EPIDEMIOLOGY
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Non-Cholera Vibrios
Isolated from Farmed and Wild Marine Fish
(Argyrosomus japonicus), Implications for Public Health
Justine Fri,
1
Roland Ndip Ndip,
2
Henry Akum Njom,
1
and Anna Maria Clarke
1
This study aimed to evaluate the antibiogram and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of Vibrio isolates
recovered from a marine fish (Argyrosomus japonicus) and water samples from two commercial dusky kob
aquaculture farms and the Kariega estuary, South Africa, and to evaluate these findings for their public health
implications. A total of 277 molecularly confirmed Vibrio isolates consisting of 126 Vibrio fluvialis, 45 Vibrio
vulnificus, 30 Vibrio Parahaemolyticus, and 76 vibrios belonging to species of the genus other than Vibrio
cholerae were subjected to susceptibility testing to 15 antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. Multiple
antibiotic resistance index ( MARI) was used to determine the antibiotic resistance-associated health risk,
while polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the presence of 14 ARGs for nonsusceptible strains.
Highest resistances were recorded to amoxicillin (76.2%), ampicillin (67.5%), erythromycin (38.3%), and
doxycycline (35.0%), while susceptibilities were highest to gentamicin (100%), followed by norfloxacin
(97.8%), florfenicol (90.3%), tetracycline (87.7%), and chloramphenicol (87.4%). We recorded a 58.5%
multidrug resistance (resistance to ‡2 antimicrobial classes). MARI did not vary significantly between sites
( p > 0.05); however, values of >0.2 were recorded in 40% (108/277) of all strains tested. ARG markers, ampC,
blaOXA, tetA, tetM, dfr1, sul1, sul2, ermB, nptII, strA, and SXT integrase, were detected in one or more strains
with ermB (82.5%), sul2 (53.8%), strA (44%), dfr1 (42.3%), and tetM (38.3%) being the most abundant.
Healthy marine finfish (dusky kob) and their environment can serve as reservoirs for antibiotic resistant vibrios
and ARGs, which could be disseminated to humans and other susceptible bacteria and this therefore becomes a
public health concern.
Keywords: Vibrio, marine fish, antibiotic drug resistance, antibiotic resistant genes, public health
Introduction
Antimicrobials are widely used for the preventionand treatment of bacterial diseases in food animals.1
They are among the most widely administered drugs ap-
proved for animal health and management. Global estimates
indicate higher volumes of antimicrobials used in food-
producing animals, exceeding those used in humans.
2
Most
animal feeds are supplemented with various concentrations
of antimicrobials ranging from subtherapeutic to full doses.
Moreover, almost all the classes of antibiotics used in the
treatment of human infections are also used in food animals,
including the newest classes of drugs such as third- and
fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, glyco-
peptides, and streptogramins.
2
In aquaculture, the control of antibiotic usage varies widely
from coun ...
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...Scientific Review SR
This study investigated the multidrug resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Samples were collected from hospitals and tested for S. aureus, which was isolated from 38.8% of samples, primarily from wound swabs. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found high resistance to ciprofloxacin (64.3%), ampicillin (59.5%), and chloramphenicol (54.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was observed in over 92% of isolates. The multiple antibiotic resistance index was highest at 0.6 (23.8%) and 0.5 (19.0%), indicating resistance to multiple drugs. The results demonstrate high multidrug resistance in S. aureus isolates from the
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
In the present study, the protective effect of herbal-based conditioners as an immunostimulants was tested on tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) juvenile at various times of their culture period to enhance their resistance against bacterial infection. The trial comprised of a single formulation of herbal-based bioconditioners with scheduled water changes during the treatment. Three period of exposure (6 h, 12 h and 24 h) with herbal-based bioconditioners as well as a control are performed in completely randomized design of experiment followed by a challenge test using single pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio parahaemolyticus at concentration of 105 cells ml-1. Percentage survival and host-pathogen interaction were determined at the end of exposure and challenge test. Various challenge tests showed that herbal-based bioconditioners (AquaHerb) significantly increase the percentage survival (P<0.05)><0.05). In addition, tiger grouper immune system performance was found to be better than in the control group. Finally, by combining the positive impact of herbal-based Bioconditioners, this prophylactic approach can become a very effective alternatives to the use of antibiotics and other synthetic compounds.
Key Words: Herbal-based bioconditioners, V. parahaemolyticus, Tiger grouper, Percentage survival
Shrimps survive white spot syndrome virus challenge following treatment with...Don Rahul
This study evaluated the effectiveness of treating shrimp with bacterins from five Vibrio species to provide protection against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Shrimp were immersed in bacterins prepared from Vibrio campbelli, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus-like, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. harveyi isolates obtained from WSSV-infected shrimp. After 35 days, the shrimp were challenged with WSSV. Shrimp treated with V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi bacterins showed relative percentage survivals of 5% and 47% respectively compared to controls. The results suggest that vaccination with V.
Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut Batam
Alternative strategies for minimizing the detrimental effects of bacterial infection and prevention of diseases in aquaculture are necessary since the ongoing efficacy of antibiotics is proving to be unsustainable. One of the most promising approach is the use of aqua herbal conditioners to stimulate the immune system of fish to allow them to fight off infections. In this study, the protective effect of aqua herbal conditioners produced from, mainly, mangrove and neem plant extracts in marine fish, was tested on Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer and Silver Pompano Trachinotus blochii at 8-10 g of weight size. Challenge tests were performed by immersion with two pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, at a concentration of 105 cells ml-1 for 60 minutes after 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment. The experimental trial show that after 72 h, commercially available aqua herbal conditioners (AquaHerb) was able to significantly increase the percentage survival of L. calcarifer and T. blochii and reduces their susceptibilityto the V.harveyi and V.parahaemolyticus. Significantly higher leukocytesnumber, monocyte, neutrophil andphagocyticindexwere detected in all conditioning group for Silver Pompano and Asian Seabass. These results suggest that the combination of herbal extracts together with other trace elements contained in AquaHerb were able to act as immunostimulants and appear to improve the immune status and disease resistance of Asian Seabass and Silver Pompano.
Herbal therapy for controlling viral disease in aquacultureharapriya behera
This document discusses the use of herbal therapy to control viral diseases in aquaculture. It provides background on aquaculture and common viral infections. It then discusses how phytotherapy works through modes of action like enhancing immunity, inhibiting viral replication and entry. Several case studies are presented on using plant extracts like coumarin and arctigenin to control spring viraemia of carp virus, olive leaf extract to control viral haemorrhagic septicaemia, and herbal bioconditioners to modulate immunity against grouper iridovirus. The document concludes herbal therapies can be effective alternatives to control important viral pathogens in aquaculture.
This study isolated endophytic bacteria from the seaweed Amphiroa anceps collected off the coast of India. 20 bacterial strains were isolated and their ability to inhibit common poultry pathogens like Vibrio, Streptococcus, and Yersinia pestis was tested. 8 strains showed sensitivity against the pathogens. The most effective strains, SW4 and SW20, had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 125 μg/ml against Vibrio. SW4 and SW16 inhibited Yersinia pestis at 250 μg/ml. The study was investigating the antibacterial properties of secondary metabolites from these endophytic marine bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species is of critical importance. This study evaluates the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio species present in farmed shrimp. Shrimp samples were obtained from an aquaculture farm. The tissues of Shrimp were examined and a total of 29 Vibrio isolates were identified. Through the biochemical test, the Vibrio isolates were identified as V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. The Vibrio species were tested for their resistance to eighteen antibiotics that are frequently present in the aquatic environment. Out of the total isolates, 6 were selected as dominant species for antibiotic susceptibility test. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae isolated from fresh shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics, V.vulnificus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics and this was the only isolate to show maximum resistance against the selected antibiotics. V.mimicus and V.alginolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance to against seven different antibiotics. V.parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against eight antibiotics whereas V.furnissii isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against six antibiotics. In general, all samples showed an increased level of antibiotic resistance due to improper
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...Scientific Review SR
This study investigated the multidrug resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Samples were collected from hospitals and tested for S. aureus, which was isolated from 38.8% of samples, primarily from wound swabs. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found high resistance to ciprofloxacin (64.3%), ampicillin (59.5%), and chloramphenicol (54.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was observed in over 92% of isolates. The multiple antibiotic resistance index was highest at 0.6 (23.8%) and 0.5 (19.0%), indicating resistance to multiple drugs. The results demonstrate high multidrug resistance in S. aureus isolates from the
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
In the present study, the protective effect of herbal-based conditioners as an immunostimulants was tested on tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) juvenile at various times of their culture period to enhance their resistance against bacterial infection. The trial comprised of a single formulation of herbal-based bioconditioners with scheduled water changes during the treatment. Three period of exposure (6 h, 12 h and 24 h) with herbal-based bioconditioners as well as a control are performed in completely randomized design of experiment followed by a challenge test using single pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio parahaemolyticus at concentration of 105 cells ml-1. Percentage survival and host-pathogen interaction were determined at the end of exposure and challenge test. Various challenge tests showed that herbal-based bioconditioners (AquaHerb) significantly increase the percentage survival (P<0.05)><0.05). In addition, tiger grouper immune system performance was found to be better than in the control group. Finally, by combining the positive impact of herbal-based Bioconditioners, this prophylactic approach can become a very effective alternatives to the use of antibiotics and other synthetic compounds.
