This document provides an overview of bone and skeletal development. It discusses [1] the initiation of cartilage formation through mesenchymal cell condensation and signaling, [2] the maturation of chondrocytes within the cartilage template, and [3] the replacement of cartilage by bone through endochondral ossification. It also covers [4] the factors controlling bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts, which maintain bone homeostasis. Additional topics include [5] bone repair during fracture healing and [6] joint formation through segmentation of skeletal elements.
10.13.08: Histology - Bone Formation and Remodeling Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Musculoskeletal Sequence
View additional course materials from Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Muscu
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the structure and function of bones. It describes that bones are composed of cells embedded in a calcified matrix. The main cell types are osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes. Bone has two types of osseous tissue - compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone has concentric lamellae surrounding Haversian canals, while spongy bone has a more porous structure. Bones provide structure, protection, enable movement and store minerals. Remodeling and modeling allow bones to adapt throughout life.
The presentation include general definition of bone and it's functions. Also, describe the chemical composition of bone and then specifically describe alveolar process.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue containing cells called chondrocytes that secrete an extracellular matrix. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - each with different compositions and locations in the body. Growth plate fractures often result from sprains and strains in growing children and involve the growth plates located at the ends of long bones.
The document summarizes key aspects of the skeletal system. It describes the two types of bone tissue as compact bone and spongy bone. It explains the structure of long bones as having an epiphysis, diaphysis and medullary cavity. There are two types of ossification - intramembranous which forms flat bones, and endochondral which forms most other bones from hyaline cartilage models. Postnatal bone growth occurs through longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal plate and appositional growth increasing bone width.
10.13.08: Histology - Bone Formation and Remodeling Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Musculoskeletal Sequence
View additional course materials from Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Muscu
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the structure and function of bones. It describes that bones are composed of cells embedded in a calcified matrix. The main cell types are osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes. Bone has two types of osseous tissue - compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone has concentric lamellae surrounding Haversian canals, while spongy bone has a more porous structure. Bones provide structure, protection, enable movement and store minerals. Remodeling and modeling allow bones to adapt throughout life.
The presentation include general definition of bone and it's functions. Also, describe the chemical composition of bone and then specifically describe alveolar process.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue containing cells called chondrocytes that secrete an extracellular matrix. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - each with different compositions and locations in the body. Growth plate fractures often result from sprains and strains in growing children and involve the growth plates located at the ends of long bones.
The document summarizes key aspects of the skeletal system. It describes the two types of bone tissue as compact bone and spongy bone. It explains the structure of long bones as having an epiphysis, diaphysis and medullary cavity. There are two types of ossification - intramembranous which forms flat bones, and endochondral which forms most other bones from hyaline cartilage models. Postnatal bone growth occurs through longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal plate and appositional growth increasing bone width.
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue containing cells called chondrocytes that secrete an extracellular matrix. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - each with different compositions and locations in the body. Growth plates are areas of cartilage at the ends of long bones that allow for bone growth in children through endochondral ossification as cartilage is replaced by bone.
This document discusses bone structure and fracture healing. It describes how bones are composed of minerals and store calcium, phosphate and magnesium. The periosteum and endosteum are important sources of bone forming cells. There are two types of bone tissue - compact bone which is dense and cortical, and sponge bone which is cancellous and located in the marrow cavity. Woven bone is immature bone tissue with randomly arranged collagen fibers, while lamellar bone is mature bone composed of concentric layers. Fractures heal through stimulation of the periosteum and endosteum, which results in new bone formation.
Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. The human skeleton typically contains 206 bones and is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles). Bones come in long, short, flat, irregular, pneumatic, and sesamoid shapes. They develop from membrane, cartilage, or a combination. Bones contain osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Structurally, bones have an outer periosteum layer, inner cortical bone, and a medullary cavity. Long bones have a diaphysis shaft and epiphyses ends. Cartilage contains chondrocy
This document provides an overview of bone anatomy, physiology, and pathology. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
- Bone is composed of inorganic minerals (hydroxyapatite crystals) and organic collagen fibers, which provide strength and allow bone to withstand compression and tension. Bone develops through two processes: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Bone remodeling is a continuous process where old bone is resorbed and new bone is formed, enabling calcium homeostasis and repair of microdamage.
Cartilage and bone are composed of different types of cells and matrices. Cartilage includes hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage which are distinguished by their matrix composition and distributions in different parts of the body. Bone provides structure, protection and acts as a calcium reservoir. Bones are classified based on their shape, development, and location in the body. The histology of long bones includes a periosteum, cortex, endosteum, marrow cavity, and epiphyses at each end. Bone cells include osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts which play different roles in bone formation and resorption.
This document discusses the structure and development of mineralized tissues including bone, cartilage, dentin, and enamel. It describes the cells involved in bone formation including osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and odontoblasts. The major types of bones are defined as well as the microscopic structure, chemical composition, and development of bones. Cartilage structure and types are also outlined. The roles of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in calcium regulation are mentioned along with bone remodeling processes.
This document summarizes key aspects of bone pathology. It identifies the main functions of bone tissue as support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, hematopoiesis, and storage. It describes the different shapes of bones and provides details on bone anatomy including diaphysis, epiphysis, growth plate, metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum, and blood and nerve supply. It explains the structure of compact and spongy bone, osteons, bone cells, and bone formation through intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
This document discusses the structure and composition of bones and cartilages. It describes how bones develop through intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are composed of organic and inorganic materials. Bones can be classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. The microscopic anatomy includes the haversian system. Cartilage includes hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bones and cartilages are continually remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue found in various parts of the body like joints, nose, and ears. It is composed of chondrocytes cells embedded in an extracellular matrix rich in collagen fibers and ground substance. Cartilage provides support and resilience to soft tissues. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Cartilage grows through appositional and interstitial growth until late teens when growth stops. In adults, cartilage has limited regenerative abilities. Changes that occur with aging reduce the resilience of cartilage and make it more susceptible to damage.
Pathology of the Musculoskeletal Muscles (Elaborate)MBBS Help
This document discusses the pathology of musculoskeletal system diseases, focusing on fracture healing and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It describes the process of fracture healing, including primary and secondary union and complications. It then covers the etiology, morphology, and histological features of RA, including diffuse proliferative synovitis, pannus formation, and extra-articular lesions like rheumatoid nodules. It notes that RA typically involves small joints symmetrically and discusses different forms like juvenile RA.
Alveolar bone by Dr yamini Unni pg periodontics. amrita institute of medical...Yamini Unni
1. Alveolar bone forms the sockets that house the roots of teeth and anchors them in place. It is composed of living cells embedded in a mineralized matrix.
2. Osteoblasts lay down and mineralize the organic bone matrix to form osteoid. Some osteoblasts become trapped in the bone matrix and transform into osteocytes.
3. Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells that resorb bone tissue. They are formed from precursor cells under the influence of RANKL and M-CSF secreted by osteoblasts. RANKL binds to RANK on osteoclast precursors and promotes their differentiation.
The skeletal system has several key functions including supporting the body, protecting organs, and enabling movement. It is composed of bones and cartilage that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, ribs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs, shoulders, pelvis). The muscular system works with the skeletal system and is composed of bundles of muscle fibers that contract to enable movement. When a force exceeds a bone's strength, it can fracture and diseases like osteoporosis and arthritis can also affect the skeletal system.
Bone is a composite material formed mostly of calcium phosphate. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone. Cortical bone accounts for 80% of the total bone mass in the adult skeleton. There are two processes of bone formation: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones of the skull, and endochondral ossification which forms most other bones through a cartilage model. Bone is constantly remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts which build bone and osteoclasts which break it down.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of bone structure and formation. It discusses the two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones of the skull directly from mesenchymal tissue, while endochondral ossification involves cartilage models that are later replaced by bone. Bone cells, blood supply, composition and fracture healing are also summarized. The document classifications bones by shape, developmental origin, and microscopic and macroscopic structure.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
CONTENTS
FORMATION OF BONE
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
STRUCTURE OF BONE
BLOOD SUPPLY
COMPOSITION OF BONE
FRACTURE HEALING
CARTILAGE
TYPES OF CARTILAGE
BONE (syn – Os; Osteon)
Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective
tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)
Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluar
substance
Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
This document discusses the anatomy of bone, including its structure, function, classification, development, and blood supply. It describes bone as a composite connective tissue made up of organic components like bone cells and collagen and inorganic components like calcium crystals. It classifies bone tissue into woven bone, lamellar bone, cortical bone, and cancellous bone. Bone development occurs through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification. Finally, it outlines the dynamic process of bone remodeling carried out by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and the blood supply to bone.
The document discusses how people in the 21st century are defined more by what they share than what they own. It proposes creating an online environment called "Your Professional Footprint" connected to the school's website where students and graduates can develop their professional brand and networks by sharing work, research, ideas and experiences. This would allow learning to extend beyond courses and help nurture long-term connections between students, graduates and the school.
