The bone of the skeleton is a mineralized vascular type of connective tissue with a solid matrix. The alveolar process is the bony extension of the mandible and maxilla that provides the necessary support for the teeth and serves as a site of attachment for the periodontal ligament fibers. By its resorption and deposition, it also compensates for tooth movement.
Bone is a highly vascular, living, mineralized connective tissue that makes up the human skeleton. It has two types of tissue - compact bone, which forms the dense outer layer of bones, and spongy or cancellous bone, which makes up the inner layer. Bone is formed through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification and is remodeled throughout life by bone cells. The process of bone resorption and formation allows bones to repair microdamage and change shape. Key bone cells include osteoblasts, which build bone, and osteoclasts, which break it down. Alveolar bone supports the teeth and is composed of the alveolar bone proper and supporting alveolar bone
The document discusses alveolar bone and its relevance in prosthodontics. It defines alveolar bone and related terms, and describes the functions, composition, cells, classification, anatomy, development, histological structure, and influence of systemic diseases, vitamins, hormones, and drugs on alveolar bone. Alveolar bone supports teeth, distributes forces, provides attachment for muscles, acts as a reservoir for minerals, and works to maintain pH balance. Its microscopic structure consists of concentric lamellae that form Haversian systems. Conditions like hyperparathyroidism and diabetes can negatively impact alveolar bone through increased resorption.
The document discusses alveolar bone and its development, structure, and functions. It covers the following key points:
- Alveolar bone develops through intramembranous ossification and surrounds the teeth to support them and absorb forces. It has a layer of compact bone and spongy bone interior.
- The alveolar bone receives blood supply from the alveolar arteries and innervations from the inferior alveolar nerve. Its functions include supporting teeth and absorbing chewing forces.
- Orthodontic tooth movement relies on optimal force application and tissue response to forces. Drug effects and biological considerations also impact alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic treatment.
The document discusses the anatomy and function of alveolar bone. It defines alveolar bone as the part of the maxilla or mandible that supports and protects the teeth. It develops during fetal life and eruption of teeth. The alveolar bone consists of cortical plates and cancellous trabeculae that provide support. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts maintain the bone through formation and resorption. The alveolar bone anchors teeth, absorbs forces, and supplies vessels to supporting tissues. Loss of alveolar bone can occur in periodontal disease.
Introduction, structure, functions and nutrition ofPramod Yspam
This document provides an overview of bone structure, functions, and nutrition. It discusses that bone is a mineralized connective tissue that provides structure and supports the body. It describes the different classifications of bones based on position, size, shape, and development. It explains the microscopic and cellular structure of bones, including compact and spongy bone, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and the organic and inorganic components. Finally, it summarizes the functions of bone in providing structure, protection, movement, and hematopoiesis, as well as the blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic drainage of bones.
This document discusses the anatomy and structure of alveolar bone. It begins by classifying bone and describing its composition and functions. It then focuses on the specific properties of alveolar bone, including that it develops from the dental follicle and supports tooth roots. The key cellular and structural elements of alveolar bone are described, such as bone cells, bone matrix, Sharpey's fibers, and blood supply. In summary, the document provides an overview of the development, functions, cellular components, and vascular features of the specialized alveolar bone that surrounds and supports teeth.
Bone is a highly vascular, living, mineralized connective tissue that makes up the human skeleton. It has two types of tissue - compact bone, which forms the dense outer layer of bones, and spongy or cancellous bone, which makes up the inner layer. Bone is formed through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification and is remodeled throughout life by bone cells. The process of bone resorption and formation allows bones to repair microdamage and change shape. Key bone cells include osteoblasts, which build bone, and osteoclasts, which break it down. Alveolar bone supports the teeth and is composed of the alveolar bone proper and supporting alveolar bone
The document discusses alveolar bone and its relevance in prosthodontics. It defines alveolar bone and related terms, and describes the functions, composition, cells, classification, anatomy, development, histological structure, and influence of systemic diseases, vitamins, hormones, and drugs on alveolar bone. Alveolar bone supports teeth, distributes forces, provides attachment for muscles, acts as a reservoir for minerals, and works to maintain pH balance. Its microscopic structure consists of concentric lamellae that form Haversian systems. Conditions like hyperparathyroidism and diabetes can negatively impact alveolar bone through increased resorption.
