Cartilage and bone are types of specialized connective tissue that originate from mesoderm. The main difference is that cartilage is avascular while bone is vascularized. Cartilage contains factors that prevent invasion by blood vessels. Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes suspended in an extracellular matrix, while bone contains osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts involved in formation and resorption of bone tissue.
• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
The document discusses the skeletal system and connective tissues. It covers the definitions of osteology and arthrology, the study of bones and joints. The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments and other connective tissues. Cartilage is weaker but more flexible than bone. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation. The two types of ossification that form bones are intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
This document discusses bones, cartilages, and joints. It describes the composition, types and functions of bones, including long bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It examines bone cells, formation, and healing. The document also details the types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Additionally, it outlines the different types of joints that restrict movement, allow movement, and names some joint abnormalities.
Cartilage is a firm but flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the body, including joints, ribs, spine, ears and nose. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic. Hyaline cartilage is the most common and is found at bone joints and in embryonic skeletons. It provides smooth surfaces and flexibility. Fibrocartilage is strong and found in joints like the meniscus. Elastic cartilage is yellow and found in ears and the epiglottis, providing shape and support to these structures.
Cartilage and bone are types of connective tissue that provide structure and support. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - which are located in various parts of the body like joints, ears, and larynx. Cartilage is made of chondrocytes in an extracellular matrix. Bone develops from cartilage through endochondral ossification and forms directly from mesenchymal tissue through intramembranous ossification. Bones have compact bone, spongy bone, and are remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Common bone disorders occur due to defects in collagen, calcification, or excessive bone turnover.
Cartilage functions to support the body, provide a framework for attachment of muscles, protect underlying tissues, and provide flexibility. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrous - which differ in their fiber composition and density. Hyaline cartilage is the most common and found at joints, nose, trachea, and fetal skeleton. Elastic cartilage is rare but found in ear and epiglottis where its elasticity is important. Fibrous cartilage has strong collagen fibers and acts as a shock absorber in joints, discs, and meniscus.
The document discusses bones and cartilages. It describes the structure and types of cartilage, including elastic, fibrocartilage, and hyaline cartilage. It then covers the gross structure of bones, including compact and cancellous bone. Bone cells like osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes are also discussed. The functions of bone include mechanical support, mineral storage, and endocrine functions. Bone formation occurs through endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The document also outlines different types of bones such as long, short, flat, and irregular bones.
This document summarizes skeletogenic connective tissues, including cartilages and bones. It describes the different types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most common and found in many areas including joints. Cartilage is avascular and receives nutrients through diffusion. Cartilage contains chondrocytes that secrete the extracellular matrix. Bones are composed of bone tissue, periosteum, endosteum, and bone marrow. Bones develop through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are remodeled throughout life by osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
The document discusses the skeletal system and connective tissues. It covers the definitions of osteology and arthrology, the study of bones and joints. The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments and other connective tissues. Cartilage is weaker but more flexible than bone. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation. The two types of ossification that form bones are intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
This document discusses bones, cartilages, and joints. It describes the composition, types and functions of bones, including long bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It examines bone cells, formation, and healing. The document also details the types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Additionally, it outlines the different types of joints that restrict movement, allow movement, and names some joint abnormalities.
Cartilage is a firm but flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the body, including joints, ribs, spine, ears and nose. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic. Hyaline cartilage is the most common and is found at bone joints and in embryonic skeletons. It provides smooth surfaces and flexibility. Fibrocartilage is strong and found in joints like the meniscus. Elastic cartilage is yellow and found in ears and the epiglottis, providing shape and support to these structures.
Cartilage and bone are types of connective tissue that provide structure and support. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - which are located in various parts of the body like joints, ears, and larynx. Cartilage is made of chondrocytes in an extracellular matrix. Bone develops from cartilage through endochondral ossification and forms directly from mesenchymal tissue through intramembranous ossification. Bones have compact bone, spongy bone, and are remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Common bone disorders occur due to defects in collagen, calcification, or excessive bone turnover.
Cartilage functions to support the body, provide a framework for attachment of muscles, protect underlying tissues, and provide flexibility. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrous - which differ in their fiber composition and density. Hyaline cartilage is the most common and found at joints, nose, trachea, and fetal skeleton. Elastic cartilage is rare but found in ear and epiglottis where its elasticity is important. Fibrous cartilage has strong collagen fibers and acts as a shock absorber in joints, discs, and meniscus.
The document discusses bones and cartilages. It describes the structure and types of cartilage, including elastic, fibrocartilage, and hyaline cartilage. It then covers the gross structure of bones, including compact and cancellous bone. Bone cells like osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes are also discussed. The functions of bone include mechanical support, mineral storage, and endocrine functions. Bone formation occurs through endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The document also outlines different types of bones such as long, short, flat, and irregular bones.
This document summarizes skeletogenic connective tissues, including cartilages and bones. It describes the different types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most common and found in many areas including joints. Cartilage is avascular and receives nutrients through diffusion. Cartilage contains chondrocytes that secrete the extracellular matrix. Bones are composed of bone tissue, periosteum, endosteum, and bone marrow. Bones develop through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are remodeled throughout life by osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Development,structure and organization of boneadityachakri
This document provides an overview of bone development, structure, and types. It discusses that bone is a mineralized connective tissue composed of cells and an intercellular matrix. There are two main types of bone tissue: compact bone, which makes up the hard outer surface and is made up of concentric lamellae; and spongy or cancellous bone, which is found in the interior and has a sponge-like appearance. Bone is also classified based on shape into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones. The document outlines the development of bone through two processes: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones; and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage models with bone in
Cartilage is a connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in joints, respiratory airways, and growing bones. It contains type II collagen and proteoglycans that allow it to bear mechanical stress and provide cushioning. Chondrocytes maintain the extracellular matrix by synthesizing its components. Cartilage grows through both interstitial and appositional growth and has limited ability for repair due to its avascular nature.
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue found in various parts of the body like joints, nose, and ears. It is composed of chondrocytes cells embedded in an extracellular matrix rich in collagen fibers and ground substance. Cartilage provides support and resilience to soft tissues. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Cartilage grows through appositional and interstitial growth until late teens when growth stops. In adults, cartilage has limited regenerative abilities. Changes that occur with aging reduce the resilience of cartilage and make it more susceptible to damage.
Cartilage:
Cartilage is a specialized type of dense collective tissue designed to give support , bear weight and withstand tension , torsion , and bending.
General Features :
• Cartilage supports regions of body that requires flexibility.
• Non nervous structure
• Avascular
• Very poor regeneration power
• Usually surrounded by pericondrium (dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage) except fibro cartilage.
Classification:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibro cartilage
Fibro Cartilage :
White colored, tough cartilage containing dense connective tissue and collagen fibers often known as intervertebral discs is called fibro cartilage.
Structure :
Fibro cartilage consists of chondrocytes dispersed among bundles of type 1 collagen fibers.
Chondrocytes are present in lacunae (cavity).
The arrangement of cells is different from all other type of cartilages.
Chondrocytes are arranged in parallel rows of 2, 4 or 6 cells.
These rows of cells are called isogenous cell groups.
Chemical Compounds Present :
Proteoglycans rich in sulphated glucosaminoglycans especially
Chondroiton sulphate
Dermatan sulphate
Stain :
Due to the abundance of collagen type 1 fibers , the matrix of fibrocartilage stains intensely acidophilic/eosinophilic. (since collagen is basic in nature)
Stained by EOSIN which is pink in color.
Chondrocytes are stained in purple usually by HEMATOXYLIN and looks purple in color due to acidic nature of large centeral nucleus present.
Occurrence in body :
Intervertebral disc
Disc of pubic symphysis
Menisci of knee joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Temporomandibular joint
Ligamentum tere
Labrum glenoidale
Labrum acetabulare
Fibrocartilage is also found at places where tendons and ligaments attach to bones.
Disorders:
Degeneration of fibrocartilage is seen in degenerative disc disease.
A fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) is an unusual cause of spinal cord and cerebral ischemia (insufficient bloodsupply). Symptoms may include sudden, severe pain in the neck and/or back; progressive weakening reduced sensation and paralysis. It may be caused by the blocking of an artery interrupting vascular supply.
A herniated disk is a disk that ruptures. This allows the jelly-like center of the disk to leak, irritating the nearby nerves. This can cause sciatica or back pain.
References:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herniateddisk.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3289246
histology by laiq hussaain
10.08.08: Histology - Cartilage/Mature Bone Open.Michigan
This document provides information about cartilage, including its composition, types, structure, and function. It describes cartilage as a firm connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix containing fibers and ground substance. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is further discussed, noting its presence in places like articular surfaces, trachea, and as a template for bone formation. The structure and composition of cartilage matrix is also summarized.
Histology of muscle, cartilage and boneAbdul Ansari
This document discusses the histology of muscle, cartilage, and bone tissues. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to differentiate between the three muscle tissues, identify bone and cartilage cells, and compare features of elastic, hyaline, and fibrocartilage. The characteristics of muscle tissue and the three types - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth - are then described. Finally, the document examines bone histology in more detail, describing cells like osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and their roles in bone formation and resorption. Diagrams are included to illustrate osteons and other bone structures.
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes embedded in an extensive extracellular matrix. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage - which differ in their matrix composition and distribution throughout the body. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and found in joints, providing shock absorption. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers, making it more flexible. Fibrocartilage withstands pulling forces and contains dense collagen fibers. Cartilage forms through condensation of mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts that secrete matrix, developing into the three specialized cartilage types through maturation.
Cartilage is a connective tissue composed of chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix. There are three main types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Cartilage is avascular, non-nervous, and the chondrocytes die when the matrix calcifies. Most cartilage is surrounded by a perichondrium membrane containing chondrogenic cells. Hyaline cartilage is found in locations like the trachea, nose, and larynx where it provides structural support and a low friction surface. Elastic cartilage is more flexible and found in the ear and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage is located at joints and facilitates movement while resisting stress.
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue composed of chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix. It is avascular and provides structure, support, and acts as a shock absorber. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline cartilage found in joints, elastic cartilage in the ear, and fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs. Hyaline cartilage contains collagen type II and glycosaminoglycans that allow it to withstand compression. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers that give it flexibility. Fibrocartilage contains collagen types I and II and connects bones together.
This document discusses cartilage and bone. It defines cartilage as a specialized connective tissue that functions as a supporting or weight-bearing tissue. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bone is a highly vascularized living tissue with a calcified matrix. It provides structure and support for the body. The document outlines the basic components, cells, and structures of both cartilage and bone in detail.
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue found in joints that provides structure and elasticity. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Joints allow bones to articulate and move. The two main types are diarthrodial synovial joints, which have a joint cavity and allow free movement, and synarthrodial joints, which are solid joints with little to no movement. Common synovial joints include hinge joints, pivot joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, and ball and socket joints. Cartilage, synovial fluid, menisci, and other structures work together to provide support, lubrication, and smooth movement between bones.
Bone tissue is a type of specialized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are three main cell types involved in bone tissue: osteoblasts which form new bone, osteocytes embedded in the matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone has two types of internal structures - compact bone which is dense and cancellous bone which is spongy. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout life.
Cartilage is a connective tissue found in many areas of the body including joints, ribs, spine, ears and nose. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant and found covering bone surfaces in joints. It contains chondrocytes and provides smooth, flexible surfaces for movement. Fibrocartilage is strong and found in intervertebral discs, menisci, and healing fractures. It contains collagen fibers. Elastic cartilage is yellow and found in external ears and epiglottis. It contains an elastic fiber network and maintains the shape of structures.
Cartilage and bone are connective tissues that provide structure and support. Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes within a firm matrix, and there are three types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bone tissue contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts embedded within an organic and inorganic matrix. Compact bone contains concentric osteons and interstitial lamellae that maximize strength. Bone develops through intramembranous or endochondral ossification involving cartilage models and growth plates.
This document summarizes the structure and function of cartilage and bone. It describes the main types of cartilage, including hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. It also discusses the cells, matrix, and growth of cartilage. Regarding bone, it outlines the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix, and the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It also summarizes the different types of bone and bone growth processes.
1. Bones are composed of compact and spongy (cancellous) bone.
2. Compact bone makes up the dense outer layers and contains Haversian systems with concentric lamellae and central canals.
3. Cancellous bone is found at the ends of bones and contains trabeculae that form an open, porous structure with bone marrow.
CONTENTS
FORMATION OF BONE
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
STRUCTURE OF BONE
BLOOD SUPPLY
COMPOSITION OF BONE
FRACTURE HEALING
CARTILAGE
TYPES OF CARTILAGE
BONE (syn – Os; Osteon)
Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective
tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)
Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluar
substance
Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
Cartilage and bone are connective tissues that provide structure and support. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, fibro, and elastic - each with different compositions and locations in the body. Bones contain bone tissue as well as other tissues. Bones function to provide structure, protect organs, allow movement via muscle attachment, produce blood cells, and store minerals and energy. There are four classes of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular - with different shapes and locations. Bones grow and remodel through both interstitial and appositional growth.
Cartilage is a connective tissue that provides support and flexibility to various regions of the body. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant and is characterized by chondrocytes embedded in a matrix with collagen fibers and proteoglycans. It is found in locations like the fetal skeleton, nose, and joints. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers that allow for flexibility and is present in the ear and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage consists of thick collagen fibers and is found in joints like the pubic symphysis where it can withstand compressive forces.
This document provides information on specialized connective tissues, including adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone. It describes the structure, function and location of each tissue. Adipose tissue provides thermal insulation and cushioning. There are two types - white adipose stores energy, while brown adipose generates heat. Cartilage provides support and has three types - hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. Bone tissue forms the skeleton and contains osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. Bone can form via intramembranous or endochondral ossification and undergoes remodeling throughout life.
This document discusses the histology and types of cartilage. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in joints and covers bone surfaces. It has chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix made of collagen and proteoglycans. Elastic cartilage is found in the ear and larynx and contains elastic fibers that give it flexibility. Fibrocartilage is a mix of cartilage and dense connective tissue found in intervertebral discs and menisci where strength and flexibility are required. The document also describes cartilage composition, growth, and repair processes.
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Development,structure and organization of boneadityachakri
This document provides an overview of bone development, structure, and types. It discusses that bone is a mineralized connective tissue composed of cells and an intercellular matrix. There are two main types of bone tissue: compact bone, which makes up the hard outer surface and is made up of concentric lamellae; and spongy or cancellous bone, which is found in the interior and has a sponge-like appearance. Bone is also classified based on shape into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones. The document outlines the development of bone through two processes: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones; and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage models with bone in
Cartilage is a connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in joints, respiratory airways, and growing bones. It contains type II collagen and proteoglycans that allow it to bear mechanical stress and provide cushioning. Chondrocytes maintain the extracellular matrix by synthesizing its components. Cartilage grows through both interstitial and appositional growth and has limited ability for repair due to its avascular nature.
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue found in various parts of the body like joints, nose, and ears. It is composed of chondrocytes cells embedded in an extracellular matrix rich in collagen fibers and ground substance. Cartilage provides support and resilience to soft tissues. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Cartilage grows through appositional and interstitial growth until late teens when growth stops. In adults, cartilage has limited regenerative abilities. Changes that occur with aging reduce the resilience of cartilage and make it more susceptible to damage.
Cartilage:
Cartilage is a specialized type of dense collective tissue designed to give support , bear weight and withstand tension , torsion , and bending.
General Features :
• Cartilage supports regions of body that requires flexibility.
• Non nervous structure
• Avascular
• Very poor regeneration power
• Usually surrounded by pericondrium (dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage) except fibro cartilage.
Classification:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibro cartilage
Fibro Cartilage :
White colored, tough cartilage containing dense connective tissue and collagen fibers often known as intervertebral discs is called fibro cartilage.
Structure :
Fibro cartilage consists of chondrocytes dispersed among bundles of type 1 collagen fibers.
Chondrocytes are present in lacunae (cavity).
The arrangement of cells is different from all other type of cartilages.
Chondrocytes are arranged in parallel rows of 2, 4 or 6 cells.
These rows of cells are called isogenous cell groups.
Chemical Compounds Present :
Proteoglycans rich in sulphated glucosaminoglycans especially
Chondroiton sulphate
Dermatan sulphate
Stain :
Due to the abundance of collagen type 1 fibers , the matrix of fibrocartilage stains intensely acidophilic/eosinophilic. (since collagen is basic in nature)
Stained by EOSIN which is pink in color.
Chondrocytes are stained in purple usually by HEMATOXYLIN and looks purple in color due to acidic nature of large centeral nucleus present.
Occurrence in body :
Intervertebral disc
Disc of pubic symphysis
Menisci of knee joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Temporomandibular joint
Ligamentum tere
Labrum glenoidale
Labrum acetabulare
Fibrocartilage is also found at places where tendons and ligaments attach to bones.
Disorders:
Degeneration of fibrocartilage is seen in degenerative disc disease.
A fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) is an unusual cause of spinal cord and cerebral ischemia (insufficient bloodsupply). Symptoms may include sudden, severe pain in the neck and/or back; progressive weakening reduced sensation and paralysis. It may be caused by the blocking of an artery interrupting vascular supply.
A herniated disk is a disk that ruptures. This allows the jelly-like center of the disk to leak, irritating the nearby nerves. This can cause sciatica or back pain.
References:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herniateddisk.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3289246
histology by laiq hussaain
10.08.08: Histology - Cartilage/Mature Bone Open.Michigan
This document provides information about cartilage, including its composition, types, structure, and function. It describes cartilage as a firm connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix containing fibers and ground substance. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is further discussed, noting its presence in places like articular surfaces, trachea, and as a template for bone formation. The structure and composition of cartilage matrix is also summarized.
Histology of muscle, cartilage and boneAbdul Ansari
This document discusses the histology of muscle, cartilage, and bone tissues. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to differentiate between the three muscle tissues, identify bone and cartilage cells, and compare features of elastic, hyaline, and fibrocartilage. The characteristics of muscle tissue and the three types - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth - are then described. Finally, the document examines bone histology in more detail, describing cells like osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and their roles in bone formation and resorption. Diagrams are included to illustrate osteons and other bone structures.
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes embedded in an extensive extracellular matrix. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage - which differ in their matrix composition and distribution throughout the body. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and found in joints, providing shock absorption. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers, making it more flexible. Fibrocartilage withstands pulling forces and contains dense collagen fibers. Cartilage forms through condensation of mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts that secrete matrix, developing into the three specialized cartilage types through maturation.
Cartilage is a connective tissue composed of chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix. There are three main types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Cartilage is avascular, non-nervous, and the chondrocytes die when the matrix calcifies. Most cartilage is surrounded by a perichondrium membrane containing chondrogenic cells. Hyaline cartilage is found in locations like the trachea, nose, and larynx where it provides structural support and a low friction surface. Elastic cartilage is more flexible and found in the ear and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage is located at joints and facilitates movement while resisting stress.
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue composed of chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix. It is avascular and provides structure, support, and acts as a shock absorber. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline cartilage found in joints, elastic cartilage in the ear, and fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs. Hyaline cartilage contains collagen type II and glycosaminoglycans that allow it to withstand compression. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers that give it flexibility. Fibrocartilage contains collagen types I and II and connects bones together.
This document discusses cartilage and bone. It defines cartilage as a specialized connective tissue that functions as a supporting or weight-bearing tissue. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bone is a highly vascularized living tissue with a calcified matrix. It provides structure and support for the body. The document outlines the basic components, cells, and structures of both cartilage and bone in detail.
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue found in joints that provides structure and elasticity. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Joints allow bones to articulate and move. The two main types are diarthrodial synovial joints, which have a joint cavity and allow free movement, and synarthrodial joints, which are solid joints with little to no movement. Common synovial joints include hinge joints, pivot joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, and ball and socket joints. Cartilage, synovial fluid, menisci, and other structures work together to provide support, lubrication, and smooth movement between bones.
Bone tissue is a type of specialized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are three main cell types involved in bone tissue: osteoblasts which form new bone, osteocytes embedded in the matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone has two types of internal structures - compact bone which is dense and cancellous bone which is spongy. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout life.
Cartilage is a connective tissue found in many areas of the body including joints, ribs, spine, ears and nose. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant and found covering bone surfaces in joints. It contains chondrocytes and provides smooth, flexible surfaces for movement. Fibrocartilage is strong and found in intervertebral discs, menisci, and healing fractures. It contains collagen fibers. Elastic cartilage is yellow and found in external ears and epiglottis. It contains an elastic fiber network and maintains the shape of structures.
Cartilage and bone are connective tissues that provide structure and support. Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes within a firm matrix, and there are three types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bone tissue contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts embedded within an organic and inorganic matrix. Compact bone contains concentric osteons and interstitial lamellae that maximize strength. Bone develops through intramembranous or endochondral ossification involving cartilage models and growth plates.
This document summarizes the structure and function of cartilage and bone. It describes the main types of cartilage, including hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. It also discusses the cells, matrix, and growth of cartilage. Regarding bone, it outlines the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix, and the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It also summarizes the different types of bone and bone growth processes.
1. Bones are composed of compact and spongy (cancellous) bone.
2. Compact bone makes up the dense outer layers and contains Haversian systems with concentric lamellae and central canals.
3. Cancellous bone is found at the ends of bones and contains trabeculae that form an open, porous structure with bone marrow.
CONTENTS
FORMATION OF BONE
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
STRUCTURE OF BONE
BLOOD SUPPLY
COMPOSITION OF BONE
FRACTURE HEALING
CARTILAGE
TYPES OF CARTILAGE
BONE (syn – Os; Osteon)
Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective
tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)
Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluar
substance
Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
Cartilage and bone are connective tissues that provide structure and support. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, fibro, and elastic - each with different compositions and locations in the body. Bones contain bone tissue as well as other tissues. Bones function to provide structure, protect organs, allow movement via muscle attachment, produce blood cells, and store minerals and energy. There are four classes of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular - with different shapes and locations. Bones grow and remodel through both interstitial and appositional growth.
Cartilage is a connective tissue that provides support and flexibility to various regions of the body. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant and is characterized by chondrocytes embedded in a matrix with collagen fibers and proteoglycans. It is found in locations like the fetal skeleton, nose, and joints. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers that allow for flexibility and is present in the ear and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage consists of thick collagen fibers and is found in joints like the pubic symphysis where it can withstand compressive forces.
This document provides information on specialized connective tissues, including adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone. It describes the structure, function and location of each tissue. Adipose tissue provides thermal insulation and cushioning. There are two types - white adipose stores energy, while brown adipose generates heat. Cartilage provides support and has three types - hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. Bone tissue forms the skeleton and contains osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. Bone can form via intramembranous or endochondral ossification and undergoes remodeling throughout life.
This document discusses the histology and types of cartilage. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in joints and covers bone surfaces. It has chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix made of collagen and proteoglycans. Elastic cartilage is found in the ear and larynx and contains elastic fibers that give it flexibility. Fibrocartilage is a mix of cartilage and dense connective tissue found in intervertebral discs and menisci where strength and flexibility are required. The document also describes cartilage composition, growth, and repair processes.