Changing The Social Context of Peer Victimizationkrriel
The WITS Programs aim to reduce peer victimization through a comprehensive, community-based approach. Two evaluations found that rates of physical and relational victimization declined more in schools implementing WITS compared to control schools. While initial victimization reports were higher in WITS schools, possibly due to increased awareness, peer support did not differ between groups. Teachers rated children in WITS schools as having higher social responsibility at each time point. Overall, WITS was found to effectively reduce peer victimization through involving community champions and consistently teaching peaceful conflict resolution across settings.
This document provides an outline for a lesson on structures of government. It defines the three main structures as unitary, where the national level has most power; confederate, where states have most power; and federal, where power is shared between national, state, and local levels. The lesson will have students review Pennsylvania's 1776 constitution, learn about the three structures through a lecture and worksheet, and discuss how the U.S. government's structure evolved from the Articles of Confederation to the current federal system.
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue containing cells called chondrocytes that secrete an extracellular matrix. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - each with different compositions and locations in the body. Growth plates are areas of cartilage at the ends of long bones that allow for bone growth in children through endochondral ossification as cartilage is replaced by bone.
This document discusses bone structure and fracture healing. It describes how bones are composed of minerals and store calcium, phosphate and magnesium. The periosteum and endosteum are important sources of bone forming cells. There are two types of bone tissue - compact bone which is dense and cortical, and sponge bone which is cancellous and located in the marrow cavity. Woven bone is immature bone tissue with randomly arranged collagen fibers, while lamellar bone is mature bone composed of concentric layers. Fractures heal through stimulation of the periosteum and endosteum, which results in new bone formation.
Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. The human skeleton typically contains 206 bones and is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles). Bones come in long, short, flat, irregular, pneumatic, and sesamoid shapes. They develop from membrane, cartilage, or a combination. Bones contain osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Structurally, bones have an outer periosteum layer, inner cortical bone, and a medullary cavity. Long bones have a diaphysis shaft and epiphyses ends. Cartilage contains chondrocy
This document provides an overview of bone anatomy, physiology, and pathology. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
- Bone is composed of inorganic minerals (hydroxyapatite crystals) and organic collagen fibers, which provide strength and allow bone to withstand compression and tension. Bone develops through two processes: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Bone remodeling is a continuous process where old bone is resorbed and new bone is formed, enabling calcium homeostasis and repair of microdamage.
Cartilage and bone are composed of different types of cells and matrices. Cartilage includes hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage which are distinguished by their matrix composition and distributions in different parts of the body. Bone provides structure, protection and acts as a calcium reservoir. Bones are classified based on their shape, development, and location in the body. The histology of long bones includes a periosteum, cortex, endosteum, marrow cavity, and epiphyses at each end. Bone cells include osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts which play different roles in bone formation and resorption.
This document discusses the structure and development of mineralized tissues including bone, cartilage, dentin, and enamel. It describes the cells involved in bone formation including osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and odontoblasts. The major types of bones are defined as well as the microscopic structure, chemical composition, and development of bones. Cartilage structure and types are also outlined. The roles of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in calcium regulation are mentioned along with bone remodeling processes.
This document summarizes key aspects of bone pathology. It identifies the main functions of bone tissue as support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, hematopoiesis, and storage. It describes the different shapes of bones and provides details on bone anatomy including diaphysis, epiphysis, growth plate, metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum, and blood and nerve supply. It explains the structure of compact and spongy bone, osteons, bone cells, and bone formation through intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
This document discusses the structure and composition of bones and cartilages. It describes how bones develop through intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are composed of organic and inorganic materials. Bones can be classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. The microscopic anatomy includes the haversian system. Cartilage includes hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bones and cartilages are continually remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue found in various parts of the body like joints, nose, and ears. It is composed of chondrocytes cells embedded in an extracellular matrix rich in collagen fibers and ground substance. Cartilage provides support and resilience to soft tissues. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Cartilage grows through appositional and interstitial growth until late teens when growth stops. In adults, cartilage has limited regenerative abilities. Changes that occur with aging reduce the resilience of cartilage and make it more susceptible to damage.
Pathology of the Musculoskeletal Muscles (Elaborate)MBBS Help
This document discusses the pathology of musculoskeletal system diseases, focusing on fracture healing and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It describes the process of fracture healing, including primary and secondary union and complications. It then covers the etiology, morphology, and histological features of RA, including diffuse proliferative synovitis, pannus formation, and extra-articular lesions like rheumatoid nodules. It notes that RA typically involves small joints symmetrically and discusses different forms like juvenile RA.
