The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Homeobox genes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
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Is a phenomenon of reflex sequence of muscle contractions that propels the ingested materials and pooled saliva from the mouth to the stomach.
PATTERNS
Infantile (visceral) swallow
Adult/mature swallow
ADULT SWALLOWING
Is composed of 4 stages
Voluntary
Preparatory phase
Oral or buccal
Involuntary: Controlled By Medulla and Lower Pons
Pharyngeal
b. Oesophageal
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Homeobox genes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Is a phenomenon of reflex sequence of muscle contractions that propels the ingested materials and pooled saliva from the mouth to the stomach.
PATTERNS
Infantile (visceral) swallow
Adult/mature swallow
ADULT SWALLOWING
Is composed of 4 stages
Voluntary
Preparatory phase
Oral or buccal
Involuntary: Controlled By Medulla and Lower Pons
Pharyngeal
b. Oesophageal
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Neural crest cells in 2 parts / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Muscles of mastication.ppt/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Neural crest cells in 2 parts / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Muscles of mastication.ppt/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
Functional matrix theory /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Histological changes in dentofacial orthopaedics1 /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
CONTENTS
FORMATION OF BONE
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
STRUCTURE OF BONE
BLOOD SUPPLY
COMPOSITION OF BONE
FRACTURE HEALING
CARTILAGE
TYPES OF CARTILAGE
BONE (syn – Os; Osteon)
Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective
tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)
Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluar
substance
Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Arthrology (General Lectures) Study of Joints
(Human anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Alveolar bone / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
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I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
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Course includes:
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2.Case Discussions
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4.Demo on Models
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For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
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Please contact us for any clarifications:
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Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Bones are the units of the
skeletal system.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Classification of bone tissues
1. Shape of bones
• Long,short,flat,irregular,pneumatic,
sesamoid,supernumerary
2. Regions of long bone
• Epiphysis
• Diaphysis
• Metaphysis
3. Macroscopic appearance
• Compact bone
• Trabecular/cancellous/spongy bone
4. Developmental origin
• Intramembranous/dermal bone
• Intracartilaginous/endochondral bone
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Histogenesis of bone
• Intramembranous & Endochondral ossification.
• Histologically both bones are identical.
• Both are formed from mesenchymal tissue.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. Intramembranous bone formation
A. Condensation of
mesenchyme around
capillary network at
specific points-Centres of
ossification
B. Cells converted into
osteoblasts
• Open faced
• nucleus,prominent
nucleolus
• RER & Golgi bodies
• Lysosomes containing
alk.phos.
C. Matrix(osteoid)
production:collagen,proteo
glycans etc.
Osteoblasts,blood vessels line the
growing bone spicule which is full
of osteocytes.
matrix
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16. Endochondral bone formation
A. Mesenchymal condensation
B. Cartilaginous model formed in
hyaline cartilage.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. • Cartilage cells
enlarge(beginning from
ossification centre)
• Surrounding cartilage matrix
calcifies
• Cartilage cells die
• Calcified matrix left
behind(primary areolae)
• Perichondrium forms.
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18. • Blood vessels invade from
perichondrium
• Perivascular cells
(OSTEOBLAST) and
OSTEOCLAST come along
with blood vessels.
• Osteoclast erode the primary
alveolae (secondary alveolae)
• Osteoblast form new bone
over secondary alveolae
• Woven bone formed.
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22. An alizarin stained & cleared
fetus of about 14 weeks in
utero.Note the degree of
progression of ossification
from primary centres.Sternum,
carpals, tarsals & secondary
ossification centres are yet to
ossify.
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23. Further development, growth & remodelling
All bone initially
formed is woven
bone(seen in infants,
alveolar bone in
which orthodontic
tooth movement has
recently occurred &
fracture repair sites)
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25. Bone remodelling = resorption + deposition
Old bone is being removed in segment A by osteoclasts,forming the cutting cone.In
segment B, osteoblasts begin to synthesize the osteoid(filling cone), the osteoid
mineralizes, becoming new bone.www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. Origin of the cells of the bone
•Osteoblasts are derived from
paravascular connective
tissue as an independent
process.
•Circulating osteoclast
precursor cells derived from
marrow,are the origin of the
osteoclasts.
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27. Bone resorption
Classical features of a osteoclast:multinucleation, numerous
mitochondria(M), ruffled border(RF), golgi saccules(G)
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28. Re(modelling).
A schematic cross section
of cortical bone shows
surface modelling (M),
which is the process of
uncoupled resorption and
formation.
Remodelling(R) is the turn
over of existing bone.
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29. Re(modelling).
Surface modelling is noted
the PDL and the periosteal
surfaces. Bone
remodelling assists with
cortical bone resorption on
the right and replaces
immature bone on the left
side the alveolar process
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33. Bone growth-the epiphysial growth plate
Hyaline cartilage
Zone of cell
multiplication
Zone of cell
hypertrophy
Matrix
calcification
Chondrolysis &
ossification
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34. Bone growth & modelling
Scheme of the patterns of remodelling
occuring in the growth of a long bone
Periosteal resorption
Endosteal resorption
Endochondral bone formation
Periosteal deposition
Endosteal deposition
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. Bones & their response to applied stresses
• 1867 Meyer(anatomist) &
Culman(mathematician): propounded the
Trajectorial theory of bone formation.Trabeculae
develop along lines of stresses calculated
mathematically that enable it to best resist stresses
to which it is subjected during function.
