Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19JohnJulie1
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19EditorSara
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19NainaAnon
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19EditorSara
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19JohnJulie1
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19EditorSara
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19NainaAnon
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
The Black Fungus is One of the Bad Consequences of COVID 19EditorSara
Recently, since the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, the whole world has been waiting for what comes after Corona and when that pandemic will disappear and how to get rid of it. Therefore, all countries, whether Arab or foreign, sought to empty scientific research to produce a vaccine to treat this pandemic. These circumstances have inflicted material and human losses for all countries. In an attempt to combat Covid 19 after the vaccine was manufactured, however, the winds are coming in what ships do not desire, so there is a new outbreak, namely the black fungus.
Clinical Features and general Symptoms of COVID-19 Illness and Influenza: Dif...suppubs1pubs1
Cold, cough, and pain in the pharynx accompanied by fever, seem to be symptoms of influenza, and people often hope that it will be a transient cold, but today it may be an infection with the Corona virus. The difficulty lies in diagnosing the cause of infection, is it viral or bacterial.
Mucormycosis, known as black fungus, is a fulminant fungal infection. It occurs only when a person's immune system is compromised. Organ transplant patients, cancer patients, those with immune deficiencies, long-term steroid users, and uncontrolled diabetics are at risk for this infection.
The Prevalence of Tuberculosis Among Internal Displaced Persons In Alsalam Ca...suppubs1pubs1
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the largest prevalence of this disease is in Asia (59%) and Africa (26%).
Black fungus how its happen in covid-19 pandemicjayalakshmi311
black fungus its known as a mucormycosis. now a days is considered as serious pandemic because of the serious situvation its affiliated with an covid-19. in this slide we see about clinical features and treatment and causes of black fungus.. some times it consider and causes a lethal dead and other eye related diseases also
Chronic Pneumonia: Update on Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Therapyiosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The main aim of Corona is transmission of disease from person to person, and it had also been declared as a global pandemic which has caused disaster in the respiratory system of more than five million people and killed more than half a billion people across the world. Patients surviving from Covid-19 have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells. And most of the patients are in severe need of mechanical ventilation. This is the reason for a longer stay in hospital for a particular patient. Gradually, these patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infection. This infection is deadly leading to loss of hearing, loss of sight and eventually death. The fungal infection is referred to as Mucormycosis, the black fungus. The causative agent for this infection is Mucormycotina which is a member of Mucorales. Mucormycotina usually habitats in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection of Mucormycotina is associated with a wide range of human diseases including arthritis, gastritis, renal disorders and pulmonary diseases. This infection is closely associated with the mucous layer of skin, precisely cutaneous layer. This infection is present in the nasal and upper respiratory tract. In the lower respiratory tract these infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of precise methods. It was found those neutroponia patients are more
prone to this infection. This is caused by extensive use of chemotherapy resulting in impaired immunity. In recent times, in the case of pulmonary Mucormycosis, necrotizing pneumonia is a major symptom. A combination of antifungal and antimicrobial
agents is being used for a higher clinical recovery in the Mucormycosis case.
Tuberculosis, MTB or TB, which was formerly known as “Consumption”, “Phthisis
pulmonalis”, is an infectious bacterial disease that is caused by mycobacteria
mainly by “Mycobacterium tuberculosis”. Lungs are the main site of infection in
the tuberculosis, but other systems of the body are also infected. Tuberculosis
spread through air droplets from a person who has active disease through
respiratory system.
Covid-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger what doctors call a respiratory tract infection. It can affect the upper respiratory tract, viz. sinuses, nose, and throat or lower respiratory tract, viz. windpipe, and lungs. Severe cases can lead to serious respiratory disease, and even pneumonia.
On January 30, 2020, the WHO declared the Covid-19 outbreak a global health emergency. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared it a global pandemic.
Presentation on meningitis and epiglottis. We made this presentation on epiglottis and meningitis. Their pathogenesis, mode of action, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, microbial group , symptoms , medication, and prevention been discussed in here.
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The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The main aim of Corona is transmission of disease from person to person, and it had also been declared as a global pandemic which has caused disaster in the respiratory system of more than five million people and killed more than half a billion people across the world. Patients surviving from Covid-19 have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells. And most of the patients are in severe need of mechanical ventilation. This is the reason for a longer stay in hospital for a particular patient. Gradually, these patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infection. This infection is deadly leading to loss of hearing, loss of sight and eventually death. The fungal infection is referred to as Mucormycosis, the black fungus. The causative agent for this infection is Mucormycotina which is a member of Mucorales. Mucormycotina usually habitats in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection of Mucormycotina is associated with a wide range of human diseases including arthritis, gastritis, renal disorders and pulmonary diseases. This infection is closely associated with the mucous layer of skin, precisely cutaneous layer. This infection is present in the nasal and upper respiratory tract. In the lower respiratory tract these infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of precise methods. It was found those neutroponia patients are more
prone to this infection. This is caused by extensive use of chemotherapy resulting in impaired immunity. In recent times, in the case of pulmonary Mucormycosis, necrotizing pneumonia is a major symptom. A combination of antifungal and antimicrobial
agents is being used for a higher clinical recovery in the Mucormycosis case.
