COVID-19 PANDEMIC

1. nCOVID-19
PREPARED BY :-
BIBEKANANDA SHAH

3. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 VIRAL MORPHOLOGY
 HISTORY
 EPIDEMIOLOGY
 VARIANTS
 MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
 COMORBODITIES
 PATHOGENESIS……..

4. OBJECTIVES CONTINUED
 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND SYMPTOMS
 INVESTIGATIONS
 PREVENTION
 VACCINATION
 TREATMENT
 COMPLICATIONS
 ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

5. INTRODUCTION
Coronavirus disease is officially called as
“SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
CORONAVIRUS 2”
SARS CoV 2
it falls in coronaviridae family

6. VIRAL MORPHOLOGY
 Its genome has single stranded linear non segmented positive sense RNA
 The genome is largest among all the RNA viruses

8. HISTORY
 COVID 19 was discovered in December 2019 in
Wuhan China [epicenter]
 In Nepal on 23rd January 2020 the ministry of health
and population (MoHP) officially declared the first
case of covid 19 in Nepal
 Second case was reported on 17th march 2020
 WHO Declared COVID-19 AS PANDEMIC ON 11TH
MARCH 2020

11. EPIDEMIOLOGY
WORLDWIDE
 ACCORDING TO LAST UPDATE AT 28TH JANUARY 2023 12:21 GMT
WE HAVE TOTAL OF 674638457 (674 millions) CORONAVIRUS CASES
WORLDWIDE
(SORCE: WORLDOMETER)
 AMONG WHICH DEATH COUNT IS 6757356 (6.7 millions)
 TOTAL RECOVERED CASE IS 646761852 ( 646 millions)
 TOTAL ACTIVE CASE IS 21119249 (21 millions) AMONG WHICH
21076884(99.8%) IS IN MILD CONDITION AND 42365(0.2%) IS SERIOUS OR
CRITICAL

12. EPIDEMIOLOGY
NEPAL
 ACCORDING TO LAST UPDATE AT 28TH JANUARY 2023 12:21 GMT WE
HAVE TOTAL OF 1001092 (1 million) CASES OF COVID IN NEPAL
(SORCE: WORLDOMETER)
 AMONG WHICH THE TOTAL IS DEATH COUNT 12020
 TOTAL RECOVERED CASE IS 989054
 ACTIVE CASE IS ONLY 18 AND ALL IS MILD CONDITION

13. VARIANTS OF
CORONAVIRUS
Among these all omicron
delta and alphawere more
reported
• Most lethal variant being delta variant
• Cause of different variant is mutation
of viral gene
• (reference : YALE MEDICINE)

16. MEANS OF
TRANSMISSION
• Aerosol of
contaminated individuals
• Contaminated surfaces

17. COMORBIDITIES
 AGE
 CHRONIC PULMONARY DISEASE
 DIABETES MELIETUS
 HYPERTENSION
 HEPATIC DYSFUNTION
 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
 MALIGNANCY
 IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
 NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

20. PATHOGENESIS

23. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND
SYMPTOMS

26. INVESTIGATIONS

27. GROUND GLASS OPACITY
Common radiographic findings of
individuals with COVID-19 include
bilateral, lower-lobe predominate
infiltrates on chest radiographic imaging
and bilateral, peripheral, lower-lobe
ground-glass opacities and/or
consolidation on chest computed
tomographic (CT SCAN) imaging.

28. GROUND GLASS OPACITY
THE CHARCTERISTIC CHEST X-RAY FINDING

32. RAPID ANTIGEN TEST

33. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PCR AND AG TEST

34. PREVENTION

38. PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
 USE HAND SANITIZER
WHENEVER YOU TOUCH
THE CONTAMINATED
SURFACE
 VACCINATIONS

39. TRANSIMMISION POSSIBILITIES

40. HANDWASHING TECHNIQUE

41. VACCINATION
WORLDWIDE
 ACCORDING TO THE DATA FROM WHO OUT OF TOTAL POPULATION OF
7,845,261,000

1st dose was administered to
 5,535,501,542 (70.6%)
 Whereas 2nd dose was administered to
 5,085,185,827 (64.8%)
(Updated 29 Jan 2023 )