• 1870’s Julius Wollf: trabecular arrangement can
change with a change in intensity & direction of
forces.
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37. • 1925 Beninghoff:Studied architecture of cranial &
facial skeleton & so called stress trajectories. The
trajectories obeyed no bone limits but rather the
demands of the functional forces.
• 1955 Sicher: Pillars of trajectories.
Bones & their response to applied stresses
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39. Frontal section of the maxilla and the
mandible in the plane of the first
molars.Because it transmits masticatory
load to the entire cranium the maxilla has
thin cortices connected by fine
trabeculae.the mandible is however loaded
in bending and torsion;it therefore is
composed of thick cortical bone connected
by coarse oriented trabeculae.
Bones & their response to applied stresses
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. 2D vectorial analysis of stress in the frontal section of the human
skull.relative to a bilateral bitting force 100 arbitary units , the load
is distributed to the vertical components of the mid face as
compressive stress(-ve).the horizontal structures are loaded in
tension (+ve)
Bones & their response to applied stresses
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. • 1990 Frost : Mechanostat theory-Mechanical
loading is essential to skeletal health.Control of
most bone modelling & some remodelling process
is related to strain history.
The mechanostat provides a useful reference for
the hierarchy of biomechanical responses to
applied loads.
Bones & their response to applied stresses
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. Mechanostat theory
Schematic drawing of the
Mechanostat concept of
Frost. Bone formation(F)
& resorption(R) are the
remodelling phenomena
that change the shape or
form (or both) of a
bone.The peak strain
history determines
whether atrophy,
maintenance, hypertrophy
or fatigue failure occurs.
uE= microstrain=
percent of deformation x
1/10000
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43. Joints of the cranium
• Temporomandibular joints
• Sutures
• Synchondroses
• Gomphoses
• Symphysis ?
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44. Sutures: Limited to the skull.
Bones are separated by
sutural ligament.growth
occurs by apposition by
cambial layer.
Finally obliterated 20’s
Joints of the cranium
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45. Types of sutures:
• Plane
• Serrate
• Denticulate
• Squamous
Joints of the
cranium
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46. Synchondrosis: temporary cartilaginous junctions between
the skull components developing in chondrocranium.
These are :
Spheno occipital: 13-15 years.
Spheno ethmoidal: 6 years
.
Intrasphenoidal & intraerthmoidal:
at birth.
Histologically:a two sided epiphysis.
Joints of the cranium
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49. Is ‘symphysis menti’ a symphysis really?
The articulation between the two halves of the mandible is
usually described as a symphysis & the symphysis menti
does bear some resemblance histologically.It is rapidly
abolished during the 1st postnatal year 7 since it is
improbable that it is the site of any functionally significant
movement while present,it is of doubtful propriety to
assign it to this group of joints.
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52. Decreased blood Ca level
parathyroid kidney
parathormone Vitamin D
Bone
Increase in
resorption &
release of Ca
Intestine
Increase in
absorption of
Ca
Increased blood Ca level
thyroid
calcitonin
Bone
Inhibition of bone
resorption and
deposition of Ca
Normal calcium levelwww.indiandentalacademy.com
53. Factors affecting bone metabolism
Stimulation Inhibition
Bone formation GH
Calcitonin
Insulin
Testosterone
Estrogen
Cortisol
Mineralization Calcitonin
Insulin
Vit D
Cortisol
Bone resorption Parathormone
Thyroxine
Cortisol
Testosterone
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54. Cholecalciferol
LIVER (inactive form of Vit D3)
25 Hydroxycholecalciferol
KIDNEY 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol
(active form Vit D)
INTESTINE Absorption of CALCIUM
Vitamin D metabolism
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55. Orthodontics is a bone manipulative therapy & favourable
calcium metabolism is an important consideration.
Because of the interaction of structure & metabolism,a
through understanding of the osseous structure & function
is fundamental to patient selection,risk
assessment,treatment planning & retention of desired
denofacial relationsips.
Orthodontics:current principles & technique
T.M. Graber & R.L.Vanarsdall
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56. However if the metabolic problems (particularly –ve calcium balance) are
resolved with medical treatment, these patients can be treated orthodontically
assuming sufficient skeletal structure remains.
No age limit is specified for orthodontic treatment; however the clinician must
carefully assess the probability of metabolic bone disease.In addition to
osteoporosis orthodontist must be particularly vigilant for osteomalacia and
renal osteodystrophy.
Orthodontics:Current principles & techniques
T.M. Graber & R.L. Vanarsdall;225,3rdEd
Orthodontics is contraindicated in patients with active metabolic bone
disease because of excessive resorption and poor bone formation.
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57. Osteoporosis: Generic term for low bone mass.
Risk factors:
• Age (after 3rd decade).
• Long term glucocorticoid therapy.
• Slight stature.
• Menopause.
• Excessive smoking,alcohol.
• Low physical activity.
• Low calcium,vit. D diet.
• Kidney failure,liver disease.
Features:
Low bone mass,low radiographic density of jaws, thin cortices, excessive
bone resorption
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58. Vitamin D deficient rickets
Any disorder in the vit.D-Calcium
phosphorus axis which results
in hypomineralized bone
matrix.
Cessation of calcification of
epiphysial growth plate
cartilage.However the cartilage
continues to grow.Since
unmineralized bone canot bear
weight they bow.
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59. Adult rickets
Seen in postmenopausal women with low calcium intake and little
exposure to UV light.
Features:softening,distortion,increased tendency towards fracture.
Stress bearing bones have asymmetric deformities & long bones
have hairline fracture.
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60. Vitamin D resistant rickets
(familial hypophosphatemia,refractory rickets,phosphate diabetes)
• Hypophosphatemia & hyperphosphaturia associated with decreased
renal tubular reabsorption of inorganic phosphates.
• Familial occurrence,X-linked dominant trait.
• Do not respond to the usual doses of vit. D.
• Normocalcaemia with high normal PTH levels.
• Diminished intestinal calcium & phosphate absorption.
• Decreased growth & short stature.
• Normal vit. D metabolism.
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61. Renal rickets(renal osteodystropy)
Common finding in patients with chronic renal disease.Results from the
inability of diseased kidneys to convert 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol to
the active form of vit.D.
Hypophosphatasia
Low alkaline phosphatase levels.Results in rachitic deformity.
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62. Vitamin C
It has a role in the hydroxylation of proline in collagen synthesis.
Vit C furthers the normal development of intercellular ground substance
in bone,dentin & connective tissue.
Effects on bone:
Osteoblasts fail to form osteoid.Calcified cartilage (scorbutic lattice) is
formed but no bone develops.The calcified cartilage is liable to
fracture (trummerfeld zone or zone of complete destruction).
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63. Hyperparathyroidism
Bone pain,pathologic fractures,gerneralized osteoporosis,giant cell
tumours of the jaw.
Histologically: The most characteristic change in bone is osteoclastic
resorption of the trabeculae of the spongiosa & along the blood vessels
in the haversian system of the cortex. Fibroblasts are found as a mass
in some areas.
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64. Clinical considerations
Is it easier to move teeth in younger patients?
The alveolar bone in young persons who comprise the majority of our
patients is not very dense. It contains large marrow spaces. Since tooth
movement is facilitated by the formation of resorptive cells,whose
number again increases according to the number of marrow spaces, the
anatomic condition can hardly be more favourable than in the
supporting structures of majority of the young orthodontic patients.
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66. Clinical considerations
Why does cortical bone offer good anchorage?
The marrow space contains a large surface area for cellular activity which is
indispensable for tooth movement.On the other hand if bone involved in tooth
movement is of a compact character the surface area where the cellular reaction
can take place is greatly reduced.
When one is planning orthodontic treatment ,the tooth should remain in spongy
bone during movement.On the other hand when teeth are pitted against cortical
bone they can be used to our advantage to provide more anchorage.
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67. Clinical considerations
How soon after extraction can we start treatment ?
Extraction spaces contain tissue undergoing reconstruction which is rich in
cells & vascular supply.Such an area is ideally suitable for tooth
movement & due advantage should be taken of this by commencing
treatment as soon as possible following extraction. Thereby one avoids
atrophy & narrowing of the alveolar process,resulting in bone loss &
cortical bone formation at the extraction site.
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68. Clinical considerations
Why do teeth move faster in the upper arch?
A common example is space closure in a Class I four premolar extraction
case.It is often necessary to use headgear on the maxillary 1st molars
to maintain the Class I relationship.The relative resistance of the
mandibular molars to mesial movements is well known.
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69. Clinical considerations
Why do teeth move faster in the upper arch?
Why are mandibular molars more difficult to move mesially than
maxillary molars ?
2 physiologic factors hold the answer:
• Thin cortices & trabecular bone of the maxilla offer less resistance to
resorption than thick cortices & more coarse trabeculae of the
mandible.
• The leading root of mandibular molars being translated mesially
forms bone that is far more dense than the bone formed by translating
maxillary molars mesially.Why this occurs is not known.
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71. Clinical considerations
Why do I have to be careful with cases suffering from
periodontitis?
Moving teeth when progressive periodontal disease is present
invites disaster.
Osteoclasts thrive in the diseased tissue environment.
On the other hand osteoblast histogenesis is suppressed
by inflammatory disease.
When teeth are moved in the presence of active periodontal disease resorption is
normal or even enhanced & bone formation inhibited.this may exacerbate the
disease process,resulting in a rapid loss of supporting bone.
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72. Clinical considerations
We need healthy bone for adequate retention..
Teeth that have been moved recently are surrounded by lightly calcified
woven bone.Thus the teeth are not adequately stabilized & have a
tendency to move to their original position.During retention phase the
bone matures.
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