The document discusses black fungus (mucormycosis), which has been affecting some COVID-19 patients in India and Egypt. It provides information on:
1) What black fungus is, the types of mucormycosis, and how it spreads (through spore inhalation but not human-to-human).
2) Risk factors like uncontrolled diabetes, steroid use for COVID-19 treatment, and weak immune systems.
3) Symptoms like nasal blockage and eye/orbital involvement.
4) Diagnosis through tissue/fluid samples, imaging, and microscopy of broad, non-septate hyphae.
5) Treatment involving antifungal
Black fungus how its happen in covid-19 pandemicjayalakshmi311
black fungus its known as a mucormycosis. now a days is considered as serious pandemic because of the serious situvation its affiliated with an covid-19. in this slide we see about clinical features and treatment and causes of black fungus.. some times it consider and causes a lethal dead and other eye related diseases also
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19daranisaha
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19semualkaira
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19semualkaira
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the
whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and
when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These
circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all
countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was
manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not
desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus. The
black fungus is a pathological phenomenon that arises as a result
of exposure to mucormycosis and is observed concurrent with recovery from the virus
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19semualkaira
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
Black fungus how its happen in covid-19 pandemicjayalakshmi311
black fungus its known as a mucormycosis. now a days is considered as serious pandemic because of the serious situvation its affiliated with an covid-19. in this slide we see about clinical features and treatment and causes of black fungus.. some times it consider and causes a lethal dead and other eye related diseases also
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19daranisaha
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19semualkaira
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19semualkaira
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the
whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and
when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These
circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all
countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was
manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not
desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus. The
black fungus is a pathological phenomenon that arises as a result
of exposure to mucormycosis and is observed concurrent with recovery from the virus
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19semualkaira
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19semualkaira
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the
whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and
when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These
circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all
countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was
manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not
desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus. The
black fungus is a pathological phenomenon that arises as a result
of exposure to mucormycosis and is observed concurrent with recovery from the virus
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19JohnJulie1
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19EditorSara
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19NainaAnon
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19EditorSara
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
Mucormycosis, known as black fungus, is a fulminant fungal infection. It occurs only when a person's immune system is compromised. Organ transplant patients, cancer patients, those with immune deficiencies, long-term steroid users, and uncontrolled diabetics are at risk for this infection.
The main aim of Corona is transmission of disease from person to person, and it had also been declared as a global pandemic which has caused disaster in the respiratory system of more than five million people and killed more than half a billion people across the world. Patients surviving from Covid-19 have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells. And most of the patients are in severe need of mechanical ventilation. This is the reason for a longer stay in hospital for a particular patient. Gradually, these patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infection. This infection is deadly leading to loss of hearing, loss of sight and eventually death. The fungal infection is referred to as Mucormycosis, the black fungus. The causative agent for this infection is Mucormycotina which is a member of Mucorales. Mucormycotina usually habitats in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection of Mucormycotina is associated with a wide range of human diseases including arthritis, gastritis, renal disorders and pulmonary diseases. This infection is closely associated with the mucous layer of skin, precisely cutaneous layer. This infection is present in the nasal and upper respiratory tract. In the lower respiratory tract these infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of precise methods. It was found those neutroponia patients are more
prone to this infection. This is caused by extensive use of chemotherapy resulting in impaired immunity. In recent times, in the case of pulmonary Mucormycosis, necrotizing pneumonia is a major symptom. A combination of antifungal and antimicrobial
agents is being used for a higher clinical recovery in the Mucormycosis case.