Alveolar bone by Dr yamini Unni pg periodontics. amrita institute of medical...Yamini Unni
1. Alveolar bone forms the sockets that house the roots of teeth and anchors them in place. It is composed of living cells embedded in a mineralized matrix.
2. Osteoblasts lay down and mineralize the organic bone matrix to form osteoid. Some osteoblasts become trapped in the bone matrix and transform into osteocytes.
3. Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells that resorb bone tissue. They are formed from precursor cells under the influence of RANKL and M-CSF secreted by osteoblasts. RANKL binds to RANK on osteoclast precursors and promotes their differentiation.
The skeletal system has several key functions including supporting the body, protecting organs, and enabling movement. It is composed of bones and cartilage that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, ribs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs, shoulders, pelvis). The muscular system works with the skeletal system and is composed of bundles of muscle fibers that contract to enable movement. When a force exceeds a bone's strength, it can fracture and diseases like osteoporosis and arthritis can also affect the skeletal system.
Bone is a composite material formed mostly of calcium phosphate. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone. Cortical bone accounts for 80% of the total bone mass in the adult skeleton. There are two processes of bone formation: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones of the skull, and endochondral ossification which forms most other bones through a cartilage model. Bone is constantly remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts which build bone and osteoclasts which break it down.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of bone structure and formation. It discusses the two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones of the skull directly from mesenchymal tissue, while endochondral ossification involves cartilage models that are later replaced by bone. Bone cells, blood supply, composition and fracture healing are also summarized. The document classifications bones by shape, developmental origin, and microscopic and macroscopic structure.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
CONTENTS
FORMATION OF BONE
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
STRUCTURE OF BONE
BLOOD SUPPLY
COMPOSITION OF BONE
FRACTURE HEALING
CARTILAGE
TYPES OF CARTILAGE
BONE (syn – Os; Osteon)
Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective
tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)
Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluar
substance
Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
This document discusses the anatomy of bone, including its structure, function, classification, development, and blood supply. It describes bone as a composite connective tissue made up of organic components like bone cells and collagen and inorganic components like calcium crystals. It classifies bone tissue into woven bone, lamellar bone, cortical bone, and cancellous bone. Bone development occurs through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification. Finally, it outlines the dynamic process of bone remodeling carried out by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and the blood supply to bone.
The document discusses how people in the 21st century are defined more by what they share than what they own. It proposes creating an online environment called "Your Professional Footprint" connected to the school's website where students and graduates can develop their professional brand and networks by sharing work, research, ideas and experiences. This would allow learning to extend beyond courses and help nurture long-term connections between students, graduates and the school.
Changing The Social Context of Peer Victimizationkrriel
The WITS Programs aim to reduce peer victimization through a comprehensive, community-based approach. Two evaluations found that rates of physical and relational victimization declined more in schools implementing WITS compared to control schools. While initial victimization reports were higher in WITS schools, possibly due to increased awareness, peer support did not differ between groups. Teachers rated children in WITS schools as having higher social responsibility at each time point. Overall, WITS was found to effectively reduce peer victimization through involving community champions and consistently teaching peaceful conflict resolution across settings.
This document provides an outline for a lesson on structures of government. It defines the three main structures as unitary, where the national level has most power; confederate, where states have most power; and federal, where power is shared between national, state, and local levels. The lesson will have students review Pennsylvania's 1776 constitution, learn about the three structures through a lecture and worksheet, and discuss how the U.S. government's structure evolved from the Articles of Confederation to the current federal system.
Watershed modeling can help assess the impacts of increased population, tourism, and land use changes on the Puerto Galera watersheds in the Philippines. Modeling the Balatero and Aninuan watersheds shows that complete deforestation leads to rapid increases in stream discharge and high peak flows, while reforestation results in more gradual discharge patterns. Continuous monitoring also reveals discharge dynamics not seen with intermittent sampling. The conclusions emphasize that watershed modeling is a useful tool for understanding how land cover changes affect river discharge over time and supporting environmental decision-making.
The document summarizes a presentation about the WITS (Walk In Their Shoes) program, which aims to promote healthy relationships in young children. It discusses an ongoing randomized controlled trial assessing the program's effectiveness on outcomes like victimization and mental health. It also describes knowledge transfer activities like qualitative research on program uptake and going-to-scale efforts with organizations like the RCMP and PREVNet. Marketing strategies to promote awareness of the WITS program are evaluated.
Promoting Safe Learning Environments Using Moodlekrriel
Kathreen Riel presented on using Moodle to provide online training for the WITS (Walk Away, Ignore, Talk it Out, Seek Help) anti-bullying program. She described the history and components of WITS, which began in 1993 and includes classroom lessons and a leadership program. She outlined the objectives for the online training, which was designed to provide interactive learning for teachers and community leaders about WITS. The training course on Moodle includes tutorials, self-assessments, discussions, and certificates. Feedback has been positive about the logical structure and reflection opportunities, though some noted technical issues and a need for more diverse materials. Future plans include promoting WITS in remote areas and integrating it with teacher education
2012 2013 Budget Presentation March 27 2012Bonnie Dilling
The document discusses the Northern Bedford County School District's proposed 2012/13 general fund budget, including revenues, expenditures, capital projects, food service plans, technology initiatives, and other budget details. It also outlines long-term financial issues like rising pension costs and decreasing fund balances if expenditures continue to exceed revenues. The proposed budget faces a $890,668 deficit that would decrease available funds, though no tax increase is currently planned.
This document outlines strategies proposed by the Puerto Galera Tourism Council to arrest the declining number of tourist arrivals. It identifies problems such as outdated information, lack of tourism-friendly facilities and activities, and environmental damage. The strategies proposed include updating information through an interactive website and tourist center, enhancing attractions like Tamaraw Falls, and upgrading ferry and facility services. Other strategies involve establishing tourism events, regulations for businesses, and reorganizing the Tourism Council.
Bone is a specialized connective tissue that forms the endoskeleton and provides strength and rigidity for muscle attachment. It acts as a calcium reservoir and is optimized for maximum strength with minimum weight. Bone is composed of cells embedded in a collagenous extracellular matrix that becomes mineralized with calcium hydroxyapatite, giving it rigidity and strength. Osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, osteocytes are trapped in the matrix, and osteoclasts resorb bone. Bone formation occurs through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification.
The document provides information about alveolar bone. It begins by defining bone as a dynamic connective tissue that is constantly adapting to its environment. It then classifies bones based on location and shape. The document focuses on the alveolar bone, describing it as the bone that supports and protects teeth. It provides details on the composition, gross morphology, classification, and histology of alveolar bone. In summary, the document provides an overview of the structure, function and characteristics of alveolar bone.
The document discusses bone tissue and the process of ossification. It describes the main functions of bone as support, protection, movement, and mineral storage. There are two types of bone tissue - compact bone, which is dense bone providing strength and protection, and spongy bone, which is light and porous. Bone is formed through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones from membranes, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone to form most long bones. The document outlines the key cell types and structural components involved in bone formation and remodeling.
Bones are composed of cells and a mineralized matrix. There are two types of ossification that can form bone - intramembranous, where bone forms directly in mesenchymal tissue, and endochondral, where cartilage is first laid down and then replaced by bone. Endochondral ossification is responsible for bone growth in long bones and involves cartilage models that are replaced by bone through the action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts over several stages from the embryonic period through childhood and adolescence.
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, composition, structure, cells, blood supply, and changes associated with orthodontic forces. It notes that alveolar bone surrounds and supports the teeth sockets. It is composed primarily of inorganic minerals and collagen. Microscopically, it contains osteons arranged in concentric lamellae around Haversian canals. Osteoblasts build bone while osteoclasts resorb it, maintaining a constant state of remodeling. The alveolar bone has a rich blood supply from the superior and inferior alveolar arteries and drains via lymph vessels. Orthodontic forces induce changes in the bone's morphology and turnover.
Bones have several key functions: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. There are four main types of bones based on shape: long, short, flat, and irregular. Bone anatomy includes the diaphysis, epiphysis, growth plate, periosteum, marrow cavity, and endosteum. Bones are supplied by blood vessels that enter through the periosteum and Volkmann's canals. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone made up of concentric osteons, and spongy/cancellous bone made of trabeculae within the marrow cavity. Bone is remodeled throughout life by osteoclasts that resorb bone and osteoblasts that
The document discusses the structure and formation of bone. It begins by introducing bone composition, including inorganic crystals like hydroxyapatite that provide strength and an organic matrix of collagen that provides flexibility. It describes the different cells involved, including osteoblasts that build bone and osteoclasts that resorb it.
It then covers the classification of bone by location in the body, quality from dense to porous, shape as long, short, flat or irregular, and developmental origin as intramembranous or endochondral. The structure of long bones is outlined including the diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum and marrow cavity.
Finally, the two mechanisms of bone formation are summarized - endochondral
This document provides an overview of bone physiology. It begins with definitions of bone and discusses its various functions. It then covers the classification, structure, development and types of bone cells. Key points include that bone is composed of inorganic minerals deposited in an organic collagen matrix. It undergoes two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral. Bone growth involves the coordinated activities of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes. The document provides detailed descriptions of bone anatomy and histology.
This document provides an overview of bone anatomy, histology, and blood supply. It discusses that bone is a dynamic connective tissue composed of an organic matrix and inorganic minerals. It describes the cellular components of bone including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes which are responsible for bone formation, resorption, and remodeling. The document outlines the classification of bones and explains the structure of long bones including the diaphysis, metaphysis, and epiphysis. It provides details on cortical and cancellous bone, woven and lamellar bone, and the microstructure of compact and spongy bone.
Bone tissue is a complex living tissue that is continuously remodeling itself through the breakdown of old bone and formation of new bone. It consists of several cell types within an extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and mineral salts. Bone provides structural support to the body, protects internal organs, assists in movement, stores minerals, produces blood cells, and stores fats. The continuous remodeling of bone tissue through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts allows bones to maintain their strength and repair damage.
Bone is a living tissue that provides structure, protection, and movement. There are two types of bone formation: intramembranous, where bone forms within connective tissue, and endochondral, where bone replaces cartilage. Bones are composed of cells, organic components like collagen, and inorganic minerals. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts which form bone and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bones adapt and change their structure in response to mechanical stresses through Wolff's law.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
The skeletal system develops from mesoderm and neural crest cells. Paraxial mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into sclerotome and dermomyotome. Sclerotome cells form the mesenchyme which can become bone, cartilage or connective tissue. Bones form through intramembranous or endochondral ossification, where cartilage templates are replaced by bone. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and limb bones.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and associated tissues that provide structure, support, protection, movement, and mineral storage. Bones are living organs composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are two main types of bones - compact bone, which forms the dense outer layer, and spongy bone, which forms the inner layer. The skeletal system develops through two main processes - intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
Bones and its structure in detail with two different form of bone formationbhartisharma175
It consist of detail content about different types of bone cells, two different type of bone formation and structure of long bone. easy to understand for students. language is simple.
Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws
Fibrous dysplasia
Cemento-osseous dysplasia
Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
Ossifying fibroma
Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma
Cherubism
Fibro-osseous lesions (FOL) are characterized by replacement of normal bone architecture by collagen fibers and fibroblasts containing calcified tissue.
They include a wide variety of lesions of developmental, dysplastic and neoplastic origins with clinical and radiographic presentation and behavior.
Because of the histological similarities between diverse diseases, proper diagnosis requires correlation of history, clinical and radiographic findings.Fibrous Dysplasia
2. Reactive (dysplastic lesions arising in the tooth-bearing area (presumably of periodontal origin).
a. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
b. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
c. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3. Fibro-osseous neoplasms (widely designated as cementifying fibroma, ossifying fibroma or cemento-ossifying fibroma.Bone dysplasias
a. Fibrous dyspla i. Monostoticii. Polyostotic
iii. Polyostotic with endocrinopathy (McCune-Albright)
iv Osteofibrous dysplasia
b. Osteitis deformansc. Pagetoid heritable bone dysplasias of childhood
d. Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia
2. Cemento-osseous dysplasias
a. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia b. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3.Inflammatory/reactive processes
a. Focal sclerosing osteomyelitisb. Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
c. Proliferative periostitis
4. Metabolic Disease: hyperparathyroidism
5. Neoplastic lesions (Ossifying fibromas)
a. Ossifying fibromab. Hyperparathyroidism jaw lesion syndrome
c. Juvenile ossifying fibroma i. Trabecular typeii. Psammomatoid type
d. Gigantiform cementomas
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the skeletal system. It describes how bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. It outlines the different bone types and internal bone structure. Key bone groups like the vertebral column, thoracic cage, and extremities are depicted. Bone growth and remodeling over the lifespan is summarized. Common bone diseases like osteoporosis, rickets, and arthritis are also briefly outlined.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. PART I
The Skeleton
human mouse
206 bones > 200 bones
1
2. Bones can differ
dramatically in their
size and shape
Bones of the inner ear
Human femur
What is bone?
• Specialized form of connective tissue:
mineralized collagen matrix, therefore very
rigid and strong while still retaining some
degree of flexibility
• Other types of connective tissue:
- Cartilage: semi-rigid form, glycoprotein rich
- Ligaments: flexible bands, rich in collagen fibers,
contribute to stability of the joint
- Tendons: strong flexible bands,
rich in collagen fibers, connect muscles
with bone
2
3. Diverse functions of bone
• Support
• Protection (Skull)
• Mineral storage (e.g. calcium homeostasis)
• Hematopoiesis (bone marrow - postnatal)
• Locomotion - muscular-skeletal system
• Hearing
Mechanisms of bone formation
• Membranous ossification
intramembranous bones: flat bones of the skull,
clavicle, periosteum
how: direct differentiation of cells within mesenchymal
condensations into bone forming cells (osteoblasts)
• Endochondral ossification
endochondral bones:axial and appendicular skeleton,
some bones in the skull
how: replacement of a cartilagenous template by bone
3
4. Membranous bone formation
osteoid
compact bone
Hartmann, TCB, 2006
Endochondral Ossification
Hartmann, TCB, 2006
4
5. Different types of bone cells
involved in bone homeostasis
• osteoblasts
bone forming cells
• osteocytes
terminal differentiated
osteoblast
• osteoclasts
bone resorbing cells
How do these cells look?
Osteoblast
mononucleated
positive for AP
(AP= alkaline phosphatase)
Osteocyte
mononucleated
trapped within lacunae
serve as mechanosensors
Osteoclast
multinucleated
positive for TRAP
(TRAP =
tatrate-resistent alkaline phosphatase)
5
6. Origin of bone cells
• osteoblasts: mesenchymal
e.g. the first ob differentiate
within the periosteum and
form the bone collar
postnatal: bone marrow
• osteocytes: mesenchymal,
terminal differentiated
osteoblasts
• osteoclasts: hematopoietic lineage;
bone marrow
Postnatal bone cell differentiation
Hartmann, 2006
Encyclopedic Ref.
6
7. Bone architecture changes with age
Vertebral body of Vertebral body of
a young person an ederly person
Outside factors affecting bone mass
• Exercise: muscle contractions stimulate osteoblast
function - increased production of bone
peak bone mass reached at the age of 30
• Body weight: obesity can protect from osteoporotic
bone loss
• Diet affects bone: minerals and vitamins
• Menopause in women: decrease in hormone level
can lead to osteoporosis (treatment: HRT)
7
8. Terminology of changes in bone
• osteopenia: decreased calcification or density of bone
• osteoporosis: progressive reduction in quantity of bone
• osteopetrosis: excessive formation of dense trabecular bone
• osteosclerosis: abnormal hardening or eburnation of bone
• osteohypertrophy: overgrowth of bone
• osteosarcoma: tumor of the bone
• osteochondrodysplasia: extreme bending of long bones
• osteochondroma (exostosis): benign cartilaginous
neoplasma
• osteoblastoma: benign tumor of osteoblasts
Changes in bones
(associated with bone cells)
• osteopenia: osteoporosis: osteopetrosis:
(mild) (severe)
wt wt
wt
Cause: osteoblasts are Cause: osteoblasts are not Cause: osteoclast deficiency
not active enough active enough or no active OC
and/or osteoclasts
are too active
8
9. Congenital bone disorders
• Achondroplasia • Osteogenesis • Marfan syndrome • Osteochondro-
(Fgfr3 act. mutations) Imperfecta (skeletal overgrowth, matosis
Dwarfism (brittle bones; lengthening of long bones
prenatal form of osteoporosis) mutations in Fibrillin gene) (multiple exostoses)
Skeleton formation begins during
embryogenesis
9
10. Cartilage
Types of cartilage (avascular tissue):
• hyaline cartilage: • fibro-cartilage: • elastic cartilage:
(e.g. trachea, nose, (e.g. intervertebral disc) (e.g. ext. ear, epiglottis)
articular ends of bones,
embryonic skeleton)
The skeleton is derived from three
different compartments
Craniofacial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
Neural crest
Somite
Neural tube Lateral plate mesoderm
Intermediate
mesoderm
Notochord
Dorsal
Medial Lateral
Ventral
10
11. Different origins of membranous
bone in the mouse skull
pariental
frontal
nasal IP
Cranial neural crest
mesoderm
According to: Jiang et al. 2002
Axial skeleton
Origin: somites
young somite intermediate somite differentiated somite
11
12. Limb skeleton
Origin: lateral plate Condensing cartilage
mesoderm anlagen in the limb
Sclerotome
Dermomyotome
Starting to be distinguishable around
day 4 in chick and day 11 in mouse
Formation of the cartilagenous
template in the limb
naive signals initiating condensation & lineage cartilage template
mesenchyme condensation lineage specification commitment &
differentiation
growth
pre-chondroblast chondroblast chondrocyte
perichodrial
cell
12
13. Growth of the cartilage template
Two mechanisms:
• Appositional growth: new cartilage is added on the
surface by recruiting chondroblasts from the inner
layer of the perichondrium
• Interstitial growth: new cartilage is formed within the
cartilagenous template by chondrocytes dividing and
producing additional matrix
After initiation and formation
of the cartilage template
chondrocytes within the
template undergo a controlled
maturation program
13
14. Mitotically active postmitotic
flattened Pre-
proliferating hypertrophic hypertrophic
Round proliferating chondrocytes chondrocytes chondrocytes chondrocytes
PC: proliferative chondrocytes
PHC: pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes
HTC: hypertrophic chondrocytes
MHTC: mature hypertrophic
Bone collar chondrocytes
periosteum
transforming region
PC
PHC
HTC MHTC
Cilia are found on chondrocytes (uni-ciliated)
Possible functions:
•“Anker” for oriented secretion of extracellular matrix
• Mechanosensor
• Signaling center, as some receptors have been shown to
localize to the cilium (for example smoothened the receptor
required for transmitting the hedgehog signal)
14
15. Continuous growth of skeletal element
is ensured by the growth plate
Blood
vessel
invasion
The Growth Plate
round,
proliferating
chondrocytes
flattened, stacked
proliferating
chondrocytes
prehypertrophic
hypertrophic β1 integrin -/-
Wt
transformation zone
- defective cytokinesis
osteogenic front - decreased proliferation
- decreased cell adhesion
- increased apoptosis
newly formed
bone
15
17. Histology of a juvenile long bone
articular cartilage
secondary
ossification
epiphysis center
growth plate
epiphysis
primary
spongiosa
trabecular bone
endosteum
secondary
spongiosa
periosteum
cortical bone
bone marrow
periosteum
endosteum
cortical bone
Replacement of HTC by Bone
Changes happening in the transformation zone:
• Mineralization of cartilage matrix
• Apoptosis of hypertropic chondrocytes
• Phagocytosis of old cartilage matrix by
osteo/chrondroclasts
• Metalloproteases
• Invasion of vascular system
17
18. Segmentation of the skeleton
Skeletal elements are separated from each other by so-called joints
Different types of joints (arthrosis):
• synovial joints (diarthrosis): has a joint cavity that is enclosed by a
fibrous capsule, which is lined by the synovial membrane.
e.g. joints separating skeletal elements in limbs - free movement!
• Non-synovial joints (synarthroses):
• fibrous joints: skeletal elements are directly linked by fibrous tissue
e.g. sutures between the skull bone - don’t allow movement!
• cartilaginous joints: two skeletal elements are linked by cartilage
e.g. joints between vertebral bodies - limited movement!
Patterning of appendicular skeleton
during embryonic development
Alcian blue stained chicken hindlimbs
Sequential process, proceeds from proximal to distal
18
19. The skeletal elements of the limb form by a
process of branching and segmentation
prechondrogenic
(Sox9+, Col2a1+)
chondrogenic
(Sox9++, Col2a1++)
joint
(Sox9- , Col2a1- )
Development of the synovial joint
by
apoptosis
Modified after P. Francis-West
19
20. Adult mouse knee joint
Secondary ossification center meniscus
Joint
cavity
bursa
Articular
cartilage
Ligament
cruciatum
synovium
subchondral
bone
Growth plate Ligaments
of tibia of joint
capsule
Pathological changes of the joints
• arthrosis: general term for degenerative affection of a joint
• rheumatoid arthritis: systemic disease affecting connective
tissue of joint, accompanied by inflammation and erosion
of cartilage and bone due to synovial overgrowth
• osteoarthritis: destruction of joints due to erosions of articular
cartilage, accompanied by inflammation, eburnation of
subchondral bone
• gout: inflammation of the joint
• synovitis: inflammation of synovial membrane
• bursitis: inflammation of bursa (german: Schleimbeutel)
20
21. Histological changes in RA and OA
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Osteoarthritis (OA)
wt
Part II
1. Steps involved in the initiation of
cartilage formation
2. Signals regulating maturation of chondrocytes
within a cartilage template
3. Factors controlling osteobastogenesis
4. Factors involved in osteoclastogenesis
5. Bone homeostasis
6. Bone repair - fractures
7. Joint formation
21