This document discusses the histology and types of cartilage. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in joints and covers bone surfaces. It has chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix made of collagen and proteoglycans. Elastic cartilage is found in the ear and larynx and contains elastic fibers that give it flexibility. Fibrocartilage is a mix of cartilage and dense connective tissue found in intervertebral discs and menisci where strength and flexibility are required. The document also describes cartilage composition, growth, and repair processes.
CHONDROBLAST:Progenitor of chondrocytes
Lines border between perichondrium and matrix
Secretes type II collagen and other ECM components
CHONDROCYTE: Mature cartilage cell
Reside in a space called the lacuna
Clear areas = Golgi and lipid droplets,RER
PERICHONDRIUM:Dense irregularly arranged connective tissue
Ensheaths the cartilage
Houses the blood vessels that nourish chondrocytes
CARTILAGE GROWTH:Appositional
Increasing in WIDTH; chondroblasts deposit matrix on surface of pre-existing cartilage
Interstitial
Increasing in LENGTH; chondrocytes divide and secrete matrix from w/in lacunae
Bones are composed of both organic and inorganic components. The inorganic component is mainly calcium and phosphorus in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals. The organic component includes collagen fibers and cells. There are four main cell types in bone: osteoblasts which form new bone, osteocytes embedded in the bone matrix, osteoclasts which resorb bone, and osteoprogenitor cells which differentiate into osteoblasts. Bones develop through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification, which involve the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts and the deposition of bone matrix. Growth plates located near the ends of long bones facilitate bone growth and consist of columns of chondrocytes at
1. The document summarizes the histology of cartilage and bone, describing the different types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. It discusses the composition, structure, and locations of each type.
2. Bone is described as a rigid connective tissue made hard through mineralization. Compact and spongy bone are discussed along with the bone membranes, cells, fibers and ground substance that make up each type.
3. Multiple choice questions are provided to test understanding of key details like cartilage composition and locations, bone cell identification, and vitamin roles in mineral absorption.
Bone tissue is a highly vascular, mineralized connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix. There are three main cell types - osteoblasts which form bone, osteocytes embedded in bone matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone has a gross structure of either compact or cancellous bone and a microstructure of lamellar or woven bone. Bone forms through either intramembraneous or endochondral ossification and is remodeled throughout life by the balanced activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Bones provide structure, protection, calcium storage and leverage for movement. Bone diseases result from issues with formation, mineralization or remodeling.
This document discusses the histology of bone. It describes bone as a specialized connective tissue composed of cells, an organic matrix, and inorganic minerals. The main cell types are osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Bone has two types of tissue - compact bone which is dense, and cancellous or spongy bone found deeper within bones. Microscopically, bone is made up of concentric rings called osteons surrounding central canals, with osteocytes housed in lacunae between lamellae. This detailed structure allows for nutrients and waste exchange to support the living cells.
This document summarizes the key features of cartilage and bone. It describes the main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - and their characteristic cells, extracellular matrix, and fiber components. Hyaline cartilage is found in various locations like the epiphyseal plate and nasal septum. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers and is flexible. Fibrocartilage contains collagen fibers and is found at sites of tendon insertion. Bone is summarized as being either compact or cancellous, and its histological features like osteons, Haversian canals, and lamellae are outlined. The process of endochondral ossification by which cartilage is replaced by bone is also mentioned.
Ossification (Intracartilaginous and Intramembranous)Mohiuddin Masum
Ossification is the process of bone formation. There are two types of ossification: intramembranous ossification and intracartilaginous (endochondral) ossification. In intramembranous ossification, bone is laid down directly in fibrous membranes by osteoblasts differentiating from mesenchymal cells. Bones formed this way include the skull and clavicle. In intracartilaginous ossification, a cartilaginous model is first formed and then replaced by bone. Long bones develop through this process, with osteoblasts eroding and replacing the cartilage matrix.
Alveolar bone forms the sockets that hold teeth and is composed of alveolar bone proper surrounding tooth roots and supporting alveolar bone. It develops during tooth eruption through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Alveolar bone is maintained through remodeling where bone resorption by osteoclasts is followed by bone formation by osteoblasts, regulated by hormones and growth factors to maintain calcium homeostasis.
Bones have several key functions: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. There are four main types of bones based on shape: long, short, flat, and irregular. Bone anatomy includes the diaphysis, epiphysis, growth plate, periosteum, marrow cavity, and endosteum. Bones are supplied by blood vessels that enter through the periosteum and Volkmann's canals. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone made up of concentric osteons, and spongy/cancellous bone made of trabeculae within the marrow cavity. Bone is remodeled throughout life by osteoclasts that resorb bone and osteoblasts that
Alveolar bone forms tooth sockets and provides attachment for the periodontal ligament. It is composed of outer cortical and inner cancellous bone. Osteoblasts form bone matrix containing collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals. Osteoclasts resorb bone. Bone is remodeled through the balanced actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, regulated by hormones and growth factors.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Bones have several important functions in the body including supporting soft tissues, protecting organs, containing bone marrow, and allowing movement. Bones are made up of cells, bone matrix, and mineral deposits. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone. Bones grow and remodel through the actions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Fractures are breaks in the bone that can be classified based on features like displacement. The bone healing process involves hematoma formation, callus development, and bone remodeling over time.
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that forms parts of the skeletal system and provides structure and flexibility. It consists of chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibers and ground substance. Cartilage receives nutrients through diffusion as it lacks direct blood vessels. The main types of cartilage are hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, each containing different matrix components and located in specific parts of the body. Bone is a mineralized connectile tissue that makes up the skeletal system and provides structure, support, and protection. It contains osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and has an organic matrix composed of collagen fibers and ground substance that becomes impregnated with calcium phosphate minerals.
This document provides information on the histology of cartilage. It discusses the different types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. It describes their microscopic appearance, including the arrangement of cells and matrix. Key points are highlighted for each cartilage type. Locations of different cartilages in the body are also listed. The document concludes with some clinical applications and references.
2. CARTILAGE & BONE
• Cartilage & bone are examples of specialized
connective tissue
• Both originate from mesoderm and
mesenchyme
• The major difference is that cartilage is
avascular while bone is vascularized
• Cartilage contains an antiangiogenesis factor
that prevents invasion of the tissue by blood
vessels
3. CARTILAGE
• Like all connective tissue, cartilage is composed of
cells, intercellular space called ground substance or
intercellular matrix and fibers – (collagen)
• The cells of cartilage are chondrocytes
• Chondrocytes originate from stellate shaped
mesenchymal cells.
• Mesenchymal cells round up and differentiate into
chondroblasts
• Chondroblasts synthesize the intercellular matrix
4. CARTILAGE
• When chondroblasts surround themselves
with the intercellular matrix, they become less
active and are called chondrocytes
• In fact, when the chondroblasts become
entrapped in small areas of the intercellular
matrix called lacunae – literally small lakes
5. Appearance Of Cartilage
Consists of round cells suspended in an
extracellular matrix
When fixed, round cells shrink and pull away
from matrix
Resultant “empty” space is called a lacuna,
appearing as a halo or crescent around the
remnants of the cell
Avascular
6.
7. Cartilage Types
•Cartilage is classified by the components of the matrix
•Hyaline (very smooth like a lake)
• no apparent fibers in the matrix
•eg. articular cartilages
•Elastic
•presence of elastic fibers in the matrix
•eg. pinna of ear
•Fibrous
presence of an abundance of type I collagen
bundles
eg. intervertebral discs
8. Cartilage Matrix
•Contains:
•hyaluronic acid
•chondroitin sulfate
•keratan sulfate –
•elastin in elastic cartilage
•type II collagen
•type 1 collagen in fibrocartilage
9. CARTILAGE MATRIX
• The extracellular matrix consists of fibers and
an amorphous ground substance
• Fibers are collagen Type II, elastic and reticular
• Ground Substance is composed of GAGs of the
proteoglycans
• Hyaluronic Acid
• Chondroitin sulfate **
• Keratan sulfate
10. Cartilage Growth & Formation
Interstitial
Chondrocytes divide
secrete matrix, and
are pushed apart by the matrix
A positional
catilage surrounded by perichondrium
innermost layer of cells = chondroblasts
secrete matrix materials which are added
on to edge of existent cartilage
11.
12.
13. GROWTH OF CARTILAGE
• Interstitial Growth – literally from within –
chondrocytes undergo mitosis within the
lacunae. There are long rows of chondrocytes
formed called isogenous clusters. Growth in
length of a piece of cartilage is by interstitial
growth
• Appositional Growth – New cartilage cells and
interstitial matrix are added onto the surface
of a piece of cartilage
14. GROWTH OF CARTILAGE
• Appositional Growth continued –
• Cartilage is covered by a connective tissue investment called
the perichondrium
• The perichondrium consists of two layers, a cellular layer
immediately adjacent to the piece of cartilage & a fibrous
layer located more superficially
• The inner cellular layer contains undifferentiated
mesenchymal cells that continue to differentiate into
chondroblasts and slowly add themselves and the matrix that
they produce to the surface of the piece of cartilage
• Blood vessels contained within the perichondruim represent
the source of nutrients that diffuse through the ground
substance to maintain the chondrocytes
15. CARTILAGE MATRIX
• The highest concentration of newly synthesized
GAGs is in the matrix immediately surrounding the
chondroblast or chondrocyte
• Bound Water – Chondroblasts and chondrocytes
receive their nutrients by diffusion through the
water component & if this life line is compromised,
the cells will die
• Because cartilage can do quite well in an avascular
environment, when a piece breaks off, it has no
trouble surviving and can live for years. It has to be
removed surgically
24. CALCIFICATION OF CARTILAGE
• As we shall see in a later lecture, a normal
process called endochondral ossification in
hyaline cartilage models of the long bones in a
fetus and in an area of bone called the
epiphyseal growth plate is a mechanism of
bone formation.
• For now, we shall just look at bone and
compare it to cartilage
25. TERMS
Macroscopic
Compact - solid chunk of bone
Trabecular = Spongy = Cancellous
meshwork of bony spicules
Microscopic
Immature = Woven – all bone starts out as immature
irregular arrangement of fibers in matrix
Mature = Lamellar
layered arrangement of fibers in matrix – tree trunk
26.
27.
28.
29. BONE
• Again like all connective tissue, bone consists
of cells, fibers and intercellular matrix
• Bone like cartilage is invested with a
connective tissue covering called the
periosteum.
• The periosteum contains an outer fibrous
layer and an inner cellular layer
30. BONE
• Within the inner cellular layer, there are small spindle-shaped
cells (mesenchymal cells). These are the osteoprogenitor cells.
• Within the inner aspect of the fibrous layer, there are
osteoprogenitor cells.
• Osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts occupy this layer and
it is called the osteogenic layer.
• There are also osteoclasts present in the osteogenic layer.
• Osteoprogenitor cells can undergo malignant transformation.
This disease is osteogenic sarcoma.
31. BONE CELLS
• Osteoblasts – differentiate from the mesenchymal
cells but UNLIKE the chondroblasts, osteoblasts
retain their stellate shape and are found on the
surface of a developing spicule of bone
• Osteoblasts make collagen Type I fibers and ground
substance
• Ground Substance contains GAGs, glycoproteins and
osteonectin which anchors mineral components to
collagen fibers & osteocalcin, a calcium-binding
protein
32. BONE CELLS
• Immature bone (before it is calcified) is called osteoid and
consists of collagen fibers and ground substance
• Mineralization involves deposition of many different minerals
to hydroxyapatite crystals Ca 10(PO4) 6(OH) 3
• Vitamin C is necessary for the osteoblast to synthesize
osteoid, i.e. make collagen and is also necessary for fracture
repair
• Vitamin D is necessary for proper intestinal absorption of
calcium, defect results in rickets in children and osteomalacia
in adults. Excess causes bone resorption
• Vitamin A deficiency inhibits bone formation and growth
while excess causes a faster rate of ossification of the
epiphyseal growth plates. Both deficiency and excess cause
small stature
33. Mineralization of bone
Incresed concentrations of Ca and PO ions in the
local matrix are brought about by:
binding of Ca by osteocalcin increases local
concentration
osteoblasts stimulated to secrete alkaline
phosphatase
alkaline phosphatase => increased Ca
accumulation
34.
