This ppt provides basic information and notes of blood chapter for d.pharmacy students

1. 5. BLOOD
Prepared by – Mr. Digambar Jadhav ( M.Pharm)
HOD
Padmini College of Pharmacy,
Dighanchi.

2. Blood
Definition :- “ Blood is a fluid connective tissue circulated in
the body.”
Blood is a denser & more viscous than water
Blood has a slightly alkaline pH ranging from 7.3-7.5
The average volume of blood in the adult human is about 5
liters.

3. Functions of Blood
1) Blood supply the nutrients to each and every parts of body
2) Transportation of gases in between lungs & cell
3) Blood helps in transportation of hormone from site of
secreation to site of requirement.
4) Blood transport the waste product to their excretory organ.
5) Blood helps in maintaining acid-base balance, PH of body.
6) Blood helps in regulating body temperature.
7) WBCs of blood protects the body against infection
(disease)

4. Composition of Blood
Blood consists of about 55% of blood plasma & 45%
blood cells
 Blood plasma : When the blood cells are removed
from the blood, a slightly yellow colored liquid
remains called blood plasma.

5. Blood plasma
 Blood plasma consist :
1. Water
2. Plasma proteins : Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
3. Inorganic salts : sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium
4. Nutrients : Glucose, amino acid, fats, vitamins
5. Waste material : Urea, uric acid, creatinine
6. Enzymes & hormones
7. Gases : Oxygen, carbon dioxide.

6. Blood Cell
 Blood consists of three types of blood cells :
1. Erythrocytes ( red blood cells )
2. Leucocytes ( white blood cells )
3. Thrombocytes (platelets)

7. Normal values of Blood Cell
 Normal RBC count: Male-4.5-6.5million/mm3
Female-4.5-5million/mm3 .
 Normal WBC count: 4000-10,000/mm3
 Normal Platelet count : 1.5 – 4.0 lacs/mm3

8. Plasma protein
 Protein component present in blood plasma are
called as plasma proteins
e.g - Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
 Functions of plasma proteins :
1) Plasma proteins are responsible for osmotic
pressure of blood.
2) They are also responsible for viscosity of blood
3) Plasma globulin helps in the formation of antibodies
which give protection against infection.
4) Fibrinogen helps in the clotting of blood.

9. Erythrocytes or Red blood cells (RBC’s)
 Red blood cells are small, biconcave disc shaped
cells with a diameter of 7 micrometer.
 The number of RBCs differs according to age, sex
and physiological conditions of the body
 The RBC is a mass of haemoglobin enclosed in a
membrane called stroma.
 The process of formation of erythrocytes is called as
erythropoiesis.

10. Erythrocytes or Red blood cells (RBC’s)
 In foetal life erythrocytes are produced in liver, after birth
they are produced in red bone marrow of long bones,
compact bones & some irregular bones.
 The life span of RBCs is about 120 days & finally they are
destroyed in spleen & liver.

11. Haemoglobin ( Hb )
 Haemoglobin is respiratory pigment of erythrocyte.
 The red colour of blood is due to haemoglobin.
 Haemoglobin consist protein part called globin & non
protein part haem ( Iron )
 Hb combines with oxygen , forms oxyhaemoglobin
complex.
 Hb combines with carbon dioxide , forms
carboxyhaemoglobin complex.

12. Functions of Haemoglobin ( Hb )
1) Haemoglobin carries oxygen towards cells.
2) Haemoglobin carries carbon dioxide from cells
towards lung.
3) Haemoglobin helps in the formation of bilirubin.

13. Leucocytes or White blood cells ( WBC’s )
 Leucocytes (leuco-white, cytes-cells) are the largest
blood cells.
 It is nucleated cell.
 The normal value of leucocytes is 4000-10,000 cells
per cubic mm of blood.
 Depending upon the presence of granules in their
cytoplasm, they are classified as :
A. Granulocytes
B. Agranulocytes

14. A) Granulocytes
In this type of WBC, the granules are present in the
cytoplasm of the cell.
They constitute about 75% of total WBC.
Granulocytes are synthesized into red bone marrow.
They are further classified as follows...
a) Neutrophils
b) Eosinophils
c) Basophils

15. a) Neutrophils
These constitute about 70% of total WBC in blood.
The granules of these cells are stained with neutral
dye & appear purple in colour.
The nucleus of cell shows multiple lobes.
Function of neutrophils is to engulf & kills microbes
by phagocytosis.

16. b) Eosinophils
 These constitute about 4% of total WBC in blood.
 The granules of these cells are stained with acidic dye &
appear red in colour.
 It is also called as acidophils.
 The nucleus of cell shows two lobes.
 Function - Eoisnophils fight against the effect of histamine in
allergic condition, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and
destroy parasitic worms

17. c) Basophils
 These constitute about 1% of total WBC in blood.
 The granules of these cells are stained with basic dye &
appear blue in colour.
 Nucleus contain one lobe i.e bean shaped.
 Basophils liberate heparin, histamine & serotonin in
allergic reactions and increases overall inflammatory
response
 They are responsible for destruction of products of antigen
and antibody reaction.

