The document provides an overview of body fluids and blood, highlighting that body fluids make up 55-60% of total body mass, with intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid as its main components. Blood is described as a liquid connective tissue that includes plasma and formed elements, with various functions such as oxygen delivery and immune response. Key aspects of blood components, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes, along with hemostasis and blood grouping, are also discussed.

1. BODY FLUIDSAND BLOOD
Prepared by
Mr.Abhay Rajpoot
HOD (Dep. of Medical Surgical)
abhayrajpoot5591@gmail.com

2. BODY FLUIDS
• In an average adult the body fluids constitute between 55% and 60%
of total body mass in female and male resp.
• Intracellular fluid (ICF) :About 2/3 of body fluid is ICF or cytosol,
the fluid within the cell.
• Extracellular fluid (ECF) : About 1/3 of body fluid is ECF is outside
cells and includes all other body fluids.
• ECF is divided into interstitial fluid and plasma.
• About 80% of ECF is interstitial fluid which occupies the microscopic
spaces between tissue cells.

3. BLOOD
• Hematology: It is the branch of science concerned with the study of
blood, blood forming tissue and disorders associated with them.
• Def.: It is the liquid connective tissue. It is composed of an
extracellular matrix called as blood plasma that dissolves and suspends
various cells and cell fragments.
• Physical properties of blood:
• It id denser and more viscous than water.
• It is slightly alkaline pH is 7.35 – 7.45.
• Temperature of blood is 38°C.
• The color of blood varies with its oxygen content.

4. BLOOD
Functions
• Deliver O2
• Remove metabolic wastes
• Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume
• Protection from blood loss- platelets
• Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
• Transport hormones

5. BLOOD
•Blood is broadly divided in two parts
1. Blood plasma
2. Formed elements

6. BLOOD

7. BLOOD
B L O D P L A SM A C O M P O N E N T S 5 5%
• 90% Water
• 8% Solutes:
• Proteins
• Albumin (60 %)
• Alpha and Beta Globulins
• Gamma Globulins
• fibrinogens
• Gas
• Electrolytes

8. BLOOD
B L O D P LA S M A
•Organic Nutrients
• Carbohydrates
• AminoAcids
• Lipids
• Vitamins
•Hormones
•Metabolic waste
• CO2
• Urea
C O M P O N E N T S 5 5 %

9. BLOOD
Formed Elements of the Blood 45%
•Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
•Leukocytes (white blood cells)
•Platelets (thrombocytes)

10. BLOOD
ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)
• Count : 5.4 millions pre microliter in male and 4.8 million in
female.
• Shape : Biconcave disc shaped.
• Size : 7-8 micrometer.
• Contains : Hemoglobin.
• Life span : 120 days
• RBC contains no nucleus, ER, ribosomes and mitochondria.
• RBC contains larger surface area because of biconcavity for
oxygen diffusion.

11. BLOOD
Hemoglobin

12. BLOOD
Hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen transport metalloproteinase
in the RBC.
• Hemoglobin transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues.
• When the oxygen concentration is high in the alveoli, the hemoglobin
combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.
• When the blood reaches the tissue with a low concentration of oxygen,
the hemoglobin dissociates with the oxygen releasing the oxygen into
the body tissue.

13. BLOOD
Erythropoiesis
• The process of development of RBC from pluripotent stem
cells called as erythropoiesis.
• Erythrocytes are produced in red bone marrow present at the
ends of long bones.
• The immature cells are released into blood stream as
reticulocytes and then mature into erythrocytes in one or two
days within circulation.
• During this time they lose their nucleus and therefore become
incapable of division.

14. BLOOD

15. BLOOD
LEUKOCYTES
• Leukocytes or WBCs
— Largest sized blood cells
— Lowest numbers in the blood
(4,500 – 11,000 per microliter)
— Formed in the bone marrow
and some in lymph glands
— Primary cells of the immune system
— Fights disease and foreign invaders
—Contain nuclei with DNA,
the shape depends on type of cell
— Certain WBCs produce antibodies
— Life span is from 24 hours to several years
—Size is 8-20 micrometers in diameter
—There are five different types of WBCs
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
4. Lymphocytes
5. Monocytes

16. BLOOD
THROMBOCYTES
—Thrombocytes or PLTs
— Formed in the bone marrow
— Fragments from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes
— Smallest of the blood cells
— 1-4 micrometers in diameter
— Shape can be round, oval, or appear spiky
— Life span of around 8-12 days

17. BLOOD
THROMBOCYTES• Platelets
• Involved in the clotting process
• Seal wounds and prevent blood loss
• Help repair damaged vessels
• 150,000 – 400,000 per microliter of blood
• Platelets stain bluish with reddish or purple granules

18. HEMOSTASIS
1. Vessel injury
2. Vascular spasm
3. Platelet plug formation
4. Coagulation

19. Hemostasis
(+ feedback)
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
Clotting Factors
thromboplastin
Traps RBC & platelets
Platelets release thromboplastin

20. Hemostasis
• Sequence of responses that stops bleeding
• 3 mechanisms reduce blood loss
1. Vascular spasm
• Smooth muscle in artery or arteriole walls contracts
2. Platelet plug formation
• Platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel, become activated and
accumulate large numbers
3. Blood clotting (coagulation)

21. COAGULATION PATHWAY

22. Blood Clotting
• Extrinsic pathway :
• Fewer steps then intrinsic and occurs rapidly
• Tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic
to) blood vessels and initiates formation of prothrombinase
• Intrinsic pathway :
• More complex and slower than extrinsic
• Activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the
blood
• Outside tissue damage not needed
• Also forms prothrombinase
• Platelet Activation and Factors for Clot Formation

23. BLOOD CLOTTING FACTORS

24. 19-24
Blood Grouping
•Determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on
surface of RBCs
•Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC
antigens, resulting in agglutination (clumping) or
hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs
•Groups
•ABO and Rh

25. Antigens and Antibodies of ABO BloodTypes

27. •First studied in rhesus monkeys
•Types
•Rh positive: Have these antigens present on
surface of RBCs
•Rh negative: Do not have these antigens
present
•ABO Blood Group System.mp4
19-26
Rh Blood Group

28. THANK YOU