete increased. The workability of concrete increased with increase in percentage of copper slag. Toughness of copper slag is found to be more, which increases the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. Achal Jain | Nitin Thakur "To Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates through Copper Slag and Coarse Aggregates by Recycled Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28104.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28104/to-study-the-properties-of-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-fine-aggregates-through-copper-slag-and-coarse-aggregates-by-recycled-aggregates/achal-jain
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Materi...IJRES Journal
The utilization of industrial and agricultural waste produced by industrial process has been the focus of waste reduction research for economical, environmental and technical reasons. This is because over 300 million tones of industrial waste are being produced per annual by agricultural and industrial process in India. The problem arising from continuous technological and industrial development is the disposal of waste material. If some of the waste materials are found suitable in concrete making not only cost of construction can be cut down, but also safe disposal of waste material can be achieved. The cement of high strength concrete is generally high which often leads to higher shrinkage and greater evaluation of neat of hydration besides increase in cost. A partial substitution of cement by an industrial waste is not only economical but also improves the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and enhance the durability characteristics besides the safe disposal of waste material thereby protecting the environment form pollution This paper deals with partial replacement of fine aggregate with the industrial waste from China Clay industries. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of conventional concrete and fine aggregate replaced concrete are compared and the results are tabulated.
Utilization of Waste Paper Sludge in Construction IndustrySandeep Jain
This technical note is recapitulation of the work carried out by researchers round the globe on characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, activation mechanisms, pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinematics and durability; for its possible utilization in construction industry as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture, partial replacement of binders in concrete, raw material for clay brick manufacturing, production of ceramics, soil stabilization in road works, reduction in carbon-dioxide emission etc., in order to en-cash various socio-economic and environmental benefits.
Presentation on Polymer Modified Steel Reinforced Concrete.
This presentation represent the changes in properties with and without polymer modifications.
COMPARISON OF SUBGRADE SOIL STRENGTH USING LIME & COST ANALYSISSk Md Nayar
Soil stabilization can be explained as the alteration of the soil properties by chemical or physical means in order to enhance the engineering quality of the soil. The main objectives of the soil stabilization is to increase the bearing capacity of the soil, its resistance to weathering process and soil permeability. The long-term performance of any construction project depends on the soundness of the underlying soils. Unstable soils can create significant problems for pavements or structures, Therefore soil stabilization techniques are necessary to ensure the good stability of soil so that it can successfully sustain the load of the superstructure especially in case of soil which are highly active, also it saves a lot of time and millions of money when compared to the method of cutting out and replacing the unstable soil. This project report deals with the complete analysis of the improvement of soil properties and its stabilization using lime.
As concrete is the most abundant material used in the world, it contains aggregate content of around 60 to 70 %. Since aggregate are being used rapidly there has been a scarcity in the avaibility of these materials. This research investigates the effect of partially replacing aggregates by burnt brick bats and lateritic fines in concrete respectively for M25 grade concrete. The incorporation is done for 5%, 10% and 15% of burnt brick bats for coarse aggregate and by talking 15% of lateritic fines as constant for fine aggregate by conducting compressive strength test which gave the optimum value of 15% for natural sand. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength was conducted. The results showed density of of the concrete incorporating brick and laterite was lower compared to conventional concrete, the concrete with 5% burnt brick and 15% lateritic soil showed increased strength for 7 days compared to normal concrete but when 28 days test was conducted the strength was similar to conventional concrete. The split tensile and flexural strength of replaced concrete was found to be lower than the nominal concrete.
Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste Granite Powder as an AdmixtureIJERA Editor
Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes. Granite fines are used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will help in filling up the pores in the concrete. Filling up of the pores by granite fines increase the strength of the concrete and also a material which is abundantly to investigate the strength behavior of concrete with use of granite fines as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine concrete in 4 different propositions namely 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and various tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with the conventional concrete without the granite fines. It was observed that substitution of 7.5% of cement by weight with Granite fines in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength for both 7 & 28 days to 33.14 & 43.40 N/mm2 compared to 23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 7.5% substitution with granite fines increasing the tensile strength for 7 & 28 days to 2.87 &4.19 N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 & 3.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 7.5% granite fine replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength for 28 days to 6.34 N/mm2compared to a 3.35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 10% substitution with granite fines is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available granite is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Partial Replacement on Cement with Flyash and Cowdung Ashijtsrd
The usage of cement in concrete is rising day by day. Cement is mostly used in Civil Engineering filed due to the infra structures development and urbanization. The production of cement is emitting the carbon dioxide and effect the environmental problem like global warming, etc. The way to reduce carbon dioxide in cement by the waste material. The fly ash is massive waste disposal in power plants. Cow dung is a used for fuel in domestic proposes like cooking, etc. In current year’s engineers has start using the waste materials in structural component and decrease the rate of concrete. This material is under the category of eco friendly green materials under the carbon foot print and continuous alternate grow without harming the environment. The paper is revealed that the fly ash and cow dung is particle replaced with cement in concrete. The cubes are prepared by the dimension of 150 150 150 mm and M25 grade of concrete are used. The cubes are cure under the period of 7 days, 14days and 28 day. The cubes are tested through the compression testing machine. N. V. Manjunath | P. Karthikeyan | J. Kumaraguru | E. Sankar | S. Praveen "Partial Replacement on Cement with Flyash and Cowdung Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41281.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41281/partial-replacement-on-cement-with-flyash-and-cowdung-ash/n-v-manjunath
To Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregat...ijtsrd