18. B) Agranulocytes
 This type of WBC do not show presence of granules in their
cytoplasm.
 They constitute about 25% of total WBC.
 They are further classified as follows...
a) Lymphocytes ( 23 % )
Lymphocytes are smaller than monocytes & have large
nuclei. These are responsible for the development of immune
responses against antigens such as micro-organisms.
b) Monocytes ( 2% )
The monocytes are large cells with large nucleus & bigger
than lymphocytes. Monocytes are phagocytic in action

19. Blood groups
 Blood of one person is not always compatible with that
of another. Hence before transfusion of blood, it must
be tested for compatibility with the acceptors blood.
 Only compatible blood is to be transfused, if
incompatible blood is transfused, agglutination of
erythrocytes occurs which leads to haemolysis.

20. Blood groups
 Blood groups are determined by the method known as
‘ABO blood group method.’
 This method is depends on presence of antigen on the
surface of RBC.
 These antigens are called as agglutinogens
 The blood groups are based on two antigens namely A and
B.
 People whose R.B.Cs. contain only antigen A have type A
blood group.
 Whose R.B.Cs. contain only antigen B have type B blood
group.

21. Blood groups
 Whose R.B.Cs. contain both A and B antigen have type AB
blood group.
 Person who have neither antigen A nor B is type O blood
group.
 Blood plasma usually contains antibodies called agglutinins,
that reacts with the A or B antigens.
 Individuals whose R.B.Cs. contains antigen A have Anti-B
antibody.
 Whose R.B.Cs. contains antigen B have Anti-A antibody.
 Whose R.B.Cs. contains, antigen A and B have neither Anti-
A nor Anti-B antibodies.

22. Blood groups
 Person who have neither antigen A nor B have both Anti-A
and Anti-B antibodies.
 People with type AB blood do not have Anti-A or Anti-B
antibodies in their blood plasma. They are called universal
recipients because they can receive blood from donors of all
four blood types. They have no antibodies to attack antigens
on donated R.B.Cs.
 People with type O blood group have neither A nor B
antigens on their R.B.Cs. They are called universal donors
because they can donate blood to all four blood types.

23. Blood groups
Blood group Antigen Antibody
A A B
B B A
AB A,B No antibody
O No antigen A,B

24. Blood groups
 Rh Blood group :
 There is another antigen, called ‘Rh’ present in some
persons blood. This antigen named as ‘Rh’ because
this antigen was found in the blood of the Rhesus
monkey.
 People whose R.B.Cs. contains Rh antigens are called
Rh positive and those who do not contain Rh antigens
are called Rh negative.
 It has a great significance in pregnancy.

25. Blood groups
 If the mother is Rh -ve and the baby in the womb is Rh+
ve, the ‘Rh’ antibodies will be produced in the mothers
blood & such blood flowing through the placenta into the
foetus may cause haemolysis and jaundice in the baby
endangering his life in the womb or soon after birth
 The risk become greater in successive pregnancies.

26. Blood Clotting
 Whenever , there is any injury to skin, blood vessels get
ruptured and there is formation of rough surface on inner
side of blood vessels.
 When blood platelets come in contact with this rough
surface, they are injured, due to injury they release the
substance called thromboplastin.
 In the presence of thromboplastin & calcium in the blood
plasma prothrombin is converted into thrombin which
helps in conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

27. Blood Clotting
 The fibrin is insoluble & forms threads.
 The treads of fibrin forms a net, in the holes of this net, blood
cells are entangled.
 This mass then contracts to form a blood clot.

28. Disorders of blood
 Disorders of RBC :
1) Anemia : Reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity
of blood is called as anemia. It is characterised by
reduced numbers of R.B.Cs. or a decreased amount
of haemoglobin in the blood.
2) Polycythemia : It is the condition in which the count
of RBC is get increased above the normal count of
RBC. It increase viscosity of blood, slows the rate of
flow and also increases the risk of clotting, ischemia
and infraction.

29. Disorders of blood
 Disorders of WBC’s :
1) Leukopenia : It is the condition in which the total
count of WBC’s get decreased below 4000/mm3
2) Leukocytosis : It is the condition in which the total
count of WBC’s get increased above 10000/mm3
3) Leukemia ( Blood cancer ) : In this there is
abnormal & uncontrollable increase in the total count
of WBC’s.

30. Disorders of blood
 Disorders of Platelets :
1) Thrombocytopenia : It is the condition in which the
total count of platelets get decreased below the
normal count of platelets.
2) Thrombosis : It is the condition in which there is
formation of blood clots in the blood vessels.