As COVID 19 cases are increasing rapidly in India again and making our lives hard, there’s a nasty and rare fungal infection affecting some coronavirus patients and it is giving the country a double blow. Fungal infections can be devastating and very harmful. We have seen various reports of fungal infection with mucormycosis, termed as “Black fungusâ€, in patients having COVID 19 or who are recovering from the coronavirus. India has registered around 11,717 cases of black fungus till May 25. Maximum of these cases are being reported from Gujarat and Maharashtra only. There are 2,859 cases of black fungus so far in Gujrat, Maharashtra has 2,770 cases, followed by 768 mucormycosis cases in Andhra Pradesh, 752 in Madhya Pradesh, and there are 744 cases in Telangana. Together, these five states have more than 65 percent of India’s total black fungus cases. The capital city has reported 620 cases of black fungus. Union Minister Mr. Sadananda Gowda said on 26th May that there are 119 mucormycosis cases in Delhi. Ms. Sunita Devi | Dr. Priyanka Chaudhary | Dr. Rajwant Kaur Randhawa "Mucormycosis in Covid-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42524.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/42524/mucormycosis-in-covid19/ms-sunita-devi
COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India: A Case...Ahmad Ozair
Singh S, Basera P, Anand A, Ozair A. COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India: A Case Series. Cureus. 2022 Aug; 14(8): e27906. ([Case Report], PMID: 36110469, Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464320/)
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19semualkaira
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the
whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and
when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These
circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all
countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was
manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not
desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus. The
black fungus is a pathological phenomenon that arises as a result
of exposure to mucormycosis and is observed concurrent with recovery from the virus
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19JohnJulie1
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19EditorSara
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19NainaAnon
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19EditorSara
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
Mucormycosis, known as black fungus, is a fulminant fungal infection. It occurs only when a person's immune system is compromised. Organ transplant patients, cancer patients, those with immune deficiencies, long-term steroid users, and uncontrolled diabetics are at risk for this infection.
The main aim of Corona is transmission of disease from person to person, and it had also been declared as a global pandemic which has caused disaster in the respiratory system of more than five million people and killed more than half a billion people across the world. Patients surviving from Covid-19 have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells. And most of the patients are in severe need of mechanical ventilation. This is the reason for a longer stay in hospital for a particular patient. Gradually, these patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infection. This infection is deadly leading to loss of hearing, loss of sight and eventually death. The fungal infection is referred to as Mucormycosis, the black fungus. The causative agent for this infection is Mucormycotina which is a member of Mucorales. Mucormycotina usually habitats in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection of Mucormycotina is associated with a wide range of human diseases including arthritis, gastritis, renal disorders and pulmonary diseases. This infection is closely associated with the mucous layer of skin, precisely cutaneous layer. This infection is present in the nasal and upper respiratory tract. In the lower respiratory tract these infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of precise methods. It was found those neutroponia patients are more
prone to this infection. This is caused by extensive use of chemotherapy resulting in impaired immunity. In recent times, in the case of pulmonary Mucormycosis, necrotizing pneumonia is a major symptom. A combination of antifungal and antimicrobial
agents is being used for a higher clinical recovery in the Mucormycosis case.
As COVID 19 cases are increasing rapidly in India again and making our lives hard, there’s a nasty and rare fungal infection affecting some coronavirus patients and it is giving the country a double blow. Fungal infections can be devastating and very harmful. We have seen various reports of fungal infection with mucormycosis, termed as “Black fungusâ€, in patients having COVID 19 or who are recovering from the coronavirus. India has registered around 11,717 cases of black fungus till May 25. Maximum of these cases are being reported from Gujarat and Maharashtra only. There are 2,859 cases of black fungus so far in Gujrat, Maharashtra has 2,770 cases, followed by 768 mucormycosis cases in Andhra Pradesh, 752 in Madhya Pradesh, and there are 744 cases in Telangana. Together, these five states have more than 65 percent of India’s total black fungus cases. The capital city has reported 620 cases of black fungus. Union Minister Mr. Sadananda Gowda said on 26th May that there are 119 mucormycosis cases in Delhi. Ms. Sunita Devi | Dr. Priyanka Chaudhary | Dr. Rajwant Kaur Randhawa "Mucormycosis in Covid-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42524.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/42524/mucormycosis-in-covid19/ms-sunita-devi
COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India: A Case...Ahmad Ozair
Singh S, Basera P, Anand A, Ozair A. COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India: A Case Series. Cureus. 2022 Aug; 14(8): e27906. ([Case Report], PMID: 36110469, Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464320/)
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. AGENDA
What is black fungus ( Mucor mycosis)?
Mycology
History
Black fungus in India
Black fungus in Egypt
Types of Mucor mycosis
How mucor mycosis spread ?
Clinical picture of mucor mycosis
Diagnosis
Is black fungus affecting children ?
Prevention
Approach to treatment
What is white fungus?
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 2
3. INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS MUCORMYCOSIS?
Mucormycosis is a fungal infection that causes blackening or discoloration over the nose,
blurred or double vision, chest pain, breathing difficulties and coughing blood.
It is caused by exposure to mucor mould which is commonly found in soil, plants,
manure, and decaying fruits and vegetables.
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 3
4. WHAT IS
MUCORMYCOSIS
?