35. BONE CELLS
Osteocytes – As osteoblasts make and secrete
osteoid around themselves, they get trapped
& surrounded by matrix (like falling into
cement with arms and legs extended). Since
they retain their stellate shape,the matrix
hardens around the cytoplasmic processes
forming tiny tunnels called caniculi where the
cell processes remain
36. BONE CELLS
• Once the cells are trapped in their lacunae, they are called osteocytes
• The cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes communicate with each other
within the caniculi via gap junctions
• The osteocyte is quite metabolically inactive although some activity does
occur
• Osteocytes occupy the most but not the entire lacuna
• They have densely stained small irregular nuclei
• Osteocytes in their lacunae are surrounded by extracellular fluid called
“bone fluid”
• May be different composition from extracellular fluid of other tissues
perhaps due to surface osteocytes & osteoblasts forming some type of
“membrane” or barrier that separated bone fluid from other tissue fluids
37. BONE CELLS – HORMONAL INFLUENCES
• Hormonal control of Calcium Homeostasis
• In times of low plasma Calcium, parathyroid hormone is released from the
parathyroid glands
• Parathyroid hormone interacts with receptors on osteoclasts and
osteocytes to cause calcium to be released from bone – done through
mediation of osteoclast-stimulating factor. Excess PTH resulte in bone
being more susceptible to fracture
• Calcitonin- produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid - when blood levels
of calcium are normal or high, calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland
causing calcium to be absorbed and deposited into bone – does so by
eliminating the ruffled border of the osteoclasts
• Pituitary Growth Hormone – stimulates overall growth – epiphyseal plates.
Overproduction results in gigantism and deficiency in dwarfism
38. BONE CELLS
• Osteoclasts – these are derived from the peripheral blood monocyte and as such
are part of the monocyte phagocyte system
• Large, multinucleated,giant cells formed by the fusion of several monocytes
• Major resorbers of bone matrix
• Found in depressions on the bone surface called Howship’s lacunae
• Contain a ruffled border on the resorptive surface, many mitochindria, Golgi
bodies, vesicles & RER
• Clear Zone surrounds the ruffeled border and contains microfilaments which help
osteoclasts maintain contact with the bony surface and also isolates the
osteoclastic activity
• Vesicular Zone – exocytotic vesicles that transfer the lysosomal enzymes to the
Howship’s Lacula & endocytotic vesicles that transfer degraded bone products
from Howship Lacula to the ingerof the cell
• Basal Area- located on the side of the cell opposite the ruffled border – contains
most of the organelles
Non-dividing but DNA synthesis does occur
39. Cells of bone
Osteoprogenitor cells
derived from stem cells of mesenchyme
triggered to become osteoblast
Osteoblasts
appears as a single layer of cuboidal cells lying
on surface of developing bone
exocytose alkaline phosphatase rich, membrane
bound matrix vesicles that are involved in
mineralization of the matrix
40. Cells of bone (continued)
Osteocytes
mature bone cell trapped in lacunae in matrix
processes contact those of other osteocytes and
osteoblasts, joined by gap junctions
Osteoclasts
large, multinucleated cells found in depressions
on the surface of the bone
cells release hydrolytic enzymes that degrade
the bone matrix
41. BONE RESORPTION
• Osteoclasts secrete acid – decalcifies surface
layer of bone
• Acid hydrolases, collagenases degrade the
organic portion of bone
• Osteoclasts resorb the organic and inorganic
residues of the bone matrix and release them
into connective tissue capillaries.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48. Lamellae
Circumferential
lining or circling the marrow or outer
surface of the bone respectively
Concentric
arranged in concentric circles around the
Haversion canal
Interstitial
short arcs in spaces between Haversion
systems
49. COMPACT BONE
• Outer & Inner circumferential lamellae are produced
by the periosteum and endosteum and encircle the
outer and inner aspects of the bone
• Haversian lamellae are found between the outer and
inner circumferential lamellae
• Haversian lamellae form concentric rings around a
small canal containing blood vessels and nerves – the
canal is called the Haversian Canal and represents
the vascular system of the bone
50. COMPACT BONE
• One Haversian system is also known as an osteon
and is separated from other Haversian systems by a
cement line
• Each lamella is connected to another by the
canaliculi and ultimately with the periosteum and
endosteum
• In this manner the innermost osteocytes maintain a
connection with the circulatory system. If the system
breaks down, the osteocytes die and so does that
portion of bone
51.
52. SPONGY BONE
• This is also mature bone
• Unlike compact bone, spongy bone is merely
spicules covered by endosteum
• Bone marrow is present between spicules
• Found in flat bones of skull
Jelly like and a foam like. Blood is window to whats going on in bodyHigh oxiproline in urine means what.Low RBC – anemiaClinical… bone level too high too low.
Cartilage is avascular.
Chondo = cartlageBlast is undifferetaited cell that has capacity to divide and doa bunch of stuff. Too much blast cells is not a good thing
Making intercellular matrix. In connective tissue, cells were scattered. But here as they push apart they get trapped in a depression – lacunae, very distinct to indetify. Once in here they become chondrocytes.
A is extra cellualr tissueB is thelacunaue… holes are lacunaueShrunken dot in the middle is the chondrocyte. Look at the 3 in a row.. Area wherchondrocytes are dividing. Interstitial growth
Cartilage = HEFEar is flexible so elasticFibrous where you need resistance to stress… main place is intersdiscs
Sulfate highly charged and they hold water.. Therefor very flexible bc has high water content.
