Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

1. 19-1
Hemopetic system
Blood
Presented by:
Mr.Vijay Salvekar
Associate Professor
Dept. of Pharmacology
GRY Institute of Pharmacy,Borawan

2. Functions of Blood
• Transport of:
– Gases, nutrients, waste products
– Processed molecules
– Regulatory molecules
• Regulation of pH and osmosis
• Maintenance of body temperature
• Protection against foreign substances
• Clot formation

3. Blood Functions
1. Respiratory
 Transport O2 from lungs to tissues
 Transport CO2 from tissues to lungs
2. Nutrition
 Transport “food” from gut to tissues
3. Excretory
 Transport waste from tissues to kidney (urea, uric
acid)
4. Protective
 White blood cells , antibodies, antitoxins.

4. Blood Functions
5. Regulatory
regulate body temperature
 regulate pH through buffers
 coolant properties of water
 vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat
 regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolved
ions and proteins
6. Body Temperature
Water- high heat capacity, thermal conductivity, heat of vaporization
Typical heat generation is 3000 kcal/day

5. BLOOD
 Connective tissue in fluid form
 Fluid of life – carries oxygen from lungs to all parts of
body and carbon-di-oxide from all parts of the body to the
lungs
 Fluid of growth – carries nutritive substances from the
digestive system and hormones from endocrine gland to all
the tissues.
 Fluid of health – protects the body against diseases and get
rid of unwanted substances by transporting them into
excretory organs like kidney.

6. Physical Characteristics of Blood
• Thicker than water
• 8 % of total body weight
• Blood volume
» 70 mL/kg of body weight
» 5 - 6 liters in males
» 4 - 5 liters in females
• Temperature - 100.40F
• pH - 7.35 to 7.45

7. 19-7
Composition of Blood

8. Plasma
• liquid part of blood
– Pale yellow made up of 91% water, 9% other
• Colloid: Liquid containing suspended
substances that don’t settle out
– Albumin: Important in regulation of water
movement between tissues and blood
– Globulins: Immune system or transport molecules
– Fibrinogen: Responsible for formation of blood
clots

9. Functions of plasma proteins
1. Coagulation of blood – Fibrinogen to fibrin
2. Defense mechanism of blood – Immunoglobulins
3. Transport mechanism – α Albumin, β globulin transport hormones,
gases, enzymes, etc.
4. Maintenance of osmotic pressure in blood
5. Acid-base balance
6. Provides viscosity to blood
7. Provides suspension stability of RBC
8. Reserve proteins

10. Formed Elements
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• White blood cells (leukocytes)
–Granulocytes
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
–Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Platelets (thrombocytes)

11. Functions of plasma proteins
1. Coagulation of blood – Fibrinogen to fibrin
2. Defense mechanism of blood – Immunoglobulins
3. Transport mechanism – α Albumin, β globulin transport hormones,
gases, enzymes, etc.
4. Maintenance of osmotic pressure in blood
5. Acid-base balance
6. Provides viscosity to blood
7. Provides suspension stability of RBC
8. Reserve proteins

12. Formed Elements of Blood
• Red blood cells (R.B.C.)
• White blood cells (W.B.C.)
 granular leukocytes
 neutrophils
 eosinophils
 basophils
 agranular leukocytes
 lymphocytes - T cells, B cells, natural killer cells (N.K.C)
 monocytes
• Platelets (special cell fragments)

13. Functions of neutrophils
1. First line of defence against invading micro-organisms.
2. Powerful and effective killer machine – contains enzymes
like protease, elastase, metalloproteinase, NADPH oxidase;
antibody like substances called defensins.
Defensins – antimicrobial peptides active against bacteria
and fungi.
3.Secrete Platelet Aggregation Factor (PAF) – accelerates the
aggregation of platelet during injury to the blood vessels

14. Functions of basophils
Basophill granules release some important substances like –
1. Histamine – Acute hypersensitivity reaction- vascular changes, increase
capillary permeability
2. Heparin – prevents intravascular blood clotting
3. Hyaluronic acid – necessary for deposition of ground substances in
basement membrane
4. Proteases – exaggerate inflammation
• Basophill have IgE receptor – hypersensitivity reaction

15. Functions of Platelets
1. Blood clotting
2. Clot retraction
3. Defence mechanism
4. Homeostasis
5. Repair and rupture of blood vessel

16. Gas transport
• Continuous interchange of CO2 and O2
between lungs and tissues.
• Oxygen –
• major e- acceptor
• indispensable for ATP production.
• CO2
• major by product of energy metabolism