Key Words: Herbal-based bioconditioners, V. parahaemolyticus, Tiger grouper, Percentage survival
Shrimps survive white spot syndrome virus challenge following treatment with...Don Rahul
This study evaluated the effectiveness of treating shrimp with bacterins from five Vibrio species to provide protection against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Shrimp were immersed in bacterins prepared from Vibrio campbelli, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus-like, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. harveyi isolates obtained from WSSV-infected shrimp. After 35 days, the shrimp were challenged with WSSV. Shrimp treated with V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi bacterins showed relative percentage survivals of 5% and 47% respectively compared to controls. The results suggest that vaccination with V.
Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut Batam
Alternative strategies for minimizing the detrimental effects of bacterial infection and prevention of diseases in aquaculture are necessary since the ongoing efficacy of antibiotics is proving to be unsustainable. One of the most promising approach is the use of aqua herbal conditioners to stimulate the immune system of fish to allow them to fight off infections. In this study, the protective effect of aqua herbal conditioners produced from, mainly, mangrove and neem plant extracts in marine fish, was tested on Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer and Silver Pompano Trachinotus blochii at 8-10 g of weight size. Challenge tests were performed by immersion with two pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, at a concentration of 105 cells ml-1 for 60 minutes after 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment. The experimental trial show that after 72 h, commercially available aqua herbal conditioners (AquaHerb) was able to significantly increase the percentage survival of L. calcarifer and T. blochii and reduces their susceptibilityto the V.harveyi and V.parahaemolyticus. Significantly higher leukocytesnumber, monocyte, neutrophil andphagocyticindexwere detected in all conditioning group for Silver Pompano and Asian Seabass. These results suggest that the combination of herbal extracts together with other trace elements contained in AquaHerb were able to act as immunostimulants and appear to improve the immune status and disease resistance of Asian Seabass and Silver Pompano.
Herbal therapy for controlling viral disease in aquacultureharapriya behera
This document discusses the use of herbal therapy to control viral diseases in aquaculture. It provides background on aquaculture and common viral infections. It then discusses how phytotherapy works through modes of action like enhancing immunity, inhibiting viral replication and entry. Several case studies are presented on using plant extracts like coumarin and arctigenin to control spring viraemia of carp virus, olive leaf extract to control viral haemorrhagic septicaemia, and herbal bioconditioners to modulate immunity against grouper iridovirus. The document concludes herbal therapies can be effective alternatives to control important viral pathogens in aquaculture.
This study isolated endophytic bacteria from the seaweed Amphiroa anceps collected off the coast of India. 20 bacterial strains were isolated and their ability to inhibit common poultry pathogens like Vibrio, Streptococcus, and Yersinia pestis was tested. 8 strains showed sensitivity against the pathogens. The most effective strains, SW4 and SW20, had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 125 μg/ml against Vibrio. SW4 and SW16 inhibited Yersinia pestis at 250 μg/ml. The study was investigating the antibacterial properties of secondary metabolites from these endophytic marine bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species is of critical importance. This study evaluates the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio species present in farmed shrimp. Shrimp samples were obtained from an aquaculture farm. The tissues of Shrimp were examined and a total of 29 Vibrio isolates were identified. Through the biochemical test, the Vibrio isolates were identified as V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. The Vibrio species were tested for their resistance to eighteen antibiotics that are frequently present in the aquatic environment. Out of the total isolates, 6 were selected as dominant species for antibiotic susceptibility test. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae isolated from fresh shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics, V.vulnificus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics and this was the only isolate to show maximum resistance against the selected antibiotics. V.mimicus and V.alginolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance to against seven different antibiotics. V.parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against eight antibiotics whereas V.furnissii isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against six antibiotics. In general, all samples showed an increased level of antibiotic resistance due to improper
This study characterized bacteriophages that can control multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Serovar O168 isolated from ducklings in Egypt. Three phages (ECa1, ECb1, ECc1) were isolated from sewage samples and characterized. Electron microscopy showed the phages belonged to the family Podoviridae. A cocktail of the three phages was significantly more effective at reducing E. coli O168 in vitro than single phages, with a 7.4 log reduction after 12 hours. This confirms phage cocktails as a promising approach for controlling multidrug-resistant E. coli infections in ducklings.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Salmonid aquaculture has suffered from a number of different ailments. Infectious Salmon Anaemia, caused by the Isavirus from the orthomixoviridae family, led to a major crisis of the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry in Chile, dramatically reducing production numbers.
This document discusses blue biotechnology, which applies molecular biological methods to marine and freshwater organisms. Key areas of research include using algae and other marine sources for food, energy, health, industrial, and environmental applications. Marine organisms provide novel bioactives, enzymes, and other biomolecules. Blue biotechnology is being applied in aquaculture, transgenic organisms, disease resistance, conservation, seaweed products, pharmaceuticals, enzymes, bioremediation, and industrial processes.
This document discusses viruses and other biohazards that can be transmitted through food. It begins by introducing the group members and their student numbers. It then discusses four main types of foodborne viruses including their characteristics. Specific viruses covered include hepatitis A virus, noroviruses, rotaviruses, and enteroviruses. The document also addresses the incidence of these viruses in foods and the environment, their modes of transmission, detection methods like RT-PCR, and ways to destroy viruses in foods like boiling. Scombroid poisoning caused by histamine in certain fish is also summarized.
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
Effects of chemotherapeutics against experimentally injured stinging catfish ...AbdullaAlAsif1
p>Effects of different chemotherapeutics were examined against experimentally infected stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis . Fish were collected from a fish market in Mymensingh, acclimatized for 7 days in laboratory condition from January to February, 2016 in aquaria at Fish Clinic of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, experimentally injured by using forceps and knife and waited seven days for the establishment of infection. Before starting chemotherapeutic trial, it was confirmed that the fish were infected with microorganisms by clinical diagnosis in laboratory condition. They showed hemorrhages and ulcerative lesions over the infected area. A total of 80 such experimentally infected stinging catfish having average body weight of 18 g were used for the experiment. Two chemotherapeutics: antibiotic, Eryvet (erythromycin thiocyanate INN, sulphadiazine (NaUSP) & trimithoprim BP) and antifungal, methylene blue were used in separate and combined treatment with three different doses of antibiotic. The same dose of methylene blue, 0.2 mg/l, was used for separate and combined treatment by antibiotic. Doses of antibiotic (Eryvet) were 0.8 g/10 kg body weight of fish, 1g/10 kg body weight of fish and 1.2 g/10 kg body weight of fish as lower dose, recommended dose and higher dose respectively. For combined treatment the above different doses of antibiotic and the same dose of antifungal were used. Water was exchanged regularly. The chemotherapeutic trial was conducted for 7 days and observation was continued for another 8 days to observe the effect of treatment. Combined treatment with the recommended dose of the antibiotic and methylene blue showed the best result where 90% fish were recovered. By the treatment with the higher dose of the antibiotic 70% fish were recovered. Antifungal treatment showed that 20% fish were recovered. All the fish in negative control aquarium died.
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
Key words- Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Sachet
This study examined the effects of beta glucan as an immunostimulant on the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, challenged with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. The experimental groups included: a control group, a group treated with beta glucan, a group treated with beta glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila, and a group only challenged with A. hydrophila. Results showed that beta glucan treatment improved growth performance and boosted hematological and biochemical parameters related to immunity compared to the control and infection-only groups. Specifically, beta glucan increased total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin levels, and improved condition factor and specific growth rate. It also elevated total leukocyte count and different white
PRELIMINARY STUDY THE USE OF HERBAL EXTRACTS AGAINST IRIDOVIRUS IN TIGER GROU...KB Haw
This preliminary study examined the use of herbal extracts to enhance survival of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) infected with iridovirus. Tiger grouper were experimentally infected with iridovirus via injection and cohabitation. Those infected were then treated by immersion in an herbal solution for 72 hours. The study found that herbal treatment enhanced survival compared to the non-treated group, but iridovirus was still detected in some fish 8 days later, indicating some were asymptomatic carriers. The results suggest herbal extracts may generate protective immunity against iridovirus infection in tiger grouper.
Antimalarial activity gardenia lutea and sida rhombifolia ijrpppharmamailbox1
This study investigated the in vivo antimalarial activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia against Plasmodium berghei in mice. The extracts were administered orally at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg to infected mice. The extracts showed significant antimalarial activity in a dose-dependent manner, reducing parasitemia compared to the negative control. The plant extracts also demonstrated an acceptable safety profile at test doses up to 2000 mg/kg. The results suggest that Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia extracts have promising antimalarial properties worthy of further study.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotypi...albertdivis
The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping.