Even though pushed apart your going to see lines of cells. Interstitial. Outer layer in fibrousInner is undif cells and chondroblasts. Push outwards.. That’s how they grow
Ch is lacunea, bottom is fibrous layer, cells has big nucleus,, its making intercellualr matrix and push furhter and further away from each other. notice the 3 chondrocytes lined up.. Interstitial growth is the division of the chondrocytes… Bottom bottom is fibroblasts which come from mesenchyme. P for perichondorium
Perichondrium is the bottom p.. White area is where new chondroblasts are becoming chondrocytes… deeper stain is chondrocytes… rows are called isogenis clusters. Never see isogenis clusters in bone. Only in cartilage
Mitotic division within lacunaeGrowth in width appositional.. Growth in length interstitial
Things diffuse through watery intercelleluar matrix
Nuetrophils move into damaged area and gobble things up as well as macrophages. Macrophage come from blood cells. Cart is avascular. So if you break chunk of cartilage these cells arent coming in there to clean it or attack.. Must be removed surgically if bad cartilage infected. Cartilage avascular
This is cartilage. Spread apart cells in lacunae. Dot is shrunken chondrcytes.No fibers so its hyaline - smooth lake
Hs fibers… so its fibrous cartilage.. Def not a smooth lake
Elastic cartilageStains blueish? Notice the dark distinct elastic bands
Cartilage - fibrous
Isogenis clusters so its cartilage. Has fibers.. Fibrous cartilage.. Again. it doesn’t look like a smooth lake
Fibrous cartilage.. Isogenis clusters chondrocytes.Type 1 collagen fibers, lots of it
Zoomed in.. Lots of collagen
Bone is little more complex
Now were going to compare bone to cartilage. Compact and trabceluar are mature bone.
Shaft is long part and is compact… all is mature bone… ends are trabecular and spongy
Compact is outside… right side is trabecular.. Very easy to see. Inside eeventualy develops into mature bone
Outside is compact
Osteum = boneInner layer will have osteoblast . Made from primitive mesenchyme…. Pushed out. Trapped in lacuna..
Mesen . Osteoprogenitro. Osteoblast. And osteoclast= final product and is a macrophage.
Type 1 forms a meshwork. Holes. Bone is vascularHoles is where calcification takes place.Vesicles occupy the holes in the spongy bones. Contain chemicals to aattract calcium phosphate and GAG. Very hard so no diffusion. Not wateryOsteoblast make matrix type 1 collagen fibers. cell retain shape. So osteocyte remains stellate shapePeriosteum (bottom layer) will have lots of vascules. But osteocytes need nutrients. One communicates with other via gap junction within a deep lacunaeOsteoide – immature bone not yet calcified. Need vitamin c for effective cross linking of callogen , if not then you will have deformed bone. Sailors had bone defects after cruise. Cure was limes
Osteocyte.. When trappe din lacuna.Chondrocyte.. When trapped in lacuna
Osteocyte are metabolically active
Bone – major storage of calciumWhen calcium gets too high, c cells turn off parathyroid hormone and put calcium back into bone. C cell – calcium homeostasis. C for calcitonin
Osteoclast. Like cleaners.ruffles like octopuses. Attach to bony surface. Contain lysosomal enzymes and degrade the bone.
Stem cells – osteoblast – osteocytesKnow vitamins A D and C and causes of definciency.
Know this cartoon.. Mitochondria.. Needs a lot of energy. Ruffle border.. Right side is the bone. With enough calium in bone it stops the mobilzation of calcium (also on the right)
Know this.
Arrow is pointing to osteoclasts.
Forget this. skipped
Mature bone.. No pattern .. Lighter area is decalcified. Circular thing on top is a lamella araranged around a abversino canal … circle is lamellar bone
Bone when it is not decalcified… osteocytes appear dark.. Canaliculi are the lines coming out of them and they are used in communication with each other. Compact bone
Structures that bear weight of entire building = same principal of the bone.
Picture same as 5 slides back. Blood vesel enters the bone and hits the hoversioncanals.from top view hoversion systems travel through entire length of the bone.
immature bone.
Capilaries inside hoversion canal. Dark dots are ostecytes in lacuna. Hoversion system is the entire citcle. Osteocytes all communicate with each other and ultimaltely the hoversion canal. (ges closer and closer)… then eventuauly down the canal to the peristeum. When osteocytes die the bone dies
Osteon = one hoversion system
Canaliculie for communication
Osteon in decalcified … cant stain a bone, cant get dye in
This is not the for picture …Immature bone = woven bone
Bone is very light but very strong. Compact bone along the shaft of the bone.
Fracture repair . Area of fracture has a clot. Will see a small black and blue..First – blood clot bc disrupted ciculation in hoversion system and osteocytes will die. And that portion of bone will die.. Still have periosteum. Fibroblast from periosteum invade clot and make grandulation tissue (that’s why u line up bone ) to bridge where the clot is. Hemorage is site of blood clot. Callous becomes cartilage and later replaced by bone. Need calcification (to harden it). Get spongy bone and then eventualy compact bone. Will only happen once patient starts walking (stress on the area)
Bone formation. Cartilage model in the embryo… bottom left is how we are born .First blue area on top are blood vessels and creat beginning of the shaft. Bone grows from the blue lines (growth plate) . Maintained from embryonic state up until the end of puberty. Next few slides on growth plates. shaft will be compact lamellar bone. Notice the artery and vein
This is Whats going on at growth plate. This is still cartilage . Pushes ends apart (interstitialy)Noticeisogenis clusters. (interstitial growth) area of proliferation. Then mitosis stops.. Cells get larger in the lacuna(hypertrophy). Chondrocytes will be starved of nutrients (will die) and be replaced by osteoblasts (which will make these bony spicules. Osteoblast and clasts lining at bottom