The document discusses alveolar bone and its development, structure, and functions. It covers the following key points:
- Alveolar bone develops through intramembranous ossification and surrounds the teeth to support them and absorb forces. It has a layer of compact bone and spongy bone interior.
- The alveolar bone receives blood supply from the alveolar arteries and innervations from the inferior alveolar nerve. Its functions include supporting teeth and absorbing chewing forces.
- Orthodontic tooth movement relies on optimal force application and tissue response to forces. Drug effects and biological considerations also impact alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic treatment.
The document discusses the anatomy and function of alveolar bone. It defines alveolar bone as the part of the maxilla or mandible that supports and protects the teeth. It develops during fetal life and eruption of teeth. The alveolar bone consists of cortical plates and cancellous trabeculae that provide support. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts maintain the bone through formation and resorption. The alveolar bone anchors teeth, absorbs forces, and supplies vessels to supporting tissues. Loss of alveolar bone can occur in periodontal disease.
Introduction, structure, functions and nutrition ofPramod Yspam
This document provides an overview of bone structure, functions, and nutrition. It discusses that bone is a mineralized connective tissue that provides structure and supports the body. It describes the different classifications of bones based on position, size, shape, and development. It explains the microscopic and cellular structure of bones, including compact and spongy bone, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and the organic and inorganic components. Finally, it summarizes the functions of bone in providing structure, protection, movement, and hematopoiesis, as well as the blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic drainage of bones.
This document discusses the anatomy and structure of alveolar bone. It begins by classifying bone and describing its composition and functions. It then focuses on the specific properties of alveolar bone, including that it develops from the dental follicle and supports tooth roots. The key cellular and structural elements of alveolar bone are described, such as bone cells, bone matrix, Sharpey's fibers, and blood supply. In summary, the document provides an overview of the development, functions, cellular components, and vascular features of the specialized alveolar bone that surrounds and supports teeth.
Bone is a connective tissue composed of cells and fibers embedded in a mineralized substance. It provides structural support and protection for the body. Bone tissue contains osteoblasts that form new bone, osteocytes embedded in the bone matrix, and osteoclasts that resorb bone. The bone matrix is made up of collagen fibers mineralized with hydroxyapatite crystals. Microscopically, bone is composed of concentric lamellae that form osteons in compact bone or a trabecular structure in spongy bone.
Alveolar bone forms the sockets that hold teeth and is composed of alveolar bone proper surrounding tooth roots and supporting alveolar bone. It develops during tooth eruption through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Alveolar bone is maintained through remodeling where bone resorption by osteoclasts is followed by bone formation by osteoblasts, regulated by hormones and growth factors to maintain calcium homeostasis.
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. It has several functions including support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. Bone develops through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can be classified based on its development, macroscopic structure, microscopic structure, or shape. Chemically, bone is made up of inorganic hydroxyapatite and organic collagen fibers. Its cells include osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts form new bone matrix while osteoclasts resorb bone, allowing for remodeling. Compact bone forms the dense outer shell and contains concentric lamell
Alveolar bone forms tooth sockets and provides attachment for the periodontal ligament. It is composed of outer cortical and inner cancellous bone. Osteoblasts form bone matrix containing collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals. Osteoclasts resorb bone. Bone is remodeled through the balanced actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, regulated by hormones and growth factors.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bone is a dynamic tissue that provides structure, movement and protection. It is made up of compact cortical bone and spongy cancellous bone. Bone is composed of an organic collagen matrix and inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals. It undergoes constant remodeling by bone cells including osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. The alveolar bone surrounds the teeth and is made up of the alveolar bone proper, supporting bone and basal bone. It adapts to tooth development and is resorbed after tooth loss. Bone remodeling occurs through basic multicellular units and is regulated by systemic and local factors. Disease can disrupt the balance of bone formation and resorption leading to alveolar bone loss.
Bone tissue is a type of specialized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are three main cell types involved in bone tissue: osteoblasts which form new bone, osteocytes embedded in the matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone has two types of internal structures - compact bone which is dense and cancellous bone which is spongy. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout life.
Bone is composed of collagen matrix impregnated with calcium salts. It has protective, supportive and metabolic functions. Bone remodeling is regulated by osteoblasts, osteoclasts and hormones like PTH. PTH is secreted by chief cells in the parathyroid gland and regulates calcium homeostasis by increasing calcium resorption from bone and renal calcium reabsorption. PTH secretion is regulated by calcium levels through a negative feedback loop.
The alveolar process is the portion of the maxilla or mandible that supports and protects the tooth sockets (alveoli). It is formed during tooth eruption to provide bony attachment for the periodontal ligament. The alveolar process has two parts - the alveolar bone proper surrounding each tooth root, and the supporting alveolar bone of the rest of the process. The structure and remodelling of the alveolar bone is dependent on the presence of teeth. Bone is continually broken down by osteoclasts and rebuilt by osteoblasts to maintain levels. Loss of alveolar bone from periodontal disease is difficult to regenerate fully.
The periodontium connects teeth to the jaws and includes the periodontal ligament, lamina propria, cementum, and alveolar bone. Cementum covers tooth roots and provides attachment for collagen fibers binding the tooth. The periodontal ligament contains collagen fibers connecting cementum to bone, along with blood vessels and cells that form and resorb bone and cementum. Alveolar bone has outer cortical and inner cancellous bone. Bone is composed of mineralized hydroxyapatite and collagen matrix, along with osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes that form and resorb bone. The document discusses bone cell types and functions, bone development, remodeling, and disorders relevant to orthodontics such
This document provides information on alveolar bone structure and composition. It discusses the different types of bone cells that make up alveolar bone, including osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It also describes the composition and structural elements of alveolar bone, such as Sharpey's fibers, vascular supply, gross morphology, and the periosteum and endosteum layers.
The document discusses the anatomy and structure of alveolar bone. Key points include:
1. Alveolar bone forms the sockets that hold teeth roots in place and is composed of cortical plates, alveolar bone proper, and spongy bone.
2. The cortical plate forms the outer wall, while the inner alveolar bone proper/lamina contains bundle bone penetrated by Sharpey's fibers.
3. Between these layers lies the spongy bone (spongiosa) containing marrow spaces.
4. Blood supply comes from arteries like the inferior alveolar artery for the mandible and anterior/posterior alveolar arteries for the maxilla.
The document discusses the anatomy and structure of alveolar bone. Key points include:
1. Alveolar bone forms the sockets that hold teeth roots in place and is composed of cortical plates, alveolar bone proper, and spongy bone.
2. The cortical plate forms the outer wall, while the inner alveolar bone proper/lamina contains bundle bone penetrated by Sharpey's fibers.
3. Between these layers lies the spongy bone (spongiosa) containing marrow spaces.
4. Blood is supplied to the alveolar process via arteries like the anterior and posterior alveolar arteries in the maxilla and inferior alveolar arteries in
The document discusses the anatomy and structure of alveolar bone. Key points include:
1. Alveolar bone forms the sockets that hold teeth roots in place and is composed of cortical plates, alveolar bone proper, and spongy bone.
2. The cortical plate forms the outer wall, while the inner alveolar bone proper/lamina contains bundle bone penetrated by Sharpey's fibers.
3. Between these layers lies the spongy bone (spongiosa) containing marrow spaces.
4. Blood supply comes from arteries like the inferior alveolar artery to the mandible and anterior/posterior alveolar arteries to the maxilla.