This document summarizes a study examining the incidence and antibiotic sensitivity of Bacillus cereus isolated from ready-to-eat foods sold in markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Sixty-four food samples were tested and Bacillus cereus was found in all samples, with the highest frequency occurring in cooked rice (29.51%) and masa (26.23%). All Bacillus cereus isolates were susceptible to several antibiotics including rifampin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin, but were 100% resistant to norfloxapin, floxapen, and ampiclox. The presence of Bacillus cereus in foods sold in markets poses a public health risk due to poor sanitation
The document discusses health and disease management challenges in aquaculture and strategies to address them. A survey found disease was the most limiting factor for 63% of aquaculture participants. New technologies like vaccination, biosecurity procedures, and biofloc have helped control diseases. Another strategy is immune stimulation through balanced diets or additives. A trial tested doses of a yeast parietal fraction additive in seabass diets. It found 500g/tonne optimized immune response and survival after challenge, while 2000g/tonne optimized gut health and growth. The study demonstrates this additive can enhance gut health or immunity depending on dosage and diet composition.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
The study investigated using essential oils to reduce bacteria in Artemia fransicana, a live food for aquaculture. Origanum vulgare completely inhibited hatching. All treatments significantly reduced presumed Vibrio counts. None significantly reduced general bacteria. Rosmarinus offcinalis reduced presumed Vibrio without inhibiting hatching. It showed potential for further study to identify maximum safe concentrations and effects on nutrition and bioaccumulation.
Marine natural products are drugs obtained from marine organisms that have been studied since ancient times. The oceans cover most of the earth's surface and are home to a vast diversity of species, many of which are still unknown. Marine organisms produce unique biochemical adaptations for survival in extreme conditions that could provide benefits for pharmacology. However, issues like limited supply, taxonomic identification challenges, and screening large numbers of microbes associated with invertebrates present obstacles for drug development from marine sources. Improved genetic engineering, databases, and activity-based screening methods may help address these problems and unlock the potential of marine organisms for new pharmaceuticals.
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the commercially important and commonly cultured fish. In the hatchery intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in C. carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in C. carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between March to May 2015 at Mafatema fish hatchery, Chanchra, Jessore sadar upazilla. In the present study three disinfectants with three different concentrations in each such as methylene blue 1, 3 and 5mg/L., malachite green 1, 3 and 5mg/L., sodium chloride 1, 2 and 3g/L were used to observe the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and survival rate of larvae. Bacterial load of culture water was examined during the induced breeding of C. carpio with mycological examination of egg samples with different disinfectants. The total bacterial count fluctuated from 3.4 x 108 CFU/ml to 32.7 x 108 CFU/ml during the period of fertilization to 4days of hatching. The fertilized eggs infected by Saprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelop. Among all the treatment 1mg/L methylene blue, 3mg/L malachite green and 1g/L sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching rate 95·33±2·08, 88.00±2.64 and 92.33±4.04% respectively. The same concentration of methylene blue, malachite green and sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) better survival rate 95·00±4.35, 75.00±3.00 and 87.00±6.24% respectively. Finally among all the treatment 1mg/L of methylene blue showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching and survival rate 95·33±2·08% and 95·00±4.35 % respectively. So 1mg/L of methylene blue is the best disinfectant for C. carpio fertilized egg treatment.
Phage Endolysins as Potential Antimicrobials against Multidrug Resistant Vibr...Pig Farm Solution
Phage Endolysins as Potential Antimicrobials against Multidrug Resistant Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Current Status of Research and Challenges Ahead
Nandita Matamp and Sarita G. Bhat *
Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi-682022, Kerala, India; nandita.matamp@gmail.com
* Correspondence: saritagbhat@gmail.com; Tel.: 91-984-603-3486. Fax: 0484-257-7595
Received: 25 February 2019; Accepted: 15 March 2019; Published: 18 March 2019
This document describes a study that evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial effect of ethanolic extracts from Caesalpinia spinosa against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Ethanolic extracts were obtained from C. spinosa leaves, pods, and seeds through maceration at different concentrations. The Kirby-Bauer diffusion method was used to test the extracts against S. aureus strains. The results showed that all C. spinosa extracts had antimicrobial activity against the strains tested, with a direct relationship between effect and concentration. Leaf extracts showed the strongest effect, with inhibition halos of up to 18 mm in diameter. The study concluded that C. spinosa extracts have potential as an alternative treatment for infections caused
Nine-year-old Wandas teacher notices that for the past few weeks,.docxTanaMaeskm
Nine-year-old Wanda's teacher notices that for the past few weeks, Wanda has not been talking to her friends and is always sitting alone in a corner. After talking to Wanda's friends, the teacher finds out that Wanda's sixteen-year-old brother was killed in a gang fight two months ago and her parents have since separated. The teacher talks to her friend Daphne, a counselor, to see if there is anything she can do about Wanda. She wants to know if there is any way in which children and families affected by exposure to violence can be assisted with emotional impact of these events. The teacher also asks Daphne, in the role of a counselor, to call Wanda's parents to see if they would be willing to talk with her about the death of their son, their separation, and Wanda's behavior at school. Daphne is not employed or affiliated with the school.
What would be Daphne's role, as a counselor, in helping the teacher?
What do you see as important roles of a counselor working in a community?
What are the ethical responsibilities that counselors and human services professionals hold toward the community? When answering this question identify the ethical code number and definition, using your own words, of the ethical responsibilities of these professionals.
Briefly speak how you, as an ethical counselor, would respond to the teacher's request for you to speak with Wanda and her family.
DUE TODAY 10/25/16 @6PM eastern time
.
Newspapers frequently feature stories on how various democratic prin.docxTanaMaeskm
Newspapers frequently feature stories on how various democratic principles and processes contribute to democratic governance and impact a wide variety of issues, ranging from the distribution of flu vaccines to the appropriate legal venue for terrorist trials. Public policies that are formulated to address such issues come about as the result of the influence and application of various democratic principles and processes. In addition, competing interests and factions engage in the democratic process using tools such as lobbying or elections in an effort to leverage public policy. As you think about democratic principles and processes for this Assignment, take note of where you see their influence in recent public policy issues. To prepare for this Assignment: • Review the article “War v. Justice: Terrorism Cases, Enemy Combatants, and Political Justice in U.S. Courts” in this week’s Learning Resources. Take note of key democratic principles explained. Consider how the democratic principles in the article might influence public policy. • Review the articles “Strategic Lobbying: Demonstrating How Legislative Context Affects Interest Groups’ Lobbying Tactics” and “The Study of Party Factions as Competitive Political Organizations” in this week’s Learning Resources. • Think about the democratic processes used by lobbying groups and political factions to influence public policy. • Select a public policy issue related to your specialization or to an area with which you are familiar. • Select three democratic principles and/or processes that you think might influence the formulation of public policy related to your issue. • Reflect on how these principles and processes of democracy influence the formulation of the public policy you selected. The Assignment (2–3 pages): • Briefly describe the public policy issue you selected for this Assignment. • Using three democratic principles and/or processes of your choice, explain how you think these democratic principles and/or processes influence the formulation of public policy. • Based on your analysis, share at least one insight you gained about the influence of democratic principles and processes on the formulation of public policy. Or, if you live outside the United States, explain how these democratic principles might affect governance in your country.
.
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This study characterized bacteriophages that can control multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Serovar O168 isolated from ducklings in Egypt. Three phages (ECa1, ECb1, ECc1) were isolated from sewage samples and characterized. Electron microscopy showed the phages belonged to the family Podoviridae. A cocktail of the three phages was significantly more effective at reducing E. coli O168 in vitro than single phages, with a 7.4 log reduction after 12 hours. This confirms phage cocktails as a promising approach for controlling multidrug-resistant E. coli infections in ducklings.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Salmonid aquaculture has suffered from a number of different ailments. Infectious Salmon Anaemia, caused by the Isavirus from the orthomixoviridae family, led to a major crisis of the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry in Chile, dramatically reducing production numbers.
This document discusses blue biotechnology, which applies molecular biological methods to marine and freshwater organisms. Key areas of research include using algae and other marine sources for food, energy, health, industrial, and environmental applications. Marine organisms provide novel bioactives, enzymes, and other biomolecules. Blue biotechnology is being applied in aquaculture, transgenic organisms, disease resistance, conservation, seaweed products, pharmaceuticals, enzymes, bioremediation, and industrial processes.
This document discusses viruses and other biohazards that can be transmitted through food. It begins by introducing the group members and their student numbers. It then discusses four main types of foodborne viruses including their characteristics. Specific viruses covered include hepatitis A virus, noroviruses, rotaviruses, and enteroviruses. The document also addresses the incidence of these viruses in foods and the environment, their modes of transmission, detection methods like RT-PCR, and ways to destroy viruses in foods like boiling. Scombroid poisoning caused by histamine in certain fish is also summarized.
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
Effects of chemotherapeutics against experimentally injured stinging catfish ...AbdullaAlAsif1
p>Effects of different chemotherapeutics were examined against experimentally infected stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis . Fish were collected from a fish market in Mymensingh, acclimatized for 7 days in laboratory condition from January to February, 2016 in aquaria at Fish Clinic of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, experimentally injured by using forceps and knife and waited seven days for the establishment of infection. Before starting chemotherapeutic trial, it was confirmed that the fish were infected with microorganisms by clinical diagnosis in laboratory condition. They showed hemorrhages and ulcerative lesions over the infected area. A total of 80 such experimentally infected stinging catfish having average body weight of 18 g were used for the experiment. Two chemotherapeutics: antibiotic, Eryvet (erythromycin thiocyanate INN, sulphadiazine (NaUSP) & trimithoprim BP) and antifungal, methylene blue were used in separate and combined treatment with three different doses of antibiotic. The same dose of methylene blue, 0.2 mg/l, was used for separate and combined treatment by antibiotic. Doses of antibiotic (Eryvet) were 0.8 g/10 kg body weight of fish, 1g/10 kg body weight of fish and 1.2 g/10 kg body weight of fish as lower dose, recommended dose and higher dose respectively. For combined treatment the above different doses of antibiotic and the same dose of antifungal were used. Water was exchanged regularly. The chemotherapeutic trial was conducted for 7 days and observation was continued for another 8 days to observe the effect of treatment. Combined treatment with the recommended dose of the antibiotic and methylene blue showed the best result where 90% fish were recovered. By the treatment with the higher dose of the antibiotic 70% fish were recovered. Antifungal treatment showed that 20% fish were recovered. All the fish in negative control aquarium died.
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
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Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
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the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
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This study examined the effects of beta glucan as an immunostimulant on the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, challenged with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. The experimental groups included: a control group, a group treated with beta glucan, a group treated with beta glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila, and a group only challenged with A. hydrophila. Results showed that beta glucan treatment improved growth performance and boosted hematological and biochemical parameters related to immunity compared to the control and infection-only groups. Specifically, beta glucan increased total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin levels, and improved condition factor and specific growth rate. It also elevated total leukocyte count and different white
PRELIMINARY STUDY THE USE OF HERBAL EXTRACTS AGAINST IRIDOVIRUS IN TIGER GROU...KB Haw
This preliminary study examined the use of herbal extracts to enhance survival of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) infected with iridovirus. Tiger grouper were experimentally infected with iridovirus via injection and cohabitation. Those infected were then treated by immersion in an herbal solution for 72 hours. The study found that herbal treatment enhanced survival compared to the non-treated group, but iridovirus was still detected in some fish 8 days later, indicating some were asymptomatic carriers. The results suggest herbal extracts may generate protective immunity against iridovirus infection in tiger grouper.
Antimalarial activity gardenia lutea and sida rhombifolia ijrpppharmamailbox1
This study investigated the in vivo antimalarial activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia against Plasmodium berghei in mice. The extracts were administered orally at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg to infected mice. The extracts showed significant antimalarial activity in a dose-dependent manner, reducing parasitemia compared to the negative control. The plant extracts also demonstrated an acceptable safety profile at test doses up to 2000 mg/kg. The results suggest that Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia extracts have promising antimalarial properties worthy of further study.
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The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping.
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Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
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Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
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Marine natural products are drugs obtained from marine organisms that have been studied since ancient times. The oceans cover most of the earth's surface and are home to a vast diversity of species, many of which are still unknown. Marine organisms produce unique biochemical adaptations for survival in extreme conditions that could provide benefits for pharmacology. However, issues like limited supply, taxonomic identification challenges, and screening large numbers of microbes associated with invertebrates present obstacles for drug development from marine sources. Improved genetic engineering, databases, and activity-based screening methods may help address these problems and unlock the potential of marine organisms for new pharmaceuticals.
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the commercially important and commonly cultured fish. In the hatchery intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in C. carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in C. carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between March to May 2015 at Mafatema fish hatchery, Chanchra, Jessore sadar upazilla. In the present study three disinfectants with three different concentrations in each such as methylene blue 1, 3 and 5mg/L., malachite green 1, 3 and 5mg/L., sodium chloride 1, 2 and 3g/L were used to observe the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and survival rate of larvae. Bacterial load of culture water was examined during the induced breeding of C. carpio with mycological examination of egg samples with different disinfectants. The total bacterial count fluctuated from 3.4 x 108 CFU/ml to 32.7 x 108 CFU/ml during the period of fertilization to 4days of hatching. The fertilized eggs infected by Saprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelop. Among all the treatment 1mg/L methylene blue, 3mg/L malachite green and 1g/L sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching rate 95·33±2·08, 88.00±2.64 and 92.33±4.04% respectively. The same concentration of methylene blue, malachite green and sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) better survival rate 95·00±4.35, 75.00±3.00 and 87.00±6.24% respectively. Finally among all the treatment 1mg/L of methylene blue showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching and survival rate 95·33±2·08% and 95·00±4.35 % respectively. So 1mg/L of methylene blue is the best disinfectant for C. carpio fertilized egg treatment.
Phage Endolysins as Potential Antimicrobials against Multidrug Resistant Vibr...Pig Farm Solution
Phage Endolysins as Potential Antimicrobials against Multidrug Resistant Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Current Status of Research and Challenges Ahead
Nandita Matamp and Sarita G. Bhat *
Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi-682022, Kerala, India; nandita.matamp@gmail.com
* Correspondence: saritagbhat@gmail.com; Tel.: 91-984-603-3486. Fax: 0484-257-7595
Received: 25 February 2019; Accepted: 15 March 2019; Published: 18 March 2019
This document describes a study that evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial effect of ethanolic extracts from Caesalpinia spinosa against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Ethanolic extracts were obtained from C. spinosa leaves, pods, and seeds through maceration at different concentrations. The Kirby-Bauer diffusion method was used to test the extracts against S. aureus strains. The results showed that all C. spinosa extracts had antimicrobial activity against the strains tested, with a direct relationship between effect and concentration. Leaf extracts showed the strongest effect, with inhibition halos of up to 18 mm in diameter. The study concluded that C. spinosa extracts have potential as an alternative treatment for infections caused
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Nine-year-old Wandas teacher notices that for the past few weeks,.docxTanaMaeskm
Nine-year-old Wanda's teacher notices that for the past few weeks, Wanda has not been talking to her friends and is always sitting alone in a corner. After talking to Wanda's friends, the teacher finds out that Wanda's sixteen-year-old brother was killed in a gang fight two months ago and her parents have since separated. The teacher talks to her friend Daphne, a counselor, to see if there is anything she can do about Wanda. She wants to know if there is any way in which children and families affected by exposure to violence can be assisted with emotional impact of these events. The teacher also asks Daphne, in the role of a counselor, to call Wanda's parents to see if they would be willing to talk with her about the death of their son, their separation, and Wanda's behavior at school. Daphne is not employed or affiliated with the school.
What would be Daphne's role, as a counselor, in helping the teacher?
What do you see as important roles of a counselor working in a community?
What are the ethical responsibilities that counselors and human services professionals hold toward the community? When answering this question identify the ethical code number and definition, using your own words, of the ethical responsibilities of these professionals.
Briefly speak how you, as an ethical counselor, would respond to the teacher's request for you to speak with Wanda and her family.
DUE TODAY 10/25/16 @6PM eastern time
.
Newspapers frequently feature stories on how various democratic prin.docxTanaMaeskm
Newspapers frequently feature stories on how various democratic principles and processes contribute to democratic governance and impact a wide variety of issues, ranging from the distribution of flu vaccines to the appropriate legal venue for terrorist trials. Public policies that are formulated to address such issues come about as the result of the influence and application of various democratic principles and processes. In addition, competing interests and factions engage in the democratic process using tools such as lobbying or elections in an effort to leverage public policy. As you think about democratic principles and processes for this Assignment, take note of where you see their influence in recent public policy issues. To prepare for this Assignment: • Review the article “War v. Justice: Terrorism Cases, Enemy Combatants, and Political Justice in U.S. Courts” in this week’s Learning Resources. Take note of key democratic principles explained. Consider how the democratic principles in the article might influence public policy. • Review the articles “Strategic Lobbying: Demonstrating How Legislative Context Affects Interest Groups’ Lobbying Tactics” and “The Study of Party Factions as Competitive Political Organizations” in this week’s Learning Resources. • Think about the democratic processes used by lobbying groups and political factions to influence public policy. • Select a public policy issue related to your specialization or to an area with which you are familiar. • Select three democratic principles and/or processes that you think might influence the formulation of public policy related to your issue. • Reflect on how these principles and processes of democracy influence the formulation of the public policy you selected. The Assignment (2–3 pages): • Briefly describe the public policy issue you selected for this Assignment. • Using three democratic principles and/or processes of your choice, explain how you think these democratic principles and/or processes influence the formulation of public policy. • Based on your analysis, share at least one insight you gained about the influence of democratic principles and processes on the formulation of public policy. Or, if you live outside the United States, explain how these democratic principles might affect governance in your country.
.
Nice thought process and good example of foot into the door” ).docxTanaMaeskm
Nice thought process and good example of “foot into the door” :)!
You also appear to be a very smart person when it comes to being ware of other that may take advantage of one’s
Kindness!
Why do you think some people take advantage of the “foot into the door” in a negative way? What are your views on this? Other students may chime in! I love to hear
your views!!!!
Thanks for sharing and stay positive!
.
NIST and Risk Governance and Risk Management Please respond to the.docxTanaMaeskm
"NIST and Risk Governance and Risk Management" Please respond to the following:
NIST provides many procedures and much guidance on IT and information security-related topics.
Assess if NIST is too large and attempts to cover too many topics. Decide if NIST should separate into different entities for different major areas, such as IT governance, risk management, information security, and others.
Assess if the various NIST documents covering risk management topics and concepts are too spread out and should be more consolidated to provide better guidance to organizations when they are establishing risk management programs.
.
Nice thought process ;)!Some in social media agree with your v.docxTanaMaeskm
Nice thought process ;)!
Some in social media agree with your views:"… involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior,”.
Santrock (2006) support your views on this topic and also noted that one main type of schizophrenia is cationic (exhibits bizarre behavior, frequently causes immobile stupor
).
Do you think most people are aware that there are more than one type of schizophrenia?
What are your views on this?
Other students may chime in! I would love to hear your views ;)!
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Newsletter pertaining to an oceanographic environmental issue 1500.docxTanaMaeskm
Newsletter pertaining to an oceanographic environmental issue
1500 words with minimum of 6 references.
must be submitted by Dec 10
Please do the newsletter talks about the Chinese fishery, mainly focus on the damage they made to the environment.
1500 words , with some well-designed pictures
due dec10th
please do more than 6 references, use the information get from references
please follow the format if the sample I attached.
.
Nicole Martins is the controller at UMC Corp., a publicly-traded man.docxTanaMaeskm
Nicole Martins is the controller at UMC Corp., a publicly-traded manufacturing company. Last year, UMC had annual sales revenue of $15 million. The first quarter of this year just ended, and Nicole needs to prepare a trial balance so she can prepare the quarterly financial statements. However, trial balance is out of balance by $750 (credits exceed debits).
Nicole is running out of time as the report is due today! Therefore, she decides to balance by plugging the $750 into the Equipment account. She chose the Equipment account because it has the largest account balance. Therefore, with the $750 added, it will be the least-misstated account.
Identify the stakeholders in the case.
Explain the ethical issues the case involves.
If you were Nicole, what would you do?
.
New and Orignal work. Please cite in MLA citation and use in text ci.docxTanaMaeskm
New and Orignal work. Please cite in MLA citation and use in text citations for the other sources you use. This essay is two pages long. I will list the poems this essay will be on below. Please highlight where you cite these poems so I can know where to add the in text citation. I need this essay completed by 8:00 pm sunday.
Theme: Loss of faith in institutional, cultural, and social foundation that could provide stability in the world
Poems: T.S. Eliot " The Waste Land"
W.B. Yeats " The Second Coming"
James Joyce "Ulysses"
.
New and Origninal work. The topic is already provided below and I ne.docxTanaMaeskm
New and Origninal work. The topic is already provided below and I need it to be 2 pages no limit on word count. Make sure it is MLA cited and the paragraghs are detailed explaining which charasteristic you are referring to. The writings are coming from the Norton Anthology English Literature Book The Victorian Age Volume E. I have attached the three writings from the book that I would like you to use for this essay. Let me know if you need a better copy scanned and I will be happy to rescan it.
Assignment Description
: Write a short (2 page) essay using selections from the texts that demonstrate the characteristic below.
Remember it takes more than 2 data points to indicate a trend. You will need to
choose 3 different writers
to show there was a prevailing tendency toward the characteristic you choose.
Explain fully how the characteristic is shown by detailed explication of the works you choose. Make sure references are integrated and cited according to MLA conventions.
Literature of this age tends to come closer to daily life and reflects its practical problems and interests. It becomes a powerful instrument for human progress. Socially & economically, industrialism was on the rise as well as various reform movements such as emancipation, child labor, women’s rights, and evolution.
.
New essay -- minimum 300 words3 resources used NO cover sheet or.docxTanaMaeskm
The assignment requires a minimum 300-word essay using 3 resources including a required Harris book chapter attached, with no cover sheet or headers. The essay topic is to discuss Harris' hypothesis for patterns of people-eating and insect-eating in certain societies compared to others and what other sources suggest to explain these patterns.
Neurological DisordersNeurological disorders, such as headaches, s.docxTanaMaeskm
Neurological Disorders
Neurological disorders, such as headaches, seizure disorders, sleep disorders, depression, and dementia, can present several complications for patients of all ages. These disorders affect patients physically and emotionally, impacting judgment, school and/or job performance, and relationships with family and friends. Since these disorders may have drastic effects on patients’ lives, it is important for advanced practice nurses to effectively manage patient care. With patient factors and medical history in mind, it is the nurse’s responsibility to assist physicians in the diagnosis, treatment, and education of patients with neurological disorders.
To prepare:
·
Review this week’s media presentations on the nervous system.
·
Select one of the following neurological disorders: headaches, seizure disorders, sleep disorders, depression, or dementia. Consider the pathophysiology, as well as the types of drugs that would be prescribed to patients to treat your selected disorder.
·
Select one of the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Consider how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of the disorder. Then, reflect on how this factor might impact the effects of prescribed drugs, as well as measures you might take to help reduce any negative side effects.
·
Locate an agency that provides patient education on your selected disorder and review the available materials and curriculum. Consider how you might be able to use those materials to educate a patient on the disorder, treatment options, management, and self-care.
Questions to be addressed in my paper:
1.
A description of the neurological disorder you selected, including its pathophysiology and types of drugs that would be prescribed to treat patients.
2.
Explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of the disorder, as well as the effects of prescribed drugs.
3.
Include a description of measures you might take to help reduce any negative side effects.
4.
Finally, explain how you would use materials from a supporting agency to educate patients on the disorder, treatment options, management, and self-care.
5.
Summary with Conclusion
REMINDERS:
1)
2-3 pages (addressing the 4 questions above excluding the title page and reference page).
2)
Kindly follow APA format for the citation and references! References should be between the period of 2011 and 2016. Please utilize the references at least three below as much as possible and the rest from yours.
3)
Make headings for each question.
References:
Readings
·
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2012).
Understanding pathophysiology
(Laureate custom ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
o
Chapter 12, “Structure and Function of the Neurologic System”
This chapter begins with an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system. It also explains the importance of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.
o
Chapter 13, “Pain, Tempe.
Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Paper··I.docxTanaMaeskm
This paper discusses two neurological disorders, one neurodevelopmental and one neurocognitive. It describes the behavioral criteria and incidence rates and causes of each disorder. It also proposes two treatment options for each disorder based on different theoretical models, formatted according to APA style with references.
Needs to be done by 8pm central time!!!!!!An important aspect .docxTanaMaeskm
Needs to be done by 8pm central time!!!!!!
An important aspect of a research study is the ability to analyze data and then describe the statistics derived from that data in a form that is easy to understand and interpret. For quantitative data, this can include representing the data visually through tables, diagrams, and graphs. Review the quantitative descriptive statistic examples in the sport involvement article.
2-3 pages APA Format.
message for extra information.
.
Need to know about 504 plan and IEP. I need to research the process.docxTanaMaeskm
Need to know about 504 plan and IEP. I need to research the process of determining a child with OHI (Other Health Inpairment. 1 of the sources needs to be DPI (Department of Public Instruction for Wisconsin). I would like a power point presentaion along with what I should be said with each slide. APA format
.
Nelson Carson is a 62-year-old man who presents to his private pract.docxTanaMaeskm
Nelson Carson is a 62-year-old man who presents to his private practitioner’s office with a hacking, raspy cough.
Subjective Data
PMH: HTN, CAD
Cough is productive, bringing up green, thick phlegm
Runny nose, sore throat
No history of smoking or seasonal allergies
Complains of fatigue
Objective Data
Vital signs: T 37 P 72 R 14 BP 134/64
Lungs: + Rhonchi bilateral upper lobes, wheezes
O2 Sat = 98%
Medications: Metoprolol 25 mg per day, ASA 325 mg/daily
What other questions should the nurse ask about the cough?
What nursing diagnoses can be derived from the data?
What should be included in the plan of care?
What risk factors are associated with this age group?
Based on the readings, what is the most likely cause of cough for this patient?
Apa format
Reference
Jarvis, C. (2016).
Physical examination & health assessment
(7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
Chapter 18: Thorax and Lungs
pp. 413–441 (Structure, Function, The Thoracic Cavity, Developmental Competence, Subjective Data, Objective Data)
Chapter 19: Heart and Neck Vessels
pp. 459–492 (Structure and Function, Heart Wall, Chambers, and Valves, Heart Sounds, Developmental Competence, Subjective Data, Objective Data )
Chapter 20: Peripheral Vascular System and Lymphatic System
pp. 509–529 (Structure and Function, Lymphatics, Developmental Competence, Subjective Data, Objective Data)
.