17. pH maintenance
• Oxygen release helps to maintain pH in tissues
• Lungs:
– HHb + O2 = HbO2 + H+
• Tissues:
– CO2 forms proton and bicarbonate
– Proton is bound to Hb, when O2 is released
– Bicarbonate leaves RBC
• Cl- / HCO3- interchange - Hamburger effect

18. Hb
• Higher ability of Hb to release O2 but lower ability
to bind O2 - Right shift
• Useful at site of O2 release (tissues)
• higher temperature
• higher 2,3 BPG level
• lower pH (Bohr effect)

19. CO2 transport
1. Bicarbonate formation within RBC and Cl
interchange
2. CO2 dissolved in blood plasma
3. Carbaminohemoglobin formation

20. WHERE is MARROW?
• Yolk Sac: Very Early Embryo
• Liver, Spleen: Newborn
• Bone
–Childhood: Axial Skeleton & Appendicular
Skeleton Both Have Red (Active) Marrow
–Adult: Axial Skeleton Red Marrow,
Appendicular Skeleton Yellow Marrow

21. Erythrocytes
• Structure
– Biconcave, anucleate
• Components
– Hemoglobin
– Lipids, ATP, carbonic
anhydrase
• Function
– Transport oxygen from
lungs to tissues and
carbon dioxide from
tissues to lungs

22. Functions of RBC
1. Transport oxygen from lungs to the tissues
(oxyhemoglobin).
2. Transport carbon-di-oxide from tissues to lungs
(carboxyhemoglobin)
3. Hemoglobin acts as a buffer and regulates the hydrogen
ion concentration (acid base balance)
4. Carry the blood group antigens and Rh factor

23. Hemoglobin
• Consists of:
– 4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide (carbonic
anhydrase involved), nitric oxide
– 4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen
• Iron is required for oxygen transport

24. Erythropoiesis
• Production of red blood cells
– Stem cells proerythroblasts early erythroblasts
intermediate late reticulocytes
• Erythropoietin: Hormone to stimulate RBC
production

25. 19-25
Hemoglobin Breakdown

26. Leukocytes
• Protect body against
microorganisms and
remove dead cells and
debris
• Movements
– Ameboid
– Diapedesis
– Chemotaxis
– Passive Immunity
– Active Immunity
– Antigen – Antibody
• Types
– Neutrophils: Most common;
phagocytic cells destroy bacteria
(60%)
– Eosinophils: Detoxify chemicals;
reduce inflammation (4%)
– Basophils: Alergic reactions;
Release histamine, heparin increase
inflam. response (1%)
– Lymphocytes: Immunity 2 types; b
& t Cell types. IgG-infection, IgM-
microbes, IgA-Resp & GI, IgE-
Alergy, IgD-immune response
– Monocytes: Become macrophages

27. Leukocytes

28. Thrombocytes
• Cell fragments
pinched off from
megakaryocytes in red
bone marrow
• Important in
preventing blood loss
– Platelet plugs
– Promoting formation
and contraction of clots

29. 19-29
Hemostasis
• Arrest of bleeding
• Events preventing excessive blood loss
– Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction of damaged
blood vessels
– Platelet plug formation
– Coagulation or blood clotting

30. 19-30
Platelet Plug Formation

31. 19-31

32. Coagulation
• Stages
– Activation of
prothrombinase
– Conversion of
prothrombin to
thrombin
– Conversion of
fibrinogen to fibrin
• Pathways
– Extrinsic
– Intrinsic

33. 19-33

34. 19-34

35. 19-35
Clot Formation

36. Fibrinolysis
• Clot dissolved by
activity of plasmin,
an enzyme which
hydrolyzes fibrin

37. Blood Grouping
• Determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on
surface of RBCs
• Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC
antigens, resulting in agglutination
(clumping) or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs
• Groups
– ABO and Rh

38. 19-38
ABO Blood Groups

39. 19-39
Agglutination Reaction

40. 19-40

41. Rh Blood Group
• First studied in rhesus monkeys
• Types
– Rh positive: Have these antigens present on
surface of RBCs
– Rh negative: Do not have these antigens present
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
– Mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross
placenta and cause agglutination and hemolysis
of fetal RBCs

42. 19-42

43. 19-43

44. 19-44

45. 19-45

46. Erythroblastosis Fetalis

47. Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Type and crossmatch
• Complete blood count
– Red blood count
– Hemoglobin measurement
– Hematocrit measurement
• White blood count
• Differential white blood
count
• Clotting

48. Blood Disorders
• Erythrocytosis: RBC
overabundance
• Anemia: Deficiency of
hemoglobin
– Iron-deficiency
– Pernicious
– Hemorrhagic
– Hemolytic
– Sickle-cell
• Hemophilia
• Thrombocytopenia
• Leukemia
• Septicemia
• Malaria
• Infectious
mononucleosis
• Hepatitis