Natural resources are depleting worldwide while at the same time the generated wastes from the industry are increasing substantially. The sustainable development for construction involves the use of nonconventional and innovative materials, and recycling of waste materials in order to compensate the lack of natural resources and to find alternative ways conserving the environment. So, this paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate sand was replaced with Copper Slag. The fine aggregates sand was replaced with percentages 0 for the control mixture , 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , 60 , 80 , and 100 of Copper Slag by weight. Tests were performed for properties of fresh concrete and Hardened Concrete. Compressive strength and Flexural strength were determined at 7, 28 and 56days. The results indicate that workability increases with increase in Copper Slag percentage. Test results indicate significant improvement in the strength properties of plain concrete by the inclusion of up to 80 Copper slag as replacement of fine aggregate sand , and can be effectively used in structural concrete. Also as percentage of Copper Slag increased the density of concrete increased. The workability of concrete increased with increase in percentage of copper slag. Toughness of copper slag is found to be more, which increases the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. Achal Jain | Nitin Thakur "To Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates through Copper Slag and Coarse Aggregates by Recycled Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28104.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28104/to-study-the-properties-of-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-fine-aggregates-through-copper-slag-and-coarse-aggregates-by-recycled-aggregates/achal-jain
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Materi...IJRES Journal
The utilization of industrial and agricultural waste produced by industrial process has been the focus of waste reduction research for economical, environmental and technical reasons. This is because over 300 million tones of industrial waste are being produced per annual by agricultural and industrial process in India. The problem arising from continuous technological and industrial development is the disposal of waste material. If some of the waste materials are found suitable in concrete making not only cost of construction can be cut down, but also safe disposal of waste material can be achieved. The cement of high strength concrete is generally high which often leads to higher shrinkage and greater evaluation of neat of hydration besides increase in cost. A partial substitution of cement by an industrial waste is not only economical but also improves the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and enhance the durability characteristics besides the safe disposal of waste material thereby protecting the environment form pollution This paper deals with partial replacement of fine aggregate with the industrial waste from China Clay industries. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of conventional concrete and fine aggregate replaced concrete are compared and the results are tabulated.
Utilization of Waste Paper Sludge in Construction IndustrySandeep Jain
This technical note is recapitulation of the work carried out by researchers round the globe on characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, activation mechanisms, pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinematics and durability; for its possible utilization in construction industry as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture, partial replacement of binders in concrete, raw material for clay brick manufacturing, production of ceramics, soil stabilization in road works, reduction in carbon-dioxide emission etc., in order to en-cash various socio-economic and environmental benefits.
Presentation on Polymer Modified Steel Reinforced Concrete.
This presentation represent the changes in properties with and without polymer modifications.
Flexural behaviour of fibre reinforced ferrocement concreteSanthosh Jayaraman
Ferro cement
The term Ferro cement is most commonly applied to a mixture of Portland cement and sand applied over layers of woven or expanded steel mesh and closely spaced small-diameter steel rods. It can be used to form relatively thin, compound curved sheets to make hulls for boats, shell roofs, water tanks, etc. It has been used in a wide range of other applications including sculpture and prefabricated building components. The term has been applied by extension to other composite materials including some containing no cement and no ferrous material. These are better referred to by terms describing their actual contents.
Use of Over-Burnt Bricks as Coarse aggregate in ConcreteEditorIJAERD
In modern construction industry number of materials are used and one of the materials is Brick. Regular
bricks are generally used in buildings or in some other engineering applications. In manufacturing of these bricks, a lot
of waste is produced in the form of over- burnt-bricks. The bricks being near to the fire in the furnace receives a
temperature more heat and eventually shrink and loose its shape, its color becomes reddish. These bricks can’t be used
in construction, directly because of their distorted shape dark color. hose over-burnt brick could be a source of recycled
coarse aggregate. The primary goal of this paper is to assess the suitability of incorporating over-burnt bricks in
concrete, by the partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with overburnt brick aggregate (OBBA) in a
ratio of 20%, 50%, and 100%. Initially, mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57 was selected. By replacing NCA with
OBBA while using mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57, the resulting concrete was found non-mixable and nonworkable. Thus, mix was designed (for targeted strength of 4ksi) for all replacement percentages. Slump test was
conducted for each replacement and the results show that by increasing replacement percentage the workability of
concrete decreases. the slump values are in between the range of 3–1.5 inches. For compressive strength the cylindrical
specimens of 6" x 12" were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days. For 20% replacement, the loss in compressive strength is 42.16%
for 3 days and for 7 and 28 days the loss is 46.96% and 61.37% respectively. For 50 % replacement, the loss in strength
for 3, 7 and 28 days is 29.73%, 30.87% and 58.29% respectively. For 100% replacement, the loss in strength for 3, 7 and
28 days is 48.65%, 55.65% and 69.19%.
Replacement of Natural Fine Aggregate With Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag An I...IJERA Editor
The aim of the investigation is to replace natural fine aggregatewith Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag in OPC concrete. At present, nearly million tons of slag is being produced in the steel plants, in India. The generation of slag would be dual problem in disposal difficulty and environmental pollution. Some strategies should be used to utilize the slag effectively. Considering physical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using air cooled blast furnace slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. A total of five concrete mixes, containing 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 50% partial replacement of regular sand with air cooled blast furnace slag are investigated in the laboratory. These mixes were tested to determine axial compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength for 7days, 28days, 56days and 90days.
Study on Strength Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Agg...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract: One of the major challenges in our present society is the protection of environment. Some of the important elements in this respect are the reduction in the consumption of energy and natural raw materials and consumption of waste materials must be increased. This experimental study is to investigate the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. The common management options for copper slag are recycling, recovering of metal, production of value added products such as abrasive tools, roofing granules, cutting tools, abrasive tiles, glass, rail road ballast, asphalt pavements. Despite increasing reusing of copper slag, the huge amounts of its annual production is disposed in dumps or stockpiles. In the present study experimental investigation has been carried out on M25 grade concrete is used and tests were conducted for various percentage replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag in concrete. The obtained results were compared with those of control concrete made with ordinary portland cement and sand. The use of copper slag in concrete provides potential environment as well as economic benefits for all related industries, particularly in areas where a considerable amount of copper slag is produced. This study reviews the characteristics of copper slag and its effect on the engineering properties of M25 grade concrete.
Natural resources are vanishing universal while at the similar time the generated wastes from the industry are
growing substantially. The sustainable development for construction requires the use of nonconventional and
innovative materials, and recycling of demolished and waste materials so to compensate the lack of natural
resources and to find alternative ways of conserving the environment. So, this paper presents the consequences
of an experimental study carried out to evaluate the power-driven properties of concrete mixtures in which fine
aggregate (sand) was swapped with Copper Slag (CS) while coarse aggregates were swapped by used and
recycled concrete coarse aggregate (RCA) from demolished structure or building. Both the coarse and fine
aggregate were replaced with percentages 0% (for the control mixture), 10%, 20%, 30%, of Copper Slag by
weight ratio. Tests were performed for properties of new concrete and toughened Concrete simultaneously.
Slump test was conducted to regulate the workability of the several design concrete mix. Compressive strength
and split tensile strength were determined at 7, 28 days of curing completely.
The results show that workability shrinkages slightly with rise in Copper Slag ratio, however workability for
the illustrations were within the prearranged boundary for M25 concrete. Test results shown substantial
enhancement in the strength assets of simple concrete by the insertion of CS alone whereas a reverse tendency
in observed for growing proportion of RCA in the illustration. The result of this study work displayed that
Copper slag in addition recycled concrete aggregate can be efficiently used in physical concrete as a standby of
coarse aggregate and fine aggregate (sand) respectively.
To Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Aggregates wi...ijtsrd
Natural resources are depleting worldwide while at the same time the generated wastes from the industry are increasing substantially. The sustainable development for construction involves the use of nonconventional and innovative materials, and recycling of waste materials in order to compensate the lack of natural resources and to find alternative ways conserving the environment. So, this paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate sand was replaced with Copper Slag CS while coarse aggregates was replaced by recycled concrete aggregate RCA from demolished structure. Both the fine and coarse aggregate were replaced with percentages 0 for the control mixture , 10 , 20 , 30 , of Copper Slag by weight. Tests were performed for properties of fresh concrete and hardened Concrete. Slump test was conducted to determine the workability of the various design concrete mix. Compressive strength and split tensile strength were determined at 7, 28 days of curing. The results indicate that workability decreases slightly with increase in Copper Slag percentage, though workability for the sample were within the prescribed limit for M25 concrete. Test results indicate significant improvement in the strength properties of plain concrete by the inclusion of CS alone while a reverse trend in observed for increasing percentage of RCA in the sample. The synergistic effect of CS and RCA on the designed sample concrete revealed that the percentage of CS is the more decisive factors than the percentage of RCA in deciding the performance of the concrete in terms of compressive and tensile strength. The outcomes of this research work showed that Copper slag and recycled concrete aggregate can be effectively used in structural concrete as a replacement of fine aggregate sand and coarse aggregate respectively. Futher, it substantiate towards sustainable construction approach because of its dual advantage of controlling menace of solid waste disposal along with its subsequent environmental pollution and increasing the cost efficiency and carbon efficiency of the product. Achal Jain | Er Nitin Thakur "To Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Aggregates with Industrial and Construction Waste" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29835.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29835/to-study-the-properties-of-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-aggregates-with-industrial-and-construction-waste/achal-jain
Effect of Copper Slag as a Fine Aggregate on Properties of ConcreteAM Publications
In this work, an extensive study using copper slag has been carried out to investigate strength, workability and durability. Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. For, 2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated at every ton of copper production in the world of copper industry, it has approximately 26.6 million tons of copper slag are generated. Copper slag as a substitute for conventional fine aggregate with partial or full replacement using M25 grade concrete The main objective is to encourage the use of these seemingly waste products as a construction material. In this paper , the effect of using copper slag as a fine aggregate on properties of cement mortars and concrete various mortars & concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging from (0CS+100S)%, (10CS+90S)%, (20CS+80S)%,(30CS+70S)%, (40CS+60S)%, (50CS+50S)%, (60CS+40S)%, (70CS+30S)%, (80CS+20S)%, (90CS+10S)%, (100+0S)%. Form the above test result we concluded that the 50% CS+50% S gives optimum proportional of CS that can be used as a replacement substitute material for fine aggregate in concrete. The design M25 grade concrete for 50% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. The design M25 grade concrete for 30% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. We can fully replace (100%CS) by fine aggregate in concrete, because of above all test result more than control mix. We can use any proportion of CS replacement as pre our requirement for creating concrete, because we concluded that the all result of replacement of CS is more than control mix.
Experimental investigation was carried out to establish the feasibility of unprocessed stone
dust as fine aggregate in place of river sand which has become a scarcity now-a-days, by casting
cube and determining the compressive strength for the two grades of concrete M15 and M20. The
result obtained are compared with conventional concrete. It is concluded that compressive strength at
28 days of unprocessed stone dust used as fine aggregate in concrete gives 35% higher strength for
M15 and 4% for M20 grade concrete when compared to the reference concrete. The split tensile
strength of unprocessed stone dust concrete is 2.98 N/mm2
and 3.25 N/mm2
for M15 and M20 grade
respectively where as the reference concrete is 2.58 N/mm2
and 3.18 N/mm2
only. This investigation
has demonstrated that the unprocessed stone dust is equally good as fine aggregate like river sand
and hence can be used in making concrete
Indian construction industry is growing at a rate of 9.2% as against the world average of 5.5%.
Construction by nature is not an eco-friendly activity. Construction, renovation and demolition activities lead to the formation of waste.
Growth in construction activities generates construction waste which is fast becoming a serious environmental problem with deadly
consequences. Most of the construction and demolition, waste in our country are not recycled but end up in landfills occupying valuable
land.
The promotion of environmental management and the mission of sustainable development have exerted the pressure demanding for
the adoption of proper methods to protect the environment across all industries including construction.
Construction waste recycling reduces the demand up on new resources. Cuts down the cost and effort of transport and production. Use
waste which would otherwise be lost to land fill sites.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Concrete is world’s most used material after water
for urban development. Concrete is made up of naturally
occurring material such as Cement, Aggregate and Water.
The cement is major ingredient of concrete and due to rapid
production of cement, various environmental problems are
occurred i.e. Emission of green house gases such as CO2. The
production of Portland cement is energy intensive.
Global warming gas is released when the raw
material of cement, limestone and clay is crushed and heated
in a furnace at high temperature of about 1500’C. Each year
approximately 1.89 billion tons of cement has been produced
world wide.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. 2
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
It is generally known that, the fundamental requirement for making concrete
structures is to produce good quality concrete. Good quality concrete is produced by
carefully mixing cement, water, and fine and coarse aggregate and combining
admixtures as needed to obtain the optimum product in quality and economy for any
use. Good concrete, whether plain, reinforced or prestressed, should be strong enough
to carry superimposed loads during its anticipated life. Other essential properties
include impermeability, durability, minimum amount of shrinkage, and cracking.
The following factors contribute to the production of good quality concrete.
knowledge of the properties and fundamental characteristics of concrete making
materials and the principles of design,
reliable estimates of site conditions and costs,
quality of component materials,
a careful measurement of weigh-batching of cement, water and aggregate,
proper transport, placement and compaction of the concrete,
early and through curing, and
competent direction and supervision
Although good concrete costs little more than poor concrete, its
performance is vastly superior. The quality of good concrete is dependent mainly on the
quality of its constituent materials. It is a known fact that concrete making aggregates
constitute the lion share of the total volume of concrete. In addition, unlike water and
cement, which do not alter in any particular characteristic except in the quantity, in
which they are used, the aggregate component is infinitely variable in terms of shape
and grading. These shows the importance of the care that should be taken in
processing and supplying aggregates for concrete production.
3. 3
1.2 M-Sand
For the aggregate producer, the concrete aggregates are end
products, while for the concrete manufacturer; the aggregates are raw materials to be
used for successful concrete production. With the aggregate production, the quality of
the aggregate products can be influenced, while raw material –gravel or rock, may have
characteristics, which cannot be modified by the production process. However, there is
also a limit, whether technical and/or economical, in the mix design modification after
which it is useful to select a more suitable aggregate product. In addition to quality, one
extremely important factor in concrete production is consistent supply of the coarse and
fine aggregates. In this regard, a coarse aggregate is produced by crushing basaltic
stone, and river sand is the major natural resource of fine aggregate in our country.
However, the intensive construction activity is resulting in a growing shortage and
price increase of the natural sand in the country. In addition, the aggregate and
concrete industries are presently facing a growing public awareness related to the
environmental influence of their activities. The environmental impact is attributed to the
non-renewable character of the natural resources, the environmental impact on
neighborhood, land use conflicts, high energy consumption needed for aggregate
production and the potential environmental or health impact of materials produced due
to leaching of heavy metals, radioactivity and to special mineral suspects to have
hazardous health effects. Therefore, due to the above-mentioned facts, looking for
viable alternatives to natural sand is a must. One possible alternative material that can
be used as a replacement for natural sand is the use of manufactured sand. Due to the
forecast shortfall in the supply of natural sands and the increased activity in the
construction sector, it is apparent that time will come, when manufactured sand may
play a significant role as an ingredient in concrete production
1.3 STEEL SLAG
The original scope of this research was to investigate the properties of
concrete with steel slag aggregates. The fresh and hardened properties of concrete
were tested with steel slag aggregates. The freeze-thaw resistance of concrete with
4. 4
steel slag aggregates was studied and the expansion of the concrete specimens was
also examined. In addition to this research several tests were also included such as
compressive strength, split tensile strength and the flexural strength of concrete with
steel slag aggregates. For this research the percentage of the volume of natural
aggregates normally used in concrete was replaced by steel slag. This replacement was
done in 30% increments until all natural aggregates were replaced by the steel slag.
Thus replacing the natural aggregates in concrete applications with steel slag would
lead to considerable environmental benefits and would be economical.
In the experimental study different concrete mixes with different percentage
of natural and manufactured sands And Steel Slag were prepared and the respective
fresh and hardened properties of the resulting concrete mixes were determined and
analyzed.
6. 6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
“Criteria for the use of steel slag aggregates in concrete,”
E.Anastasion and Papayianni, Laboratory of Building Materials,
Aristotle University, Greece, Nov 2006.
The successful incorporation of steel slag as aggregates in construction
products requires the consideration of certain issues. Firstly, as steel slag is an
industrial by product until recently disposed in landfills, the question is whether it is
suitable for use in construction. Then the technical characteristics of the material are
examined, Due to its physiochemical properties, steel slag requires special care but can
also provide maximum value if used for specific applications mainly where it is
advantageous compared to traditional materials, but also where it is most economical
can give a higher added value to the product. Finally, there are a number of economy-
related parameters that allow for a new product to enter the construction market like
efficiency of a new product through demonstration projects. Through all the above
considerations and practical knowledge we look at the way steel slag aggregates enter
the construction market in Greece.
“The Effect of replacement of naturals aggregates by slag products
on the strength of concrete” L.Zeghichi, University of Msila, Algeria,
Asian Journal vol 7, pages 27-35, 2006.
The aggregates (sand and gravel) form the skeleton of the concrete, they
occupy approximately 75% of its volume, and intervene directly on the physical and
mechanical properties of concrete.
The aim objective of this experimental work consists of
-Substituting sand by granulated blast furnace slag.
-Substituting natural gravels by crystallized slag.
The experimental results obtained show that the partial substitution of
ordinary sand by slag gives better results compared with the ordinary with the ordinary
7. 7
concrete, the total substitution of natural gravels by crystallized slag improves the
strength, but the full replacement of fine and coarse aggregates by slag products affect
negatively the strength of concrete.
“Performance evaluation of steel as natural aggregate replacement in
asphaltic concrete” thesis submitted by Teoh Cherh Yi from Malaysia
University, Nov 2008.
Steel slag is one of the industry wastes engineered in to road construction.
This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of steel slag aggregates as road
construction material and its performance compared to granite aggregates. The steel
slag aggregates were tested for its physical and mechanical properties. Two dense mix
designs incorporating penetration grade 80/100 bitumen and one porous mix design
incorporating penetration grade 60/70 bitumen were used to produce the specimens for
testing. The dense mix specimens are referred are referred to as 100% Steel Slaf
Dense Asphalt (SSDA) and 50% Steel Slag 50% Granite Dense Asphalt (SSGDA) while
the porous mix specimens are referred to as Steel Slag Porous Asphalt(SSPA). During
the first phase of the study, SSDA and SSGDA were tested for performance evaluation
through resilient modulus, dynamic creep, Marshall Stability and indirect tensile
strength), SSPA were also tested for abrasion loss and water permeability. In the
second phase of the study, the same tests as those carried out in the first phase were
carried out on aged specimens. Resistant against permanent deformation and low
temperature cracking improved after aging for both dense mixes and porous mixes.
Test results revealed that steel slag inhibits great potential as road construction
material.
8. 8
“Effect of used-foundry sand on the mechanical properties of
concrete” thesis submitted by Rafat Siddique, Geert de Schutter
,Albert Noumowe ,Department Of Civil Engineering, Thapar University,
Patiala, Punjab 147004, India, Dec 2007.
Used-foundry sand is a by-product of ferrous and nonferrous metal casting
industries. Foundries successfully recycle and reuse the sand many times in a foundry.
When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry
and is termed used/spent foundry sand. In an effort to utilize used-foundry sand in large
volumes, research is being carried out for its possible large-scale utilization in making
concrete as partial replacement of fine aggregate.
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried
out to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate
(regular sand) was partially replaced with used-foundry sand (UFS). Fine aggregate
was replaced with three percentages (10%, 20%, and 30%) of UFS by weight. Tests
were performed for the properties of fresh concrete. Compressive strength, splitting-
tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity were determined at 28, 56,
91, and 365 days. Test results indicated a marginal increase in the strength properties
of plain concrete by the inclusion of UFS as partial replacement of fine aggregate (sand)
and that can be effectively used in making good quality concrete and construction
materials.
Keywords
Concrete Used-foundry sand, Compressive strength, Tensile properties, Elastic moduli
9. 9
“Abrasion resistance and strength properties of concrete containing
waste foundry sand (WFS)” Gurpreet Singh, Rafat Siddique,Civil
engineering department, rimt (iet), mandi gobindgarh, Punjab,
india,Civil engineering department, thapar university, Patiala 147004,
India, June 2011.
The abrasion resistance and strength properties of concrete containing
waste foundry sand (WFS) were investigated. Sand (fine aggregate) was replaced
with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of WFS by mass. The water-to-cement ratio and
the workability of mixtures were maintained constant at 0.40 and 85 ± 5 mm,
respectively. Properties examined were compressive strength, splitting tensile
strength, modulus of elasticity and abrasion resistance expressed as depth of wear.
Test results indicated that replacement of sand with WFS enhanced the 28-day
compressive strength by 8.3–17%, splitting tensile strength by 3.6–10.4% and
modulus of elasticity by 1.7–6.4% depending upon the WFS content, and showed
continuous improvement in mechanical properties up to the ages of 365 days.
Inclusion of WFS as sand replacement significantly improved the abrasion
resistance of concrete at all ages. Strong correlation exists between the abrasion
resistance and each of the mechanical properties investigated.
Highlights
Utilization of waste foundry sand (WFS) as partial replacement of fine aggregate.
Fine aggregates replaced with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% WFS. Abrasion resistance
(depth of wear) and strength properties investigated. Relationship between abrasion
resistance and strength properties presented.
Keywords
Abrasion resistance, Concrete, Strength properties, Waste foundry sand ,Wear
10. 10
“Re-Usage Of Waste Foundry Sand In High-Strength Concrete” Yucel
Guney Asin Dursun Sari,Muhsin Yalcin, Satellite And Space Sciences
Research Center, Anadolu University, Ikieylul Campus, 26470
Eskisehir, Turkey,Civil Engineering Department, Atilim University,
Incek-Golbasi, 06836 Ankara, Turkey, June 2009.
In this study, the potential re-use of waste foundry sand in high-strength
concrete production was investigated. The natural fine sand is replaced with waste
foundry sand (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). The findings from a series of test program has
shown reduction in compressive and tensile strengths, and the elasticity modulus which
is directly related to waste foundry inclusion in concrete. Nevertheless the concrete with
10% waste foundry sand exhibits almost similar results to that of the control one. The
slump and the workability of the fresh concrete decreases with the increase of the waste
foundry sand ratio. Although the freezing and thawing significantly reduces the
mechanical and physical properties of the concrete. The obtained results satisfies the
acceptable limits set by the American Concrete Institute (ACI).
“Strength, durability, and micro-structural properties of concrete
made with used-foundry sand (UFS)” Rafat Siddique, Yogesh
Aggarwal, Paratibha Aggarwal, El-Hadj Kadri, Engineering
Department, Thapar University, Patiala 147004, India, Engineering
Department, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India,
August 2010.