Negotiation strategiesUsing the text Negotiation Readings, Exerc.docxTanaMaeskm
Negotiation strategies
Using the text “Negotiation: Readings, Exercisers, and Cases” by Lewicki, prepare a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you analyze the possible intervention strategies. Apply what you believe to be the best strategy and explain how it should resolve the conflict. In case your best strategy does not work, or is rejected, develop and describe at least one contingency plan.
Instructions
Major points are stated clearly; are supported by specific details, examples, or analysis; and are organized logically.
1) Article Employs Negotiation strategy
2) Described Negotiation process
3) Compared and contrasted both strategies / work / home
Responsible for combining all sections, editing for flow, uploading draft for team review, submitting the final assignment (on time)
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Needs to be done in the next 3-4 hours .docxTanaMaeskm
The document indicates that there is something that needs to be done within the next 3-4 hours. No other details are provided about the task. The brevity of the document leaves many unknowns about what specifically needs to be accomplished during this timeframe.
Needs quotes and needs to be citied!!about 2 pages.NO PLAGARISM..docxTanaMaeskm
Needs quotes and needs to be citied!!
about 2 pages.
NO PLAGARISM. Looking for authetnitc work.
MLA
Summary from the following sections.
Vatican II. Gaudium et Spes. 1965. 12-18. Print. [available in Many are Called]
Rahner, Karl. Theological Investigations. Trans. C. Ernst. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1966. Print. [available in Many are Called]
Vol. 6, 390-398
Vol. 14, 280-294
Wong, Norman. "Karl Rahner’s Concept of the ‘Anonymous Christian’ An Inclusivist View of Religions." Church and Society, 4.1 (2001): 23-39. Print. [available in Many are Called] (Optional reading)
.
need to work on my present assignment using my last assignment as .docxTanaMaeskm
need to work on my present assignment using my last assignment as source
need 3 pages document and 1 page reference
Should concentrate on what authors discuss on that specific topic
Should be in IEEE Format
No Plagiarism
Willing to do changes references should be in IEEE format Important
• 1st attachment is question for the assignment
• 2nd attachment is topic you need to work on this project
• 3rd attachment my project should be also in same format
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CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
220711130088 Sumi Basak Virtual University EPC 3.pptx
EPIDEMIOLOGYAntibiotic Susceptibility of Non-Cholera Vibri
1. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Non-Cholera Vibrios
Isolated from Farmed and Wild Marine Fish
(Argyrosomus japonicus), Implications for Public Health
Justine Fri,
1
Roland Ndip Ndip,
2
Henry Akum Njom,
1
and Anna Maria Clarke
1
This study aimed to evaluate the antibiogram and antibiotic
resistance genes (ARGs) of Vibrio isolates
recovered from a marine fish (Argyrosomus japonicus) and
water samples from two commercial dusky kob
aquaculture farms and the Kariega estuary, South Africa, and to
evaluate these findings for their public health
implications. A total of 277 molecularly confirmed Vibrio
isolates consisting of 126 Vibrio fluvialis, 45 Vibrio
vulnificus, 30 Vibrio Parahaemolyticus, and 76 vibrios
belonging to species of the genus other than Vibrio
cholerae were subjected to susceptibility testing to 15
antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. Multiple
antibiotic resistance index ( MARI) was used to determine the
2. antibiotic resistance-associated health risk,
while polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the
presence of 14 ARGs for nonsusceptible strains.
Highest resistances were recorded to amoxicillin (76.2%),
ampicillin (67.5%), erythromycin (38.3%), and
doxycycline (35.0%), while susceptibilities were highest to
gentamicin (100%), followed by norfloxacin
(97.8%), florfenicol (90.3%), tetracycline (87.7%), and
chloramphenicol (87.4%). We recorded a 58.5%
multidrug resistance (resistance to ‡2 antimicrobial classes).
MARI did not vary significantly between sites
( p > 0.05); however, values of >0.2 were recorded in 40%
(108/277) of all strains tested. ARG markers, ampC,
blaOXA, tetA, tetM, dfr1, sul1, sul2, ermB, nptII, strA, and
SXT integrase, were detected in one or more strains
with ermB (82.5%), sul2 (53.8%), strA (44%), dfr1 (42.3%),
and tetM (38.3%) being the most abundant.
Healthy marine finfish (dusky kob) and their environment can
serve as reservoirs for antibiotic resistant vibrios
and ARGs, which could be disseminated to humans and other
susceptible bacteria and this therefore becomes a
public health concern.
Keywords: Vibrio, marine fish, antibiotic drug resistance,
antibiotic resistant genes, public health
Introduction
Antimicrobials are widely used for the preventionand treatment
of bacterial diseases in food animals.1
They are among the most widely administered drugs ap-
proved for animal health and management. Global estimates
indicate higher volumes of antimicrobials used in food-
producing animals, exceeding those used in humans.
2
3. Most
animal feeds are supplemented with various concentrations
of antimicrobials ranging from subtherapeutic to full doses.
Moreover, almost all the classes of antibiotics used in the
treatment of human infections are also used in food animals,
including the newest classes of drugs such as third- and
fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, glyco-
peptides, and streptogramins.
2
In aquaculture, the control of antibiotic usage varies widely
from country to country.
3
Most developed countries either have
registered antibiotics for bacterial disease control, with well -
defined regulations regarding their usage, or no longer permit
the registration of products for nontherapeutic purposes such as
growth promoters.
4,5
However, about 90% of aquaculture in-
dustries are located in developing countries with weaker con-
trol strategies. Although antibiotics play an important role in
the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases both in hu-
mans and food animals, the indiscriminate use of these anti -
microbials has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environ-
ment. Members of the genus Vibrio are abundant in the marine
environment and may contaminate edible fish. Vibrio cholerae,
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio Vulnificus, and Vibrio
fluvialis
4. are the most significant human pathogens of the genus that may
cause mild to potentially fatal foodborne illnesses, especially
from consumption of contaminated seafood.
6–8
The acquisition
of ARGs by these pathogenic bacteria is of concern as these
may
1
Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research
Group ( MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and
Microbiology,
University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.
2
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of
Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
MICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE
Volume 24, Number 9, 2018
ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0276
1296
cause treatment failure and difficulties in human disease man-
agement. Previous studies have reported antibiotic resistance or
resistance genes in vibrios isolated from shrimps
9,10
and other
5. seafood.
11,12
These pathogenic bacteria with acquired ARGs may serve
as reservoirs of resistance genes to susceptible bacteria. The
accumulation of antibiotic residues in edible fish tissues may
also alter human intestinal flora and cause food poisoning or
allergies.
13
Some of these residues may be detected from
several months
14
up to a few years posttreatment with an-
timicrobials.
15
The World Health Organization considers the
emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, particularly multidrug-
resistant strains, to have critical consequences for human
medicine.
16
Data on the actual supply, consumption con-
centrations, and volumes of antimicrobials utilized in South
African animal health and aquaculture are scanty. It is im-
perative to continuously monitor the drug resistance pattern
of potentially pathogenic bacteria species as to determine
the risk they may pose to human health. We therefore
evaluated the susceptibility patterns of Vibrio strains (iso-
lated from water and fish from two commercial dusky kob
aquaculture farms and the Kariega Estuary) to antibiotics
6. commonly used in the treatment of fish and human vibriosis,
as well as their associated ARG markers.
Materials and Methods
Bacterial isolates and growth
A total of 277 Vibrio isolates (126 V. fluvialis, 45 V. vulnifi -
cus, 30 V. parahaemolyticus, and 76 vibrios belonging to other
species of the genus other than V. cholerae) randomly selected
from a pool of 606 vibrios (193 V. fluvialis, 74 V. vulnificus,
33
V. parahaemolyticus, and 306 belonging to other species of the
genus), isolated from 80 water samples and 120 dusky kobs in a
previous study,
17
were used in this study. Forty-four isolates
were from Kariega estuary (33�41¢S, 24�44¢E), 147 were
from
Farm 1 (13.0670�N, 59.5712�W), and 86 were from Farm 2
(32.9638�S, 27.8789�E), all located in the Eastern Cape prov-
ince, South Africa. All strains were previously maintained in
Tryptic Soy Broth supplemented with 25% glycerol and stored
at -80�C following molecular identification of the isolates. The
frozen cultures were resuscitated on brain–heart infusion agar
plates, and the plates were incubated at 37�C for 18–24 hr
before
antibiotic susceptibility testing and antibiotic resistance gene
detection.
Antibiotic susceptibility test
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio isolates to 15 antibi -
otics belonging to nine classes was performed according to the
7. standard guidelines recommended by Clinical Laboratory
Standards Institute (CLSI).
18
An inoculum for each isolate was
prepared by emulsifying colonies from an 18-hr pure culture in
3 ml of sterile normal saline (0.85%), and the turbidity was
adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standard (0.5 ml of 1% w/v BaCl2
and 99.5 ml of 1% v/v H2SO4) equivalent to 1.0 · 10
8
cfu/ml.
The bacterial suspension was uniformly streaked on Mueller
Hinton agar plates using sterile swabs and allowed for 3–5 min
before introduction of antibiotic discs. A panel of 15 antibiotic -
impregnated discs ( Mast Diagnostics, United Kingdom),
namely tetracycline (30 mg), erythromycin (15 mg), amoxicillin
(15 mg), streptomycin (10 mg), gentamycin (10 mg), cipro-
floxacin (5 mg), Chloramphenicol (30 mg), trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 mg), norfloxacin (10 mg), ampi-
cillin (10 mg), doxycycline (30 mg), nalidixic acid (30 mg),
florfenicol (30 mg), imipenem (15 mg), and cefoxitin (30 mg),
were placed on inoculated plates with a mast disc dispenser
(Mast Diagnostics). These antibiotics were chosen based on
their use in the treatment of Vibrio infections in humans and
animals, as well as their use in aquaculture. Plates were incu-
bated at 37�C for 24 hr, and the diameters of the zones of in-
hibition were measured and results interpreted as susceptible
(S), intermediate (I), or resistant (R) according to CLSI inter -
pretive criteria.
18,19
Resistance to florfenicol was interpreted as
8. earlier reported.
20
A multiple antibiotic-resistant phenotype
was defined as resistance to ‡2 antibiotic classes.
Determination of multiple antibiotic resistance
index/multiple antibiotic resistance phenotype
Multiple antibiotic resistance index ( MARI) is an im-
portant epidemiological tool used in assessing human health
risk in relation to antibiotic resistance. This tool aids in
differentiating high-risk (value of >0.2) from low-risk (value
of <0.2) contamination with bacteria of potential hazard to
humans in relation to antibiotic resistance.
21
MARI for an isolate was computed as:
MARI = a/b, where ‘‘a’’ represents the number of antibi-
otics to which that isolate was resistant and ‘‘b’’ the total
number of antibiotics to which the isolate was exposed,
21
while the MARI for a given sample of several isolates for
each site was also derived using the mathematical formula
MARI = a/b.c, where ‘‘a’’ is the aggregate antibiotic re-
sistance of all the isolates, ‘‘b’’ is the number of antibiotics
tested, and ‘‘c’’ is the number of isolates in the sample.
21
9. Detection of antibiotic resistance genes
For all cultures maintained at -80�C, genomic DNA was
isolated by suspending isolated colonies from an 18-hr pure
culture in 200 ml of sterile distilled water. Cells were lysed by
boiling for 15 min in a digital Accu dri-block (Lasec, South
Africa) and cell debris removed by centrifugation at 13,000 g
for 5 min. The supernatant was used directly as template in the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay or stored in 50 ml ali -
quots at -20�C until use. Nonsusceptible strains to various
antibiotics were subjected to detection of ARGs by PCR using
specific primers in a C1000 Touch Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad,
Singapore, Malaysia). Table 1 shows the primer sequences and
cycling conditions used for the detection of the ARGs. Each
amplification was performed in a 25 ml reaction, consisting of
5 ml template DNA, 0.5 ml of each of the oligonucleotide (In-
qaba Biotec, Pretoria, South Africa), and 12.5 ml of OneTaq
Quick-Load 2 · PCR Master mix (New England BioLabs,
Ipswich, United Kingdom) and an appropriate volume of
nuclease-free water (New England BioLabs). PCR amplified
products were separated in ethidium bromide (0.5 mg/ml)
stained with 1% agarose gels by electrophoresis at 100 V for
45 min. Gels were visualized using a UV transilluminator
(Alliance 4.7 XD-79; UVITEC, Cambridge, United Kingdom).
Statistical analysis
A chi-square test and Goodman and Kruskal’s tau test
were used to determine the relationships between resistances
ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT VIBRIOS FROM MARINE FISH
1297
T
107. A
A
G
G
C
1298
obtained for each antibiotic from different sampling sites. A
p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Antimicrobial resistance
Generally, the antibiotic susceptibilities of Vibrio isolates to
various antibiotics varied considerably. Of the 277 isolates
analyzed, 262 (94.6%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic.
Overall, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern revealed gen-
tamicin (100%), norfloxacin (97.8%), florfenicol (90.3%),
tetracycline (87.7%), chloramphenicol (87.4%), streptomycin
(78.7%), imipenem (76.5%), sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim
(76.2%), and nalidixic acid (74.4%) as the most effective an-
tibiotics against Vibrio strains tested (Table 2). In contrast,
resistance to cefoxitin (28.9%), doxycycline (35.0%), and
erythromycin (38.3%) was higher, with the highest resistance
recorded to ampicillin (67.5%) and amoxicillin (76.2%). Al -
though the total percentage of resistance recorded to cipro-
floxacin was very low (1.8%), almost half (44.8%) of the
nonsusceptible isolates showed an intermediary resistance
pattern. Considering the three human pathogenic species, the
high total resistance to amoxicillin was mostly contributed by
108. V. vulnificus (84.4%) and V. parahaemolyticus (56.7%) with a
much lower resistance (8.7%) of V. fluvialis to the drug. V.
vulnificus resistance to erythromycin, streptomycin, trimetho-
prim–sulfamethoxazole, and cefoxitin was also significantly
higher ( p < 0.05) than those recorded for V. parahaemolyticus
and V. fluvialis. Similarly, high resistance (35.6% for V. vul-
nificus and 46.7% for V. parahaemolyticus) was detected to
doxycycline, with a lower resistance (13.5%) of V. fluvialis to
the antibiotic. Table 2 shows the percentage susceptibility
profiles of 277 Vibrio isolates to 15 antibiotics.
When we compared resistances among the isolates obtained
from the three sites, there were marked differences in the anti -
microbial resistance patterns observed from isolates of the dif-
ferent sites (Fig. 1). Vibrio isolates recovered from Farm 2
showed significantly higher ( p < 0.05) resistance to
tetracycline,
doxycycline, erythromycin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole,
chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and imipenem with significantly
lower ( p < 0.05) resistances recorded to ampicillin, nalidixic
acid, florfenicol, and cefoxitin than those from Farm 1 and
Kariega estuary (Fig. 1). The only antimicrobial to which there
was a significantly higher ( p < 0.05) resistance in isolates from
Kariega estuary compared to other sites was cefoxitin. None of
the strains recovered from Kariega estuary were resistant to
ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, nor tetracycline. The percent resis -
tances obtained for each antibiotic for Vibrio isolates recovered
from the three sites are shown in Figure 1.
Multiresistance/MARI/multiple antibiotic
resistance phenotypes
Simultaneous resistance to various antimicrobials was
high (84.5%; 234/277), with a 58.5% (162/277) multidrug
resistance (defined as resistance to at least two classes of
antimicrobials) recorded (Table 3).
109. As earlier described,
21
a MARI of >0.2 differentiates iso-
lates between antibiotic resistance from low-risk and high-
risk sources. In this study, the MARI ranged from 0.0 to 0.67.
Forty percent (108/277) of isolates fell into a MARI of >0.2,
while 42.2% (117/277) belonged to the <0.2 group. Fifty-two
isolates (18.8%) had MARI = 0.2. Assessment of the aggre-
gate individual resistances of isolates from each sampling
location revealed that Kariega Estuary had the highest per -
centage of vibrios; this could possibly indicate areas of high
antibiotic usage/contamination (MARI = 0.24), this was fol -
lowed by Farm 2 ( MARI = 0.23), and Farm 1 had the lowest
percentage ( MARI = 0.21). However, the differences in
MARI between sampling locations were not significant
( p > 0.05).
Considering multidrug-resistant isolates only, the com-
pilation of the multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes re-
sulted in 23, 39, and 47 different patterns exhibited by
isolates from Kariega, Farm 1, and Farm 2, respectively.
One isolate from Farm 2 showed resistance to 10 of the 15
antimicrobials tested, exhibiting the phenotype AMP
R
-
AML
R
-TE
R
110. -E
R
-S
R
-C
R
-SXT
R
-DO
R
-NA
R
-IPM
R
.
Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes
PCR assays carried out to detect the presence of antibiotic-
resistant gene markers revealed that 11 (ampC, blaOXA, tetA,
tetM, dfr1, sul1, sul2, ermB, nptII, strA, and SXT) of the 14
genes tested occurred in one or more Vibrio strains, with
ermB (82.5%), sul2 (53.8%), strA (44%), dfr1 (42.3%), and
tetM (38.3%) being the most abundant. Table 3 shows the
prevalence of ARGs detected in the study.
Genes (dfr1, Sul1, and Sul2) coding for sulfonamide re-
sistance were detected in 58.3% (7/12), 25% (3/12), and 50%
(6/12) of the V. fluvialis isolates, respectively, while only dfr1
(33.3%; 4/12) and sul2 (66.7%; 8/12) genes were detected in
111. the V. vulnificus isolates. None of these resistance genes were
found in the nonsusceptible V. parahaemolyticus strains.