Bone is composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are four main bone cell types: osteoblasts which form bone, osteocytes embedded in the bone matrix, osteogenic cells which differentiate into osteoblasts, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone has two types - compact bone which forms the dense outer shell and cancellous or spongy bone found at the ends of bones and in flat bones. Compact bone contains concentric lamellae that form haversian systems around central haversian canals containing blood vessels. Cancellous bone contains trabeculae that form a network with bone marrow in between.
This document provides an introduction to osteology, the study of bones. It discusses the classification, macro and microstructure, properties, and functions of bones. Bones are composed of both organic and inorganic materials and come in four types - long, short, flat, and irregular. Cortical bone forms the hard outer layer of bones and has concentric osteons, while cancellous bone is spongy and found at the ends of long bones. Bones provide structure, movement, protection and store minerals in the body.
Osteology is the study of bones. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and energy storage. Bone tissue consists of cells within an organic collagen-rich extracellular matrix as well as an inorganic mineral component. Cortical bone forms the dense outer layer of long bones and has concentric osteons. Cancellous or spongy bone is found at the ends of long bones and in flat and irregular bones. Bones experience both compression and tension forces and have adapted structures like osteons and layered lamellae to withstand these stresses.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Bone is a connective tissue composed of cells and fibers embedded in a mineralized substance. It provides structural support and protection for the body. Bone tissue contains osteoblasts that form new bone, osteocytes embedded in the bone matrix, and osteoclasts that resorb bone. The bone matrix is made up of collagen fibers mineralized with hydroxyapatite crystals. Microscopically, bone is composed of concentric lamellae that form osteons in compact bone or a trabecular structure in spongy bone.
Alveolar bone forms the sockets that hold teeth and is composed of alveolar bone proper surrounding tooth roots and supporting alveolar bone. It develops during tooth eruption through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Alveolar bone is maintained through remodeling where bone resorption by osteoclasts is followed by bone formation by osteoblasts, regulated by hormones and growth factors to maintain calcium homeostasis.
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. It has several functions including support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. Bone develops through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can be classified based on its development, macroscopic structure, microscopic structure, or shape. Chemically, bone is made up of inorganic hydroxyapatite and organic collagen fibers. Its cells include osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts form new bone matrix while osteoclasts resorb bone, allowing for remodeling. Compact bone forms the dense outer shell and contains concentric lamell
Alveolar bone forms tooth sockets and provides attachment for the periodontal ligament. It is composed of outer cortical and inner cancellous bone. Osteoblasts form bone matrix containing collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals. Osteoclasts resorb bone. Bone is remodeled through the balanced actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, regulated by hormones and growth factors.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bone is a dynamic tissue that provides structure, movement and protection. It is made up of compact cortical bone and spongy cancellous bone. Bone is composed of an organic collagen matrix and inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals. It undergoes constant remodeling by bone cells including osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. The alveolar bone surrounds the teeth and is made up of the alveolar bone proper, supporting bone and basal bone. It adapts to tooth development and is resorbed after tooth loss. Bone remodeling occurs through basic multicellular units and is regulated by systemic and local factors. Disease can disrupt the balance of bone formation and resorption leading to alveolar bone loss.
Bone tissue is a type of specialized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are three main cell types involved in bone tissue: osteoblasts which form new bone, osteocytes embedded in the matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone has two types of internal structures - compact bone which is dense and cancellous bone which is spongy. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout life.
Bone is composed of collagen matrix impregnated with calcium salts. It has protective, supportive and metabolic functions. Bone remodeling is regulated by osteoblasts, osteoclasts and hormones like PTH. PTH is secreted by chief cells in the parathyroid gland and regulates calcium homeostasis by increasing calcium resorption from bone and renal calcium reabsorption. PTH secretion is regulated by calcium levels through a negative feedback loop.
The alveolar process is the portion of the maxilla or mandible that supports and protects the tooth sockets (alveoli). It is formed during tooth eruption to provide bony attachment for the periodontal ligament. The alveolar process has two parts - the alveolar bone proper surrounding each tooth root, and the supporting alveolar bone of the rest of the process. The structure and remodelling of the alveolar bone is dependent on the presence of teeth. Bone is continually broken down by osteoclasts and rebuilt by osteoblasts to maintain levels. Loss of alveolar bone from periodontal disease is difficult to regenerate fully.
The periodontium connects teeth to the jaws and includes the periodontal ligament, lamina propria, cementum, and alveolar bone. Cementum covers tooth roots and provides attachment for collagen fibers binding the tooth. The periodontal ligament contains collagen fibers connecting cementum to bone, along with blood vessels and cells that form and resorb bone and cementum. Alveolar bone has outer cortical and inner cancellous bone. Bone is composed of mineralized hydroxyapatite and collagen matrix, along with osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes that form and resorb bone. The document discusses bone cell types and functions, bone development, remodeling, and disorders relevant to orthodontics such
This document provides information on alveolar bone structure and composition. It discusses the different types of bone cells that make up alveolar bone, including osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It also describes the composition and structural elements of alveolar bone, such as Sharpey's fibers, vascular supply, gross morphology, and the periosteum and endosteum layers.
The document discusses the anatomy and structure of alveolar bone. Key points include:
1. Alveolar bone forms the sockets that hold teeth roots in place and is composed of cortical plates, alveolar bone proper, and spongy bone.
2. The cortical plate forms the outer wall, while the inner alveolar bone proper/lamina contains bundle bone penetrated by Sharpey's fibers.
3. Between these layers lies the spongy bone (spongiosa) containing marrow spaces.
4. Blood supply comes from arteries like the inferior alveolar artery for the mandible and anterior/posterior alveolar arteries for the maxilla.
The document discusses the anatomy and structure of alveolar bone. Key points include:
1. Alveolar bone forms the sockets that hold teeth roots in place and is composed of cortical plates, alveolar bone proper, and spongy bone.
2. The cortical plate forms the outer wall, while the inner alveolar bone proper/lamina contains bundle bone penetrated by Sharpey's fibers.
3. Between these layers lies the spongy bone (spongiosa) containing marrow spaces.
4. Blood is supplied to the alveolar process via arteries like the anterior and posterior alveolar arteries in the maxilla and inferior alveolar arteries in
The document discusses the anatomy and structure of alveolar bone. Key points include:
1. Alveolar bone forms the sockets that hold teeth roots in place and is composed of cortical plates, alveolar bone proper, and spongy bone.
2. The cortical plate forms the outer wall, while the inner alveolar bone proper/lamina contains bundle bone penetrated by Sharpey's fibers.
3. Between these layers lies the spongy bone (spongiosa) containing marrow spaces.
4. Blood supply comes from arteries like the inferior alveolar artery to the mandible and anterior/posterior alveolar arteries to the maxilla.
Bone is composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are four main bone cell types: osteoblasts which form bone, osteocytes embedded in the bone matrix, osteogenic cells which differentiate into osteoblasts, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone has two types - compact bone which forms the dense outer shell and cancellous or spongy bone found at the ends of bones and in flat bones. Compact bone contains concentric lamellae that form haversian systems around central haversian canals containing blood vessels. Cancellous bone contains trabeculae that form a network with bone marrow in between.
This document provides an introduction to osteology, the study of bones. It discusses the classification, macro and microstructure, properties, and functions of bones. Bones are composed of both organic and inorganic materials and come in four types - long, short, flat, and irregular. Cortical bone forms the hard outer layer of bones and has concentric osteons, while cancellous bone is spongy and found at the ends of long bones. Bones provide structure, movement, protection and store minerals in the body.