This paper presents the design of concrete mixes made with used-foundry
(UFS) sand as partial replacement of fine aggregates. Various mechanical properties
are evaluated (compressive strength, and split-tensile strength). Durability of the
concrete regarding resistance to chloride penetration, and carbonation is also
evaluated. Test results indicate that industrial by-products can produce concrete with
sufficient strength and durability to replace normal concrete. Compressive strength, and
11. 11
split-tensile strength, was determined at 28, 90 and 365 days along with carbonation
and rapid chloride penetration resistance at 90 and 365 days. Comparative strength
development of foundry sand mixes in relation to the control mix i.e. mix without foundry
sand was observed. The maximum carbonation depth in natural environment, for mixes
containing foundry sand never exceeded 2.5 mm at 90 days and 5 mm at 365 days. The
RCPT values, as per ASTM C 1202-97, were less than 750 coulombs at 90 days and
500 coulombs at 365 days which comes under very low category. Thereby, indicating
effective use of foundry sand as an alternate material, as partial replacement of fine
aggregates in concrete. Micro-structural investigations of control mix and mixes with
various percentages of foundry sand were also performed using XRD and SEM
techniques. The micro-structural investigations shed some light on the nature of
variation in strength at the different replacements of fine aggregates with foundry sand,
in concrete.
Research highlights
Investigation of the use of foundry sand as partial replacement of fine
aggregates. Replacement of fine aggregates in various percentages (0–60%).
Concrete properties such as mechanical and durability characteristics along with XRD
and SEM. Diversion of used foundry sand from land filling to manufacturing of concrete.
Keywords
Concrete, Foundry sand, Strength properties, Durability properties,Microstructure
13. 13
3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
3.1 METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT
COLLECTION OF MATERIALS
TO STUDY THE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
CALCULATATION OF MIX DESIGN FOR M20 GRADE
CASTING OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS
CURING OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS
TO FIND THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS
TO COMPARISION OF RESULTS WITH CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE
14. 14
INTRODUCTION
For Making EF-EC, It Is essential to select proper ingredients, evaluation of
their properties and know how about the interaction of different for optimum usage. The
ingredients used for concrete for the project were the same as that for conventional
cement concrete, coarse and fine aggregate, m-sand, steel slag and water.
3.2 MATERIALS PROPERTIES
3.2.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grades conforming to IS 8112-1989 was used. Tests
were carried out on various properties of cement and the results are shown in table
TABLE 3.2.a) PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Physical properties Values of OPC used
Standard consistency 32.5%
Initial setting time 65 Minutes
Final setting time 235 Minutes
Specific gravity 3.15
3.2.2 Aggregates
Aggregates are those parts of the concrete that constitute the bulk of the
finished product. They comprise 60-80% of the concrete and have to be so graded and
that the entire mass of concrete acts as a relatively solid, homogenous, dense
combination, with the smaller sizes acting as an inert filler of the voids exist between the
largest particles. They are of two types
1. Fine aggregate, such as natural or manufactured sand
2. Coarse aggregate, such as gravel, crushed, or blast furnace slag, steel slag
15. 15
3.2.3 Fine aggregate
Natural river sand was used as fine aggregate. The properties of sand were
determined by conducting tests IS: 2386(Part-I). The results are shown in table. The
results obtained from sieve analysis are furnished.
3.2.4 M-SAND
The particle size distribution (PSD) curve of manufactured sand is more often
than not tight and the particles are cubic, angular and their surface texture is rough.
Properties of aggregates from natural sand and gravel deposits (natural aggregates)
differ when compared to aggregates from crushed rock (crushed aggregates).To study
the properties of m-sand
TABLE 3.2.b) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
S.No. PROPERTIES
FINE
AGGREGATE
M-SAND
1 Specific Gravity 2.55 2.22
2 Fineness Modulus 2.64 2.37
3.2.5 COARSE AGGREGATE (CA)
Properties of the coarse aggregate affect the final strength of the hardened
concrete and its resistance to disintegration, weathering and other destructive effects.
The mineral coarse aggregate must be clean of organic impurities and must bond well
with the cement gel.
The common types are:
1. Natural crushed stone
16. 16
2. Natural gravel
3. Artificial coarse aggregate
4. Heavy weight (extra density) and nuclear- shielding aggregates.
3.2.6 STEEL SLAG
Steel slag is the residue of steel production process and composed of
silicates and oxides of unwanted in steel chemical composition. Fifty million tons per
year of LD slag were produced as a residue from basic oxygen process (BOP) in the
world. In order to use these slags in cement, its hydraulic properties should be known.
Chemical composition is one of the important parameters determining the hydraulic
properties of the slag. In general, it is assumed that the higher the alkalinity, the higher
the hydraulic properties. If alkalinity is> 1.8, it should be considered as cementitious
material. The properties of steel slag are shown in Table.