It affects the sinuses, the brain and the lungs and
can be life-threatening in diabetic or severely
immunocompromised individuals, such as cancer
patients or people with HIV/AIDS.
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 4
Mucor mould is found in soil, plants,
manure and decaying fruits
5. MYCOLOGY
T hese organisms are ubiquitous in nature and can be found on decaying vegetation and in the
soil. These fungi grow rapidly and release large numbers of spores that can become airborne.
The fact that mucormycosis is a rare human infection reflects the effectiveness of the intact
human immune system
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 5
6. Rhino-orbital-cerebral and pulmonary mucormycosis are acquired by the inhalation of spores.
In healthy individuals, cilia transport these spores to the pharynx and they are cleared through
the gastrointestinal tract.
In susceptible individuals, infection usually begins in the nasal turbinates or the alveoli
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 6
Magnified black fungus
7. HISTORY
On Saturday morning, Dr Akshay Nair, a Mumbai-based
eye surgeon, was waiting to operate on a 25-year-old
woman who had recovered from a bout of Covid-19 three
weeks ago.
Inside the surgery, an ENT specialist was already at work
on the patient, a diabetic.
He had inserted a tube in her nose and was removing tissues
infected with mucormycosis, a rare but dangerous fungal
infection. This aggressive infection affects the nose, eye and
sometimes the brain.
After his colleague finished, Dr Nair would carry out a
three hour procedure to remove the patient's eye.
"I will be removing her eye to save her life. That's how this
disease works," Dr Nair told me.
8. Data from the U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention shows that
mucormycosis has a mortality rate of 54%,
which can vary depending on the condition of
the patients and the body part affected.
States across India have reported more than 5,000
cases of the otherwise rare disease in recent
weeks, mostly in people infected with
COVID-19 or recovering from the disease.
Till 22 May, India has reported about 8,848 cases
of black fungus or mucormycosis, according to a
statement by Union minister Sadananda Gowda
9. COVID AND BLACK
FUNGUS
Doctors believe mucormycosis, which has an
overall mortality rate of 50%, may be being
triggered by the use of steroids, a life-
saving treatment for severe and critically ill
Covid-19 patients.
Steroids reduce inflammation in the lungs
for Covid-19 and appear to help stop some of
the damage that can happen when the body's
immune system goes into overdrive to fight off
coronavirus.
But they also reduce immunity and push
up blood sugar levels in both diabetics and
non-diabetic Covid-19 patients.
It's thought that this drop in immunity could
be triggering these cases of
steroids which help fight Covid-19 act like fuel
10. WHY DOES INDIA HAVE SO MANY CASES OF POST-
COVID MUCORMYCOSIS?
The improper use of steroids to treat Covid-19
patients, coupled with poorly managed diabetes. But
steroids in themselves are not the villains.
there is no strict prescription check in India, and most
drugs—even those that need a prescription—can be
easily bought over-the-counter.
India has an epidemic of type 2 diabetes, and a
significant proportion of patients with diabetes are
diagnosed late in the illness,
11. COVID AND BLACK FUNGUS
IN EGYPT
Authorities deny emergence of black fungus among
COVID-19 patients in Egypt
Thu, 27 May 2021 - 01:28 GMTA
A source at the Ministry of Health said that black
fungus has not appeared as a symptom for those
recovering from coronavirus, and that Samir
Ghanem’s case had been carefully examined for
the existence of this symptom
62-year old lady in Fayoum, who recently
recovered from COVID-19, was diagnosed with the
fungal infection.
12. MANSOURA UNIVERSITY
HOSPITAL REPORTS
BLACK FUNGUS CASES
AL-MASRY AL-YOUM MAY 28, 2021
4 CASES
All were admitted into the ENT department
Two of the cases previously had coronavirus, one
case had a malignant breast tumor
and another had kidney failure.
All of these cases suffered from severe weakening
of immunity, which is the main reason for infection
Some cases respond to treatment and others need
endoscopic intervention to clean the fungus
13. It is noted that the Ministry of Health and Population
has denied that the Indian variation has appeared in
Egypt.
he pointed out that the spread of black fungus in
India does not have to become a worldwide
phenomenon.
Member of the Scientific Committee for Combating
COVID-19 Mohamed al-Nadi pointed out that a
polluted environment is a significant factor either.
For instance, getting exposed to large quantities of
dust and rotten vegetables and fruits frequently
coupled with low immunity can incur black fungus
infection. No need to worry about black fungus spreading
in Egypt: presidential health advisor
14. MAY 29, 2021
EGYPT’S FIRST
SUSPECTED CASE OF
BLACK FUNGAL
INFECTION ANNOUNCED
IN MENOUFIA
15. TYPES OF MUCORMYCOSIS
1-Rhinocerebral (sinus and brain) mucormycosis:
most common in people with uncontrolled diabetes and in people who have had a kidney
transplant.
2-Pulmonary (lung) mucormycosis:
in people with cancer and in people who have had an organ transplant or a stem cell
transplant.
3-Gastrointestinal mucormycosis:
premature and low birth weight infants less than 1 month of age,
4- Cutaneous enter the body through a break, This is the most common form of
mucormycosis among people who do not have weakened immune systems
5- Disseminated spreads through the bloodstream , most commonly affects the brain
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 15
16. HOW BLACK FUNGUS SPREAD ?
The disease is caused by fungal spores found in soil and organic
matter, usually inhaled by humans from the air.
The mould enters the body and then manifests around the nose
and eye sockets, causing the nose to blacken, and if not stopped
will move fatally into the brain.
The disease is not contagious and doesn’t spread from one
person to another.
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 16
17. WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL FEATURES OF MUCORMYCOSIS
INFECTION?
1-Nasal blockage, bleeding, discharge from the nose are initial features of mucormycosis.
On endoscopic visualization of the nasal cavity an unmistakable black eschar (slough or dead
tissue) coated masses will be present which gives away the diagnosis.
2-As the disease progresses the palate may be destroyed as a large black necrotic mass may be
seen on opening the mouth.
3-When the orbit is involved there will be proptosis (protrusion of eyeball), loss of movements
of the eyeball with consequent double vision. Eye pain, redness with blindness can follow.
4-If the brain is invaded due to blood vessel blockage there will be strokes, hemorrhages, and
even death. Patients can also have headaches, drowsiness, limb weakness, seizures and even
death.
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 17
21. Can there be other fungal infections in COVID 19
patients?
In western countries, Mucor has not caused as much havoc as it has in
India. However, there has been an increased incidence of other fungal
infections like aspergillosis and candidiasis in COVID-19 patients
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 21
22. DIAGNOSIS OF BLACK FUNGUS
1-medical history and physical exam.
2-fluid or tissue samples send them to a lab.
3-CT scan or MRI.
4-There are no specific blood tests to detect mucormycosis.
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 22
23. RHINOCEREBRAL MUCORMYCOSIS DIAGNOSIS
Punch biopsy of the lesion followed by fungal stains and culture.
Histological examination reveals the characteristic broad , branching
hyphae of Rhizopus invading the tissue.
CT or MRI of the head reveal air-fluid level in the sinuses and
involvement of deep tissues
PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 23
25. 73 year old patient presenting with pain in the
left side of face and orbit.
(A) Coronal CT shows soft tissue density
involving both ethmoid sinus and left maxillary
sinus with extension into extraconal space of the
left orbit (blue arrow).
(B) Axial CT shows soft tissue density in the
orbital apex region (red arrow).
PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 25
27. PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 27
Chest x-ray shows opacification of the left upper lobe, multiple air/fluid levels, and a 4 cm round
mass-like lesion projecting over one of the air/fluid levels.
Juan F Fernandez et al. Respir Care 2013;58:e60-e63
(c) 2012 by Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.
28. Black fungus in pediatrics
As compared to adults, children are less likely to have
diabetes or an immunocompromised immunity, which is why
they are less prone to any form of fungal infection caused
during COVID-19 infection.
However, recent reports have suggested rare cases of
mucormycosis or black fungus infection in children.
PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 28
29. BLACK FUNGUS IN PEDIATRICS
First case of Black fungus detected in children from
Karnataka; condition critical
•Both the children were suffering from ‘acute juvenile
diabetes’ and had contracted Covid-19, which came to light
when they were taken to a hospital
By hindustantimes.com | Edited by Ayshee Bhaduri, Hindustan Times, New Delhi
UPDATED ON JUN 01, 2021 03:34 PM IST
PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 29
30. Two cases of Mucormycosis have been reported among
children in Karnataka on Monday -- an 11-year-old girl from
Ballari district and a 14-year-old boy from Chitradurga
district -- making it the first-of-its-kind in the state.
These are the first cases of mucormycosis being reported in children .
Karnataka. Karnataka has reported 1250 cases of mucormycosis. 39
patients have lost their lives to the fungal disease even as18 of them have
recovered. A total of 1,193 patients are currently under treatment for
mucormycosis
PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 30
31. How to prevent mucormycosis
•Check your blood sugars when you get diagnosed with Covid-
19. The infection itself can cause a rise in blood sugars, and this can
be independent of whether you have pre-existing diabetes.
•Doctors need to avoid three pitfalls when it comes to using oral or
intravenous corticosteroids: their use too early (if oxygen levels have
not dropped), or their use routinely in higher doses than
recommended (6 mg Dexa a day, or 32 mg methylprednisolone a
day, or 40 mg prednisolone a day), or for longer periods than
recommended (up to 10 days).
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 31
32. •Avoid any therapy that does not have a proven role in treating
Covid-19, no matter how innocuous it may seem.
•When given for short periods, corticosteroids do not need to
be tapered and can be abruptly stopped safely.
•Extra caution needs to be exercised among patients with other
co-existing immunosuppressive conditions such as chronic
liver disease, kidney disease, or autoimmune diseases and
malignancies.
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 32
33. APPROACH TO TREATMENT
— Treatment of mucormycosis involves a combination
surgical debridement of involved tissues
and antifungal therapy .
Elimination of predisposing factors for infection, such as
hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis,
deferoxamine administration,
immunosuppressive drugs, and neutropenia
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 33
34. Due to the difficulties in establishing a definitive diagnosis,
many patients will be empirically treated for mucormycosis
because they have risk factors for infection and positive
cultures
Intravenous (IV) amphotericin B (lipid formulation) is the
drug of choice for initial therapy
The usual starting dose is 5 -10 mg/kg daily
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 34
35. 1-Posaconazole or isavuconazole can also be used as salvage
therapy ( انقاذي عالجfor patients who don't respond to or cannot
tolerate amphotericin B;
2-loading dose of 300 mg IV every 12 hours on the first day,
followed by a maintenance dose of 300 mg every 24 hours
3-Combination therapy is not recommended in the major
treatment guidelines.
4- In patients who are able to take medications orally, we
use posaconazole delayed-release tablets
5-There is little experience using posaconazole or isavuconazole for this
indication
PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 35
36. Duration of therapy —
, patients can be switched from a lipid formulation of
amphotericin B to delayed -
release posaconazole or isavuconazole tablets for oral step-down
therapy once a favorable clinical response has been achieved,
which usually takes several weeks.
Therapy should continue until there is clinical resolution of the
signs and symptoms of infection, as well as resolution of
radiographic signs of active disease.
Therapy often extends for months
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 36
39. Surgery —
Aggressive surgical debridement of involved tissues should be
considered as soon as the diagnosis of any form of mucormycosis
is suspected
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 39
40. OUTCOMES
Despite early diagnosis and aggressive combined surgical and medical
therapy, the prognosis for recovery from mucor mycosis is poor . An
exception is cutaneous involvement,
Rhino-orbital-cerebral infection : mortality rate from 25-67%
Pulmonary mucor mycosis : mortality rate as high as 87%
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 40
42. WHITE FUNGUS INFECTION
White fungus, also known as candidiasis, is a serious fungal infection,
can affect the blood, heart, brain, eyes, bones, or other parts of the body.
According to CDC, people who are at high risk for developing this
infection include those who:
•a lot of time in the intensive care unit (ICU)
•Have a weakened immune system
•Have recently received lots of antibiotics or steroids in the
hospital
•Have kidney failure or are on hemodialysis
•Have diabetes
PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 42
43. It grows in the lab as white/ creamy white spots on plates of
agar.
In humans, they again appear as white, creamy spots on the
mucosa of the oral cavity most commonly.
PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 43
44. SUMMARY
1-Mucormycosis is a fungal infection
that causes blackening or discoloration
over the nose, blurred or double vision,
chest pain, breathing difficulties and
coughing blood.
2-The disease is caused by fungal spores
found in soil and organic matter, usually
inhaled by humans from the air.
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 44
45. 4-India has large number of cases of black fungus infection
with covid patients .
5- Doctors need to avoid three pitfalls when it comes to using oral or
intravenous corticosteroids.
6-Intravenous (IV) amphotericin B (lipid formulation) is the drug of
choice for initial therapy.
7-Aggressive surgical debridement of involved tissues should be
considered as soon as the diagnosis of any form of mucormycosis is
suspected
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
2/11/20XX 45
46. THANK YOU
Dr magdy shafik
Senior pediatric and neonatology Consultant
PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 46