Osteology is the study of bones. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and energy storage. Bone tissue consists of cells within an organic collagen-rich extracellular matrix as well as an inorganic mineral component. Cortical bone forms the dense outer layer of long bones and has concentric osteons. Cancellous or spongy bone is found at the ends of long bones and in flat and irregular bones. Bones experience both compression and tension forces and have adapted structures like osteons and layered lamellae to withstand these stresses.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
2. • Classification of bone
• Function of bone
• Composition of bone
• Cells of the bone
• Alveolar process
• Internal reconstruction of bone
• Clinical considerations
CONTENTS
3. Classification of Bone
Bone is a living mineralized connective tissue of the body, which serves various functions.
• It forms the skeleton of the body.
• It protects the vital organs (e.g. brain and lungs).
• It acts as a reservoir for calcium.
• It has a role as the load-bearing structure of the body.
• Classification of bone
Shape :
Long (femur, tibia , fibula , ulna ,------)
Short ( locate in the ankle and wrist joints )
Flat ( in skull ( parietal , occipital , frontal ( ( ribs , sternum ….)
Irregular bone vertebrae, mandible, maxilla , zygoma --------
Development:
Endochondral ( ossification occurs within the cartilaginous templatemainly )
Intramembranous (ossification occurs direct in mesenchymal template)
Microscopic structure:
compact bone,
cancellous bone
woven bone.
5. • By weight, bone consisting of about :
• 33% organic substance, and 67% inorganic material.
• The organic substance, consists of 28% type I collagen and 5%
noncollagenous proteins.
• Noncollagenous proteins are bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin,
osteonectin, osteopontin, and proteoglycans; growth factors and
serum proteins also are found in bone.
• The inorganic material is hydroxyapatite (Ca10 [PO4]6[OH]2).
Chemical composition of bone
6. Cells of the bone
Osteoprogenetors cells: undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that can differentiate into
osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts: these are mononucleated cells that synthesize and secrete the bone matrix
Osteocytes: These are mature cells that lie within the fully formed bone and that no
longer secret matrix. Each cell occupies a small chamber called a lacuna. The osteocytes
derive from osteoblasts.
Osteoclasts: these are cells responsible for the resorption of bone.
7.
8. Osteoblasts:
Osteoblasts are easily recognized in light microscopic sections as cuboid cells with
open-faced nuclei and abundant basophilic cytoplasm.
The cell membrane has a few cytoplasmic processes. -By electron microscopy, active
osteoblasts contain a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, extensive Golgi
apparatus and secretory vesicles and organelle
that typically of protein secreting cells.
Osteoblasts are mononucleated cells that synthesize both collagenous and
noncollagenous bone matrix proteins such as bone sialoprotein and osteopontin.
Some of these constituents first accumulate as an uncalcified matrix called osteoid that
is composed mainly of collagen that will act as a scaffold for the deposition of the
apatite crystals of bone.
Osteoblasts are also responsible for the mineralization of bone as they exhibit high levels
of alkaline phosphatase on their plasma membrane
When bone is no longer forming, osteoblasts flatten substantially, extending along
the bone. These cells termed bone lining cells,
9. Osteocytes:
These cells are mature flat bone cells surrounded by bone matrix.
They developed from imprisoned osteoblasts.
They are incorporated in their surrounding matrix and have several branching
processes.
Each cell body is surrounded by a space of lacuna from which canaliculi arise that
contains the processes of the cells and connect neighboring osteocytes together and
with the osteoblasts or lining cells on the bone surfaces, the endosteum, periosteum
and haversion canals, through gap junction forming osteoblasts-osteocytes complex
it is necessary to bone matrix maintenance and vitality.
10. Osteoclasts
They are large cells having 15-20 nuclei.
Derived from monocytes – macrophages
Have a ruffled border on the cell surface.
Always found in concave areas known as “Howships lacunae”
The ruffled border is adjacent to bone surface and it is
surrounded by a clear zone that has only fine granular
cytoplasm with microfilaments.
The clear zone or sealing zone attaches the cells to the
mineralized surface and sealing the periphery of the ruffled
border) isolates a microenvironment between them and the
bone surface.
11. Osteoclasts have a foamy eosinophilic cytoplasm and
are rich with acid phosphatase and other lysosomal
enzymes.
The cell organelles consist of many nuclei, each of
which is surrounded by multiple Golgi complexes,
mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and
numerous vesicular structures situated between the
Golgi complex and resorption surface.
Another feature of osteoclasts is a proton pump
associated with the ruffled border that pumps
hydrogen ions into the sealed compartment
12. The sequence of resorptive events
Attachment of osteoclasts to the mineralized surface of bone.
Creation of a sealed acidic microenvironment through the action of the proton pump, which
demineralizes bone and exposes the organic matrix.
Secretion of organic acids mainly citric acid and lactic acids that chelate bone and increase the
solubility of hydroxyapatite.
Degradation of the exposed matrix by the action of released enzymes such as acid phosphatase
and cathepsin B.
Collagenase enzyme is secreted by osteoclasts and breaks down the collagen fibers
extracellular.
Endocytosis at the ruffled border of organic degradation products
Translocation of degradation products in transport vesicles and extracellular release along the
membrane opposite the ruffled border (transcytosis )
14. Alveolar bone (process)
Definition: the alveolar process is that part of the
maxilla and mandible that forms and supports the
sockets of teeth and crypts of developing teeth
15. Development of alveolar bone
Development: it starts in the second month of fetal life
The maxilla and mandible form a groove that is open towards the surface of
the oral cavity. Developing tooth buds are enclosed in these grooves.
Major portion of the alveolar process begins with root formation and
eruption of the teeth.
• During the rapid growth of alveolar bone, which occurs during fetal life
areas of secondary cartilage may appear at the growing alveolar margins.
• After the eruption of teeth, the alveolar bone gradually takes out its adult
form.
• As a result of its adaptation to function two parts of the alveolar bone can
be distinguished:
• 1- The alveolar bone proper.
• 2- The supporting alveolar bone.
16. Structure of alveolar bone
ALVEOLAR BONE
ALVEOLAR BONE
PROPER
SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR
BONE
CORTICAL PLATE
SPONGY BONE
LAMELLATED BONE
BUNDLE BONE
17.
18. Woven Bone:
• The Woven bone is immature bone or primitive bone.
• It is characterized by a great number, great size and irregular
arrangement of osteocytes.
• Its collagen fibers are irregularly arranged. The great amount of
organic substance and the reduced volume of inorganic material
render this bone more radiolucent than mature bone.
• This bone is finally resorbed and replaced by lamellar bone
19. The Basal Bone
• The basal bone can be defined as that, it is the bone of the facial
skeleton that supports the alveolar bone. Both the alveolar process
and basal bone are covered by the same periosteum.
20. Periosteum and endosteum
• Periosteum: identifiable on the outer surface of the
bone. It consists of two layers; the Outer fibrous
membrane layer and the inner cellular layer.
• The Outer firm fibrous layer made up of collagen and
reticular fibers, blood vessels, and nerves
• The inner layer is an osteogenic layer. presents
adjacent to bone and contains smaller blood vessels and
proliferative cells of bone.
• Endosteum: A membrane lining the Bone marrow
cavity, the Haversian canal, and all the internal cavities
of the bone.
The endosteum consists of a layer of osteoprogenitor cells
and collagenous fibers
The endosteum is noticeably thinner than the periosteum.
21. Alveolar Bone Proper
• Alveolar bone proper consists of a thin lamella of
bone that surrounds the roots of the teeth and gives
attachment to the principal fibers of the periodontal
ligament.
• It is perforated by many openings that carry branches
of the
intra alveolar nerves and blood vessels into the
periodontal ligament, and is called the cribriform plate.
• It consists of
bundle bone
Lamellated bone
Lamellated bone consists of
Concentric lamellae along
with a central blood vessel
form an osteon.