TABLE 3.2.c) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
S.No. PROPERTIES
COARSE
AGGREGATE
STEEL SLAG
1 Specific Gravity 2.83 2.00
2 Fineness Modulus 7.00 6.01
3.2.7 Water
Portable water free from salts was used for casting and curing of concrete as
per IS : 456-2000 recommendations
17. 17
3.3 MIX DESIGN
1. REQUIREMENTS
a) Characteristic Compressive strength = 20 N/mm2
b) Maximum size of aggregate =20mm
c) Degree of workability = 0.9(compaction factor)
D) Degree of quality control = Good
e) Type of exposure = Mild
TEST DATA OF MATERIALS
a) Specific gravity of cement =3.15
b) Specific gravity of coarse aggregate =2.83
c) Specific gravity of fine aggregate =2.55
d) Water absorption of coarse aggregate=0.5%
e) Water absorption of fine aggregate =1.0%
f) Free surface moisture for coarse aggregate= Nil
DESIGN
1. Target mean Strength of Concrete, fck = fck + 1.65S
=20+ (1.65x4)
= 26.6N/mm2
2. Selection of Water - Cement ratio
The water – cement ratio required for the target mean strength of 26.6N/mm2
18. 18
3. Selection of Water and Sand Content
For 20mm maximum size of aggregate and sand conforming to grading zone
II
The water content per m3
of concrete is 180kg and sand content as
percentage of total aggregate by absolute volume = 35%
For change in value in water- cement ratio, compacting value, for sand
belonging to Zone II, following adjustment is required:
Table 3.3 Adjustment Of Values In Water Content And Sand Percentage For
Other Conditions
Therefore, required sand content as percentage of total aggregate by
absolute volume
= 35 – 2 =33%
Required water content =186+5.58 = 191.6 1/m3
4. Determination of cement content:
w/c = 0.50
Water = 191.6 litre
Cement = 191.6
0.5
CHANGE IN CONDITION PER CENT ADJUMENT REQUIRED
water content sand in total aggregate
For decrease in water- cement
ratio by (0.6-0.5) that is 0.10
0 -2
For increase in compacting factor
(0.9-0.8) that is 0.1 +3 0
For sand conforming to zone II of
table 4, IS :383-1970 0 0
Total +3 -2
19. 19
= 383kg/m3
5. Determination of coarse and fine aggregate contents:
Fine aggregate:
V= (W+C/SC + (1/Pxfa/Sfa) x (1/1000)
For 20mm size of aggregate, entrapped air = 2%, V =(100-2) = 98% =0.98
0.98 = (180+383/3.15) + (1/0.315 x fa /2.55) x (1/1000)
fa = 535.61kg/m3
Coarse aggregate
Ca = (1-P/P) x fa x (Sca/Sfa)
= ( 1-0.315/0.315) x 535.61 x (2.83/2.55)
Ca= 1292.63kg /m3
Mix ratio = Cement: FA: CA: W/C ratio
M20 = 383 : 535.61: 1292.63: 191.6
= 1 : 1.39 :3.3 : 0.5
RESULT
M20 = 1 : 1.39 :3.3 and w/c =0.5
21. 21
4. a TESTS ON CONCRETE ELEMENTS
4. a.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
According to Indian Standard specifications (IS: 516 – 1959), the compression
test on cylinders is conducted.
4.a.2 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is one of the most important mechanical
properties of concrete since it impacts the serviceability and the structural performance
of reinforced concrete structures. The closest approximation to the theoretical modulus
of elasticity derived from a truly elastic response is initial tangent modulus. But it is not
always easily determined from a compression method. In such a case chord modulus of
elasticity is being used. The current method to determine the chord modulus of elasticity
of concrete is Compressometer method. Cylindrical specimens of size 150 mm diameter
and 300 mm length are casted and cured. The load is applied continuously without
shock. Without interruption, applied loading and longitudinal strain at pre-designated
intervals are taken. The reading interval is fixed as 2kN to permit plotting stress-strain
curve if desired. Along the above set of readings, the following two readings are also
monitored and noted. These are
i) The applied load when the longitudinal strain is 50 x 10-6
m/m
ii) The longitudinal strain when the applied load is equal to 40 percent of the
Ultimate load
Here, longitudinal strain is defined as the total longitudinal deformation divided by
the effective gauge length. The chord modulus of elasticity is obtained using the formula
E= (S2-S1)/(C-0.00005)
Where,
E – Chord modulus of elasticity in M pa
S2 – Stress corresponding to 40% of ultimate load
S1 – Stress corresponding to a longitudinal strain of 50 x 10-6
m/m
C – Longitudinal strain produced by stress S2
22. 22
4.a.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
Direct measurement of tensile strength of concrete is difficult. One of the indirect
tension test methods is Split tension test. The Split tensile strength test is carried out on
the Compression testing machine. The casting and testing of the specimens are done
as per IS5816: 1999.
Split tensile strength=2P/Л bd
Where, P = Load applied to the specimen in N
b = Breadth of the specimen in mm
d = depth of the specimen in mm
4.a.4 MODULUS OF RUPTURE
The extreme fibre stress calculated at the failure of specimen is called Modulus
of rupture. It is also an indirect measure to predict the tensile strength of concrete.
Flexural strength test is conducted as per recommendations IS: 516 – 1959. For flexural
strength test, beams of size 10 x 10 x 50 cm are casted.
Flexural strength, fb = (Pxl)/(bxd2)
Where, P = Load applied to the specimen in N
l = length of the specimen in mm
b = Breadth of the specimen in mm
d = depth of the specimen in mm
4.a.5 SPECIMEN CASTING
Three numbers of specimens with and without proofing admixtures
were casted. The inside of the mould was oiled to prevent adhesion of concrete. First
aggregate and cement are well mixed and then water is added to have an uniform
mixture of concrete. All the specimens are filled with concrete and are well compacted.
The specimens are demoulded after one day and then placed in a curing tank for 28
days of curing. For 12 hours prior to the testing, the specimens are allowed to air dry in
the laboratory.
23. 23
4.a.6 TEST SET UP
Tests are carried out at room temperature and as per the Indian standards.
Structural properties are ascertained by conducting middle third loading test. The testing
arrangement is shown in Fig4.2. Two point bending was applied on reinforced concrete
beams of beam span 1.5 m through hydraulic jack of capacity 100kN. The specimens
are placed on a simply supported arrangement of 100 T Universal testing machine
(UTM). The beams are suitably instrumented for measuring mid-span deflection.
Fig.4.1 Loading Arrangement of Flexural Test
24. 24
4. b RESULTS DISCUSSION
To find the optimum value of partially replacement of M-sand and steel slag for
compression test and split tensile test.
COMPRESSION STRENGTH
TABLE 5.2.1 TEST RESULT FOR CUBE (M-SAND) COMPRESSION STRENGTH IN
N/mm2
S.NO CUBE 3DAYS CC 7DAYS CC 28DAYS CC
1 5% M-SAND 11.32 18.82 14.5 22.8 22.1 28.43
2 10% M-SAND 14.68 18.82 20.5 22.8 23.6 28.43
3 20% M-SAND 19.32 18.82 24.6 22.8 28.7 28.43
4 25% M-SAND 17.86 18.82 21.6 22.8 24.3 28.43
5 30% M-SAND 13.3 18.82 16.7 22.8 21.3 28.43
Fig 5.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
M-SAND
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
5% M-
SAND
10% M-
SAND
20% M-
SAND
25% M-
SAND
30% M-
SAND
COMPRESSIVESTRENGTH
N/mm2
3DAYS
7DAYS
28DAYS
28. 28
DISCUSSION
In this test result the optimum value obtain in 20% replacement of M-sand and
steel slag for compression strength and 25% of M-sand and 20% steel slag for split
tensile strength.
4.b.1 COMPRESSION STRENGTH
TABLE 5.2.5 TEST RESULT FOR CUBE (20% of STEEL SLAG AND M-SAND)
COMPRESSION STRENGTH IN N/mm2
S.NO CUBE 3DAYS CC 7DAYS CC 28DAYS CC
1 20%
STEEL
SLAG AND
M-SAND
16.82 18.82 20 22.8 28.66 28.43
Fig 5.2.5 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR 20% OF STEEL SLAG AND
M-SAND VS CC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
3days 7days 28days
compressivestrength
N/mm2
20% of steel slag and M-
sand
conventionalconcrete
29. 29
4.b.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
TABLE 5.2.6 TEST RESULT FOR CYLINDER (M-SAND AND STEEL SLAG) SPLIT
TENSILE STRENGTH IN N/mm2
S.NO CYLINDER 7DAYS CC 28DAYS CC
1 20% STEEL
SLAG AND
25% M-SAND
1.6 1.5 2.21 2
Fig 5.2.6 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF 25% M-
SAND AND 20% STEEL SLAG
30. 30
4.b.3 MODULUS OF RUPTURE
TABLE 5.2.7 MODULUS OF RUPTURE FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF20% M-
SAND AND 20% STEEL SLAG IN N/mm2
S.NO PRISM EF-EC at 28DAYS CC at 28DAYS
1 20% STEEL SLAG
AND
M-SAND
4.75 N/mm
2
4.1N/mm
2
Fig 5.2.7 MODULUS OF RUPTURE FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF 20%
M-SAND AND STEEL SLAG
31. 31
4.b.4 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
TABLE 5.2.8 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF 25%
M-SAND AND 20% STEEL SLAG IN N/mm2
S.NO CYLINDER EF-EC at 28 DAYS CC at 28 DAYS
1 20% STEEL SLAG AND
25% M-SAND
3.5X10
4
3.23X10
4
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
28 DAYS
MODULUSOF
ELASTICITY
X104INN/mm2
FOR PARTIAL
REPLACEMENTOF
25% M-SAND AND
20% STEEL SLAG IN
N/mm2
CC
FIG 5.2.8 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF 25% M-
SAND AND 20% STEEL SLAG IN N/mm2
33. 33
CONCLUSION
The compressive strength of Partial replacement of M-sand and steel slag is
similar to conventional concrete.
The split tensile strength of Partial replacement of M-sand and steel slag is
similar to conventional concrete.
The flexural strength of Partial replacement of M-sand and steel slag is similar
to conventional concrete.
The modulus of elasticity of Partial replacement of M-sand and steel slag is
similar to conventional concrete.
The compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength,
Modulus of elasticity is greater strength than the conventional concrete and
also achieve concrete become a economical and eco-friendly.
Future research
To partial replacement of all ingredients in concrete like cement partial
replaced by GGBS, fine aggregate partial replaced by M-sand, coarse
aggregate partial replaced by steel slag, and portable water partial replaced
by treated water.
The long term behavior of concrete with steel slag and m-sand should be
studied and its compatibility with reinforcing steel should be analyzed in the
future.
35. 35
REFERENCES
1. “Criteria for the use of steel slag aggregates in concrete,” E.Anastasion and
Papayianni, Laboratory of Building Materials, Aristotle University, Greece, Nov
2006.
2. “The Effect of replacement of naturals aggregates by slag products on the
strength of concrete” L.Zeghichi, University of Msila, Algeria, Asian Journal vol 7,
pages 27-35, 2006.
3. “Performance evaluation of steel as natural aggregate replacement in asphaltic
concrete” thesis submitted by Teoh Cherh Yi from Malaysia University, Nov
2008.
4. “Effect of used-foundry sand on the mechanical properties of concrete” thesis
submitted by Rafat Siddique, Geert de Schutter ,Albert Noumowe ,Department Of
Civil Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India, Dec 2007.
5. “Abrasion resistance and strength properties of concrete containing waste
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Asin Dursun Sari,Muhsin Yalcin, Satellite And Space Sciences Research Center,
Anadolu University, Ikieylul Campus, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey,Civil Engineering
Department, Atilim University, Incek-Golbasi, 06836 Ankara, Turkey, June 2009.
36. 36
7. “Strength, durability, and micro-structural properties of concrete made with used-
foundry sand (UFS)” Rafat Siddique, Yogesh Aggarwal, Paratibha Aggarwal, El-
Hadj Kadri, Engineering Department, Thapar University, Patiala 147004, India,
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2009)
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reprint august 1993,
Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.
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use in tests of aggregates in concrete, September 1982,Indian standards
institution, New Delhi.
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September 1982, Indian Standards Institution, New Delhi.
12. IS 2386 (Part III) - 1963, Indian Standard methods of Test for aggregates for
concrete. VIII reprint March 1997, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
13.www.sciencedirect.com