Among the genes that code for streptomycin (aminogly-
cosides) resistance, strA was the most commonly detected
gene as it occurred in the V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus,
and V. fluvialis strains. In contrast, the nptII was detected
only in V. vulnificus and V. fluvialis, while aacC2 was not
found in any of the Vibrio strains. The gene coding for
integrase of the SXT element was only found in V. para-
haemolyticus and was detected in one out of the four re-
sistant isolates. Of all the three genes tested which code for
erythromycin (macrolide) resistance, namely, ermA, ermB,
and ermC, only ermB was detected in all three Vibrio spe-
cies at high frequencies. b-lactam resistance, encoded by the
ampC and blaZ AGRs, was detected in all three Vibrio
spp. For the genes coding for tetracycline resistance, tetM
was detected in all the Vibrio species, while tetA was only
detected in the resistant V. parahaemolyticus isolates. Fig-
ure 2 shows representative gels for some antibiotic resis-
tance genes detected (combined from different PCR assays).
Discussion
Antibiotic sensitivity patterns among Vibrio
isolates and MARI
It is necessary to continuously assess antibiotic resistance
patterns of pathogenic bacteria in various foods and food
environments as part of monitoring the spread and emer-
gence of bacterial resistance. This helps in determining the
health risk associated with subsequent infection when hu-
mans consume possibly contaminated food or water. Al-
though intrinsic antibiotic resistance may occur, it is less
ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT VIBRIOS FROM MARINE FISH
176. p
ti
b
le
.
1300
likely to lead to high frequencies of resistance. An increase
in bacterial resistance to an antimicrobial generally points to
the widespread and indiscriminate use of these antimicro-
bials, while low frequency in bacterial resistance may be
related to low contamination with antibiotics in the area. In
this study, antimicrobial resistance results revealed that
most (84.5%) Vibrio isolates were resistant to more than one
antimicrobial, with over half of the total isolates (58.5%)
being multidrug resistant. The high resistances revealed by
Vibrio isolates and individual species to b-lactam antibiotics
(ampicillin and amoxicillin) are similar to those reported in
other studies.
12,31–34
However, our results of <50% resis-
tance of V. vulnificus to erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole,
the resistance by V. parahaemolyticus to erythromycin and
V. fluvialis to cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, and chloram-
phenicol are contrary to that reported by Okoh et al.
34
Al-
177. though resistance to streptomycin was considered to be low,
our findings revealed a higher percent resistance than has
been reported before.
12,35
The percentage of resistance re-
corded to ciprofloxacin might have been low (1.8%), but
almost half (44.8%) of the nonsusceptible isolates showed
an intermediary resistant pattern which possibly may be
completely resistant to the antibiotic overtime.
In this study, gentamicin was the most effective antibiotic
to vibrios as all isolates were susceptible to the drug. This
result is similar to those earlier reported.
12,32–34
The high
susceptibility to gentamicin, together with a >90% suscep-
tibility to norfloxacin and florfenicol, could be an indication
of fairly low contamination of the aquatic environment and
consequently its inhabitants by these antibiotics. In South
Africa, florfenicol (AQUAFLOR, NUFLOR) is the only
antibiotic currently registered for use in aquatic animals,
although other antibiotics such as oxytetracycline hydro-
chloride and oxytetracycline dehydrate have been approved
FIG. 1. Percentage of an-
tibiotic resistance of 277
Vibrio strains. AML,
amoxicillin; AMP, ampicil-
lin; C, chloramphenicol; CIP,
ciprofloxacin; DO, doxycy-
cline; E, erythromycin; FFC,
179. Tetracyclines tetA — 2/7 (28.57) 0/10 (0) 2/17 (11.76)
tetM 2/16 (12.50) 8/14 (57.14) 8/17 (47.06) 18/47 (38.3)
ARG, antibiotic resistant gene.
ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT VIBRIOS FROM MARINE FISH
1301
for extra-label uses against fish diseases under veterinarian
supervision.
36
Low resistance (6.1%) to florfenicol is
therefore encouraging. However, frequent monitoring and
effective action to maintain the low levels of resistance to
this antibiotic, particularly in aquaculture settings, are nec-
essary to prevent further development and spread of resis-
tance to this antibiotic.
Doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin are among first
line drugs administered against infections caused by vibrios.
Based on our results, while ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin ap-
pear to be effective against the isolates tested, it is concerning
to
record resistances of 35.6% (V. vulnificus) and 46.3% (V.
parahaemolyticus), respectively, to doxycycline. In addition,
despite the absence of antibiotics in fish meals (as testified by
the fish farmers of both Farm 1 and 2), the increased levels of
antibiotic resistance to cefoxitin, doxycycline, erythromycin,
ampicillin, and amoxicillin are an indication of antibiotic res -
idues in the environment. This could possibly be from human
and animal waste, runoffs from farmlands, or hospital waste
180. that finally ends up in the estuaries or the residues could be
from
larval growth stages of fish in aquaculture. Although the culture
of finfishes may not include antibiotics, most larval stages do
include antibiotic treatment to increase survival rates from
pathogenic bacteria.
37
The transfer of antibiotic-resistant bac-
teria’s DNA from fish hatcheries to other pathogenic bacteria
has been documented.
38
Subsequently, these are often associ-
ated with environmental and human health problems, including
bacterial resistance and persistence of disease in the aquatic
environment.
13
In turn, through the food chain or contact with
contaminated water, humans become infected with resistant
bacteria. Antibiotic resistance in food animals and the subse-
quent transfer of these resistant organisms to humans have been
reported.
1,3,39
Resistance to antimicrobials has also been re-
ported in aquaculture products or environments, as well as in
finfish,
40–42
with residues detected from several months
181. 14
up to
a few years posttreatment with antimicrobials.
15
Generally, the MARI for each site was slightly beyond
the threshold of low risk to humans. This result implies that
locations from which samples were collected have been
exposed to high antibiotic contamination. This conclusion
was unexpected in the recirculatory fish farm systems (Farm
1 and Farm 2), as both farms reported using an antibiotic-
free fish meals. These results might, therefore, indicate an
incoming water source to the fish farms, which is already
contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The MARI
obtained from isolates from Kariega Estuary was higher
than that recorded in both farms, which we expected as the
estuary is exposed to contaminants from various sources.
Water bodies have been reported to be most contaminated,
with resistant bacteria from human and animal waste, in-
dustries and hospitals, farmland runoff, municipal sewage,
and poorly treated sewage.
43–46
These resistant bacteria
contaminate receiving water bodies and, therefore, aquatic
life, including fish.
47,48
This fact is reflected in many reports
that have revealed the presence of antibiotic-resistant Vibrio
in final effluents of wastewater treatment plants.
182. 34,49–51
It is
unfortunate that most of these pathogens can eventually be
transferred through the food chain or skin abrasions to hu-
mans, causing illnesses that are difficult to treat with regular
antibiotics.
Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes
The resistant genes ampC, blaZ, tetA, tetM, dfr1, sul1,
sul2, ermB, nptII, and strA were detected in two or more
isolates, while the SXT integrase was detected in one iso-
late. Other studies have reported resistant genes in Vibrio
species, which could be located in the bacterial chromosome
or plasmid mediated.
11,31
Yano et al.
10
also detected b-
lactamase and tetracycline-resistant genes in Vibrio species
isolated from cultured shrimps in Thailand. The inappro-
priate use of antimicrobials could lead to the emergence of
resistant bacteria and genes. Resistance genes are neither a
respecter of phylogeny nor geographical or ecological bor -
ders
52
; therefore, antibiotic-resistant bacteria or genes in the
incoming waters might have been sources of ARGs to the
farms. These resistant bacteria harboring resistant genes
183. may transfer these genes to susceptible bacteria, possibly
through plasmids.
Conclusion
Our findings represent the first report on antibiotic-
resistant vibrios with circulating ARGs from finfish aqua-
culture in South Africa. The findings of this study support
the hypothesis that marine fish and their environs may serve
as vehicles of antibiotic-resistant vibrios and resistance
genes to humans through the food chain or through contact
with water, and this is a public health concern. Continuous
monitoring of the antimicrobial-resistant patterns is there-
fore necessary to determine the emergence and spread of
resistance, particularly in controlled environments such as
aquaculture. This calls for better implementation of quality
FIG. 2. Representative gel
showing some antibiotic re-
sistant genes detected. (A)
Lanes 1 and 12 ( Molecular
weight markers; 1 kb plus),
Lanes 2 and 3 (tetM), Lanes
4 and 5 (ampC), Lanes 6 and
7 (tetA), Lane 8 (sul2), Lanes
9 and 10 (sul1), Lane 11
(ermA); (B) Lane 1 ( Mole-
cular weight marker; 1 kb
plus), Lanes 2 and 4 (nega-
tive), Lane 3 (SXT), Lanes 6–
7 (tetA), and Lanes 8 and 9
(blaOXA).
1302 FRI ET AL.
184. control strategies to prevent further transmission of resistant
bacteria to humans and ARGs to susceptible bacteria.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the South African Institute for
Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB) and NRF for their financial
support. They are also grateful to the directors of the fish
farms for provision of samples for the study.
Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist.
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Address correspondence to:
192. Justine Fri, PhD
Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular
Epidemiology Research Group ( MPMERG)
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology
University of Fort Hare
Alice 5700
South Africa
E-mail: [email protected]
1304 FRI ET AL.
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