• NOTE : Interdental and interradicular septa have canals
known as canals of “ zukerkandl and hirschfeld”
22. Bundle bone:
It is that part of the alveolar process into which the
fiber bundles of the periodontal ligament insert
Histologically : the term bundle bone is chosen because ---
the bundles of the principal fibers of the periodontal ligament
continue into the bone as Sharpey`s fibers
Sharpey’s fibres are seen perpendicular to the bundle bone.
Radiographic: it is named lamina dura.
It appears more radiopaque due to the presence of thick
bone without trabeculations
Clinically: The lamina dura is an important diagnostic landmark in
determining the health of the periapical tissues. Loss of density
usually means a pathological condition
23.
24. Supporting Alveolar Bone
• It consists of two parts –
• Cortical plates (Outer and inner)
• Spongy bone
Cortical plates:
These are made up of compact bone & form the outer
and inner plates of the alveolar bone.
Cortical bone varies in thickness in different areas.
it is thicker in the mandible than in the maxilla and thicker
in the premolar-molar region than in the anterior.
it consists of Haversion system which is formed of Haversion canals that
run parallel to the long axis of the bone and contain blood vessels.
-Osteocytes in their lacunae are present
-Volkmann's canals connect the haversion canals with the external surface
of the bone and the marrow spaces. While the transverse canals connect
between two haversion canals
27. • Spongy Bone:
• it fills the area between the cortical plates and the alveolar bone proper.
• It contains trabaculae of bone and marrow spaces.
• (It is formed of trabeculae of the bone surrounding the medullary spaces that contain the bone
marrow. The trabeculae are made up of varying numbers of closely adjoining lamellae with lacunae
and osteocytes in between).
• Types of spongy bone (spongiosa) :-
• Type I: the trabeculae are regular and horizontal like a ladder. It is seen most commonly in the
mandible.
• Type II: irregularly arranged delicate and numerous trabeculae. It is seen most commonly in the
maxilla. The spongy bone is very thin or absent in the anterior regions of both jaws.
• Around functionless teeth, the spongy bone shows very wide medullary spaces and
little number of trabeculae.
31. Alveolar Crest
•
The alveolar crest: is the most coronal portion, or the top, of the alveolar process.
• The alveolar crest is often the first portion of the alveolar process that is damaged by periodontal
disease and is therefore the first bone that is lost.
• The shape and position of the crest are dependent on the adjacent teeth.
The alveolar crest is around 1.5 to 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction in a healthy mouth.
32. Internal reconstruction of bone
Bone is a dynamic tissue and is always undergoing changes to adapt to functional forces, mesial
drift, and eruption of teeth.
There is constant formation and resorption of bone. Periods of resorption alternate with
periods of rest and repair.
Incremental lines of bone
Faint line
• These are formed by the rhythmic apposition of bone during bone development.
• This rhythmic apposition, is due to a change of direction of the collagen fibers ( 45 degree ) of
matrix from one layer to another.
Resting line: these lines correspond to the resting period in the process of continuous bone
formation.
Reversal line: when a period of bone resorption is followed by bone formation, a dark line is
seen which separates the new bone from the old bone, . It is scalloped in shape with the
convexity toward the old bone
34. Clinical Considerations
Bones are not inert structures within the human body; they continue to change over
the course of a lifespan.
Through bone remodeling the alveolar bone proper may become displaced in
relation to the remaining alveolar process, thereby allowing tooth movement to take
place.
Interruptions in the continuity of the lamina dura in the apical region of an alveolus
are of diagnostic significance in the radiographic identification of periapical lesions.
Proximity of the alveolar bone to sinus cavities or major nerves (mandibular nerve)
may create problems during tooth extraction or surgical interventions.
Following tooth extraction, the alveolar process tends to resorb.(Lack of mechanical
stimulation: After a tooth is extracted, the normal mechanical stimulation from
chewing and biting that the tooth provided to the surrounding bone is lost. This lack
of loading on the bone can lead to resorption.
Placement of dental implants in the alveolar process, prior to its becoming resorbed,
following tooth extractions will markedly decrease the rate of ridge resorption