Tuberculosis, MTB or TB, which was formerly known as “Consumption”, “Phthisis
pulmonalis”, is an infectious bacterial disease that is caused by mycobacteria
mainly by “Mycobacterium tuberculosis”. Lungs are the main site of infection in
the tuberculosis, but other systems of the body are also infected. Tuberculosis
spread through air droplets from a person who has active disease through
respiratory system.
Covid-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger what doctors call a respiratory tract infection. It can affect the upper respiratory tract, viz. sinuses, nose, and throat or lower respiratory tract, viz. windpipe, and lungs. Severe cases can lead to serious respiratory disease, and even pneumonia.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
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Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. clinicsofoncology.com 2
Volume 5 Issue 2 -2021 Review Article
Figure 1: Types of mucormycosis
3.1. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: It is intended to afflict the si-
nuses and the brain, and this type is more prevalent in uncontrolled
diabetics, and those with kidneys.
3.2. Pulmonary mucormycosis: intended to injure the lung and
this type is more common in patients with cancer, or those who
have undergone organ or stem cell transplantation.
3.4. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis: It is more common in chil-
dren, especially low-weight chicks, who are less than a month old,
and have taken antibiotics that weaken the immune system.
3.5. Cutaneous mucormycosis: The infection occurs in people
who do not suffer from any immune problems. However, the fun-
gus enters through cracks in the skin as a result of scratches or
burns and begins to spread from one organ to another, and often
the brain is the target organ, and it may be transmitted Injury to the
heart and spleen.
4. Symptoms of Mucormycosis
The disease suffers from black fungus with stuffy and nosebleeds,
eye inflammation, drooping eyelids, all of which eventually leads
to vision loss. At that time, the eye must be removed to prevent the
infection from reaching the brain. In addition, in some cases, the
jaw is removed to prevent the infection from spreading, in addition
to high temperature, swelling of the face, skin ulcers, blackening
around the mouth, chest pain, difficulty breathing, double vision,
and coughing up blood, Figure 2 [9].
Figure 2: Black Fungus symptoms
4.1. Symptoms may vary depending on the affected organ
In the case of Rhinocerebral mucormycosis, swelling of the face
on one side, pain in the head, congestion of the nose or sinuses,
blackening of the tip of the nose [10].
In Pulmonary mucormycosis the symptoms are in the form of fe-
ver, headache, pain in the head, shortness of breath, and the ap-
pearance of blisters and ulcers, which are followed by redness of
the wound, high temperature and swelling [11].
In gastrointestinal mucormycosis, symptoms appear as abdominal
pain, nausea and vomiting, gastrointestinal bleeding [12].
In Cutaneous mucormycosis, the infection is in the form of blisters
and ulcers that quickly swell and reddish and be accompanied by
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clinicsofoncology.com 3
high temperature, and their color may change, indicating that they
are rotting due to lack of blood flow to them, which necessitates
their removal so as not to harm the rest of the organs [13].
5. Pathogenesis of Mucormycosis
The disease begins as a skin infection in the air sinuses located
behind the forehead, nose, cheekbones, and between the eyes and
teeth. Then the infection spreads to the eyes, then the lung, and the
spread may reach the brain. It is likely that the black fungus has
moved through the blood circulation as it harms the organs due to
the inability of blood to reach it, so it loses its function and dies
and this is known as necrosis. This is when the organ becomes
black and must be removed to prevent the infection from spreading
to the rest of the organs. In some severe injuries, it travels through
the blood circulation to the brain, causing blindness and creating
gaps in the face. If it is not controlled, the death rate rises between
20-50%. The death rates depend on the type of fungi and the af-
fected organ, so the sinus infection is mild compared to the severe
injuries in the case of lung injury [14].
6. Diagnosis of Mucormycosis
It is done by making a cotton swab from the nose and examining
it under a microscope. With some routine analysis such as blood,
kidney function, CT scans, and if required, MRI is done to prove
the injury [15].
7. Treatment of Mucormycosis
Anti-fungal injection is considered the most appropriate and ef-
fective method of treatment, but the problems facing the treatment
plan are very costly, since the treatment period may be extended to
8 months. Among the most popular compounds used is Amphoter-
icin B, and the treatment period ranges to 6 weeks until the patient
reaches recovery. In some severe cases, the treatment plan requires
the removal of the parts that have been damaged to prevent spread
and maintain the patient's health so that his life does not end [16].
Isavuconazole has recently been used as a treatment with FDA ap-
proval. Some studies have proven the ability of hyperbaric oxygen
to treat black fungus, since high-pressure oxygen has the ability to
raise the efficiency of neutrophils to eliminate fungi [17].
8. The Link between COVID 19 and Black Fungus
There is a relationship between Covid 19 and the infection of pa-
tients with it with the black fungus, which can be summarized [18,
19]:
• As the fungi infect a person while he is in a state of immu-
nodeficiency, and this case is closely related to COVID 19, whose
symptoms are immunodeficiency and weakening of the immune
system, in addition to the medicines that are taken during the peri-
od of infection, such as steroids, that are sufficient to suppress the
immune system and thus facilitate penetration of the black fungus
For cells.
• Also, most of the COVID 19 disease was confined to in-
tensive care under oxygen devices. In this case, the humidity is
high and the fungi are easily infected.
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