42. VACCINATION
NEPAL
 1ST DOSE WAS ADMINISTERED TO
 27,678,479 (95.6%)
24,159,118 (83.4%)
 2ND DOSE WAS ADMINISTERED TO

45. SOME COVID19 VACCINES

53. WHAT PEOPLE THINK OF VACCINE

59. TREATMENT PROTOCOL

62. DO NOT TAKE
ANTIBIOTICS IN MILD
OR MODERATE
INFECTION
HOWEVER IT CAN BE TAKEN
DURING SEVERE INFECTION
TO PREVENT SUPERADDED
BACTERIAL INFECTION IN
RESPIRATORY TRACT

64. SYSTEMIC COMLICATIONS

65. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH

68. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF COVID19
 ORAL MUCOROMYCOSIS
[BLACK FUNGUS]
 WHITE FUNGUS
[CANDIDIASIS]
 YELLOW FUNGUS

70. MUCOROMYCOSIS [BLACK FUNGUS]
 It is also called “Black fungus infection” because it is
characterized by black nasal discharges and black
patches of skin around the nose in the initial stages.
 Post-COVID Mucor mycosis has emerged massively due
to:- Use of immunosuppressive drugs like steroids,
tocilizumab And uncontrolled diabetes with DKA.

73. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
 Palate( most common),and palatal Mucor mycosis
observed when infection spread through nose and
paranasal sinuses.
 As the disease progressed:-
 Palatal ulceration/necrosis , necrosis extended
to paranasal sinuses and orbital cavity –
development of sinus tracts and sloughing of
tissue, resulting in intraoral sinus, dental pain,
tooth mobility and halitosis.

74. HISTOLOGICAL
FINDINGS
 Extensive necrosis of the
involved tissue
 Organism appear as large,
non septate hyphae with
branching at obtuse angles
 GROCOTS silver
methenamine stain may use to
confirm diagnose.

75. RADIOGRAPHIC
FEATURES
Water’s view : it shows
opacification of involved
maxillary sinus with
destruction of sinus wall
and alveolar bone.
CT paranasal sinus with contrast: It shows
mucosal thickening opacification of
involved maxillary sinus with destruction of
its wall and sequestered bone .
MRI :it shows paranasal spread , black
turbinate sign(1st sign) and osseous erosion
.

76. WHITE FUNGUS
[CANDIDIASIS]
- Fewer cases has been reported
compare to black fungus.
- Mainly it is caused by candida
group of fungus – CANDIDA
ALBICANS
- Also Caused by Aspergillosis
species-A . fumigatus
- Symptoms are similar to COVID’S.
• Cough
• Breathlessness
• Chest pain
• Headache and swelling
• People with low immunity And those
living in unsanitary condition are more
prone to have White fungus.

79. YELLOW FUNGUS
Also called as Mucor septic.
⚫ Caused by several species in
the mannosidosis is known as
yellow fungus .
⚫ It can be rather fatal and
deadly as it begins internally,
unlike others where symptoms
are available.
⚫ But less commonly occur in
human

80. PRECAUTIONS
• Keep your home, room, and surroundings clean
• Discard no longer fresh or good to eat food and fecal matter immediately to
avoid bacterial and fungal growth
• If you have had a stem cell transplant or organ transplant talk to your
doctor for antifungal medication to prevent fungal infections.
• Excessive humidity can cause bacteria and fungus growth, watch out the
humidity of the room
• Patients with Coronavirus (COVID-19), viral disease, immunodeficiency
disorders, cancers, chronic disease should watch the symptoms and
incase of any symptoms start medication to prevent the yellow fungus
infection

82. CONCLUSION

87. REFERENCES
 WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION [WHO]
 WORLDPOMETER
 DREAMSTIME.COM
 YALE MEDICINE
 MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND POPULATION [MoHP]
 MINISTRY OF HEALH AND FAMILY AWARENESS GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
 RADIOPRDIA.ORG
 CDC.GOV
 VECTORSTOCK
 WWW.NURSEINFO.COM
 WWW.CANESTER.COM

88. REFERENCES CONTINUED
 BBC UK GOVERNMENT REUTERS
 EXPRESS HEALTH BUTANTON INSTITUTE
 MALAYSIAN HEALTH MINISTRY
 STARGRAPHICS
 POSITIVEMED
 AMERICAN RED CROSS SOCIETY
 US DEPATMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES CENTRE FOR DISEASE
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
 NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH