Blood transfusion therapy
• A Blood Transfusion is the infusion of whole blood or a blood
component such as plasma, red blood cells, or platelets into
the patient’s venous circulation.
• A blood transfusion is given because of red blood cell loss,
such as with haemorrhage or when the body is not
adequately produce in a cells such as platelets. The person
receiving the blood is the Recipient.
blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
Delayed blood transfusion reaction is a reaction too blood transfusion occurring after 24 hours. Can be divided to immune mediated and non-immune mediated. Share about the cause, symptoms, investigations and management.
Blood transfusion therapy
• A Blood Transfusion is the infusion of whole blood or a blood
component such as plasma, red blood cells, or platelets into
the patient’s venous circulation.
• A blood transfusion is given because of red blood cell loss,
such as with haemorrhage or when the body is not
adequately produce in a cells such as platelets. The person
receiving the blood is the Recipient.
blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
Delayed blood transfusion reaction is a reaction too blood transfusion occurring after 24 hours. Can be divided to immune mediated and non-immune mediated. Share about the cause, symptoms, investigations and management.
A bone marrow transplantation is an operation performed to supplant bone marrow that has
been harmed or obliterated by illness, contamination or chemotherapy. This methodology
includes relocating the blood stem cells which travel deep down the marrow wherein they
produce fresh blood cells and advance the development of a new marrow.
Bone marrow is important for the body as it creates red blood cells, white blood cells
and platelets.
A bone marrow transplant helps in replacing your harmed stem cells with the healthy cells.
This aides your body to make sufficient white blood cells and platelets helping you to stay
away from diseases, draining issues or anaemia.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation for Multiple MyelomaWan Ning
Hematopoietic stem cells transplantation is a FDA-approved stem cells based therapy whereby it is usually performed for cancer patients. For an example, Multiple Myeloma.
Production of live food (Aquatic micro animals)for the rearing of fish fry at...Hafiz M Waseem
Production of live food (Aquatic micro animals)for the rearing of fish fry at hatcheries ROTIFERSBrachionus sp. CRUSTACEANS (CLADOCERANS)Moina sp. Daphnia sp.
green water production at fish hatcheries and its uses to enhance primary pro...Hafiz M Waseem
green water production at fish hatcheries and its uses to enhance primary productivity.ppt
Chlorella sp.
Scenedesmus sp.
Tetraselmis chuii
Skeletonemia sp
Spirulina sp.
Chaetoceros sp.
Nitzschia sp.
Determination of p h of waste water sample .....................................Hafiz M Waseem
ecologyDetermination of pH of Waste Water Sample ..................................................... 4
Determination Dissolved Oxygen within Water ................................................... 5
Adaptive Features of Animals in Relation to Food and Environment .................. 7
Study the Plant Population Density ................................................................... 10
Experimental Design and Approaches to Ecological Research ........................ 12
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
Trophic levels and energy variation with increasing trophic levels.food chain...Hafiz M Waseem
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
3. CONTENTS:
1. Introduction
2. Types
3. Indications
4. Disorders suitable for Bone Marrow Transplantation
5. Sources of Bone Marrow Stem Cells
6. Donating Bone Marrow
7. Why is HLA Matching Important
8. Procedure for Transplantation
9. Life after Transplant
10. Complications after Transplant
11. Outcome
12. Results
13. References
4. INTRODUCTION:
• Introduced in early 1960s by Mathe, McFarland and Donnal Thomas.
• Rapidly developed from experimental procedure to established treatment.
• The number of patients with this disease increased 10 fold during 1980s.
• Medical knowledge of Bone Marrow Transplantation is often limited.
5. • TYPES:
There are differen types of transplantation which are as follow:
• Modality:
1. Allogenic
Stem cells from HLA matched donor
2. Syngeneic
Stem cells from an HLA identical donor
• Stem Cell Source:
1. Peripheral Blood Stem Cells
Collected using a peripheral blood pheresis after chemotherapy-based regimen.
6. 2. Bone Marrow
Collected directly from Bone marrow generally no pre-procedure mobilization but require general anesthesia.
3. Umbilical Cord Blood:
Removed from umbilical cord and placenta after normal delivery of infant.
7. INDICATIONS:
• Bone Marrow Transplantation is a method of providing patient with normal haematopeitic and immune system
when these have been rendered defective.
• This may be due to effect of high dose of chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
• Bone marrow transplantation allows doctor to overcome problem of marrow suppression.
• Allogenic bone marrow transplantation also help to eliminate residual disease by system recognizing tumour as
non-self with subsequent tumour destruction.
8. DISORDERS SUITABLE FOR BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATTION:
• Acquired Disorders
1. Malignanant Diseases
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia- high risk patients
Acute myeloid leukaemia- consider for all patients
Chronic myeloid leukaemia- all patients, if there is young and suitable donor
Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma- selected patients at high risk of relapse
Solid tumours- selected patients with breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, testicular tumours, ovarian cancer,
neuroblastoma, severe aplastic anaemia.
2. Inherited Diseases
Haemoglobinopathies- thalassaemia major , sickle cell disease
Inborn errors of metabolism- Gaucher’s disease, Osteopetrosis
Immunodeficiency Syndromes- severe combined immunodeficiency, Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome
Congenital Severe aplastic Anaemia- Fanconi’s anaemia
9. SOURCES OF BONE MARROW STEM CELLS:
• Basis of bone marrow transplantation is provision of haematopoeitic stem cells to repopulate bone marrow.
• Initially bone marrow was the only source but recently alternative sources of stem cells have been recognized.
• Most transplants are of matched allogenic bone marrow.
DONATING BONE MARROW:
• Before Donation full history is taken and donor is examinef and investigated.
• The harvest is performed under general anaesthesia and lasts 30-45 minutes.
• In an adult 800-1000ml of bone marrow is removed and subsequently processed by cell separator.
• The separated red cells can be returned to donor transfusion of homologous blood is generally not required.
• Donors can be expect to be in hospital for 48 hours.
• Generally only mild analgesics such as paracetamol are required after donation.
10.
11. WHY is HLA MATCHING IMPORTANT:
• HLA our Genetic Finger Print
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are proteins found on surface of most cells of body.The immune system uses HLA
to verify that given cell is part of body and not foreign.There are many different HLA protein (HLA-A,B,C etc) and
there are many varieties of each one.
• HLA Matching
If the donor stem cell are not the same HLA type as the recipient, they will recognize the recipient as being different
and attack.If recipient cells win you get graft rejection.If donor cells win you get graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
PROCEDURE FOR TRANSPLANTATION:
• Firstly the patient undergoes conditioning
• The purpose of conditioning is to remove the patient’s own bone marrow and immune system thereby creating
suitable microenviroment for marrow engrafment.
• A second purpose it to eliminate any residual malignant disease.
• The conditioning generally involves a high dose of chemotherapy frequently combined with body total irradiation.
• Then stem cells infuse into central vein and migrate to bone marrow space .
• Before these stem cells engraft and produce cellular elements of blood there is period when patient is anaemic
(require regular blood transfusion).
• The patient also experience other side effects of conditioning like nausea and diarrhoea etc.
12. • Patients can expect to be in hospital for 4-6 weeks, although this is highly variable.
• Peripheral stem cells have lead to more rapid engraftment and shorter duration of hospitalisation.
• Most patients will not return to work for at least nine months after transplantation.
13. LIFE AFTER TRANSPLANT:
• Recovery_Early Days after Transplant
1. 14-21 days of extreme immune suppression.
2. Very low white blood cell , red blood cell and platelet counts.
3. Risk for serious infection and organ damage.
4. Antibiotics , Blood and platelet transfusion given as needed.
• Engraftment
1. Term used for establishment of new stem cells
within bone marrow.
2. Occurs 10-28 days after transplant.
3. Risk for infection and bleeding decreases
following engraftment.
• Getting Discharged
You will be discharged from hospital when:
1. No active infection
2. No active graft-versus-host disease
3. Able to take foods and medicine by mouth.
14. COMPLICATIONS AFTER TRANSPLANT:
• Low Cell Counts
1. Results in fatigue , bleeding and infectious risk
2. Dependent on transfusion of RBCs and platelets during chemotherapy.
• Toxicity From Chemotherapy
1. Organ toxicity…..heart , liver , lung , kidney
2. Nausea , vomiting , rash , mouth sores eyc.
• Graft Failure
1. Donor stem cells not engrafted within host marrow fail to produce necessary hematopoeitic stem cells.
2. Certain disease states.
• Late Effects
1. Late infection
2. Cardiovascular diseases
3. Ishemic heart disease
4. Pulmonary toxiciry
5. Treatment related malignancies
6. Increased risk for secondary solid tumours.
15. OUTCOME:
• Autologous transplant overcome the problem of GVHD as patients are their own donor
• Allogenic transplant seems to be superior to autologous transplant in reducing risk of disease relapse
• About 30% of patients fail to survive allogenic bone marrow transplantation but less than 10% do not survive
autologous transplantation.
• Increased safety of autologous transplantation means it is more suitable for patients.
• Upper age range for autologous transplantation is about 50 years but only 30-40 years for allogenic
transplantation.
• Allogenic transplantation with unrelated matched donor is more hazardous.It is generally reserved for very
young patients with no other hope of cure.
17. CONCLUSION:
We concluded that Bone marrow transplantation achieves long-lived reconstitution of immune function in complete
DGS and is a good alternative to thymic transplantation in patients with suitable donor.
REFERENCES:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication