ORN is an inflammatory condition of bone that occurs after the bone has been exposed to therapeutic doses of radiation usually given for a malignancies.
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the cyst arising from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw, but commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Radiographically, most OKCs are unilocular when presented at the periapex and can be mistaken for radicular or lateral periodontal cyst.
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
TYPES OF TRAUMA FROM OCCLUSION
GLICKMAN CONCEPT
WAERHAUG CONCEPT
STAGES OF TISSUE RESPONSE TO INJURY
CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF TFO
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TFO
TFO AND IMPLANTS
TREATMENT OF TFO
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
the Pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection, it's main ways of transmission, Viral loading and shedding, symptoms in addition to it's occupational hazards and it's precautions.
ORN is an inflammatory condition of bone that occurs after the bone has been exposed to therapeutic doses of radiation usually given for a malignancies.
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the cyst arising from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw, but commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Radiographically, most OKCs are unilocular when presented at the periapex and can be mistaken for radicular or lateral periodontal cyst.
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
TYPES OF TRAUMA FROM OCCLUSION
GLICKMAN CONCEPT
WAERHAUG CONCEPT
STAGES OF TISSUE RESPONSE TO INJURY
CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF TFO
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TFO
TFO AND IMPLANTS
TREATMENT OF TFO
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
the Pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection, it's main ways of transmission, Viral loading and shedding, symptoms in addition to it's occupational hazards and it's precautions.
The recent pandemic has set the criteria of prevention in dentistry to a new bar.To combat covid 19 hopefully this is helpful to all my fellow dentists.
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases,The World Health Organization has announced that COVID-19 is a pandemic.
Seminar Prepared by :-
Mohammed Musa (M.B.Ch.B)
Azadi Teaching Hospital - Kirkuk
Journal club- corona virus (COVID-19) 11th march 2020Dr. Ritu Gupta
this is the study presented on 11th march 2020, regarding corona outbreak, symptoms of corona, tests, incubation period,possible transmission routes in dental clinics, precautions, airborne spread, contact spread, control, patient evaluation, importance of hydrogen peroxide mouth rinse in covid 19 outbreak pandemic, disinfection of clinical setting,
corona virus : a type of common virus that infects humans, typically leading to an upper respiratory infection( URI ) which spreads primarily through droplets of saliva by infected person.
They are members of the family Coronaviridae, enveloped and positive stranded RNA viruses. The virions are typically decorated with large, club-or petal-shaped surface projections (spikes) which in electron micrographs of spherical particles create an image reminiscent of the solar corona.
Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestation
COVID-19 has 5 clinical variants based on severity;
• Asymptomatic form – in this form, one gets infected without manifesting any symptom whatsoever. The person thus ends up just as a mere carrier, spreading the infection to others.
• Mild disease –this affects the upper respiratory tract producing symptoms such as sneezing, mild fever, cough, malaise, etc; The infected individual recovers rapidly, with or without any supportive treatment.
• Moderate disease –this is a lower respiratory tract infection, which may present as pneumonia and would need some supportive treatment, but may not be sick enough to need oxygen therapy.
• Severe disease – this group develop severe pneumonia and get so sick that they need oxygen therapy.
• Critical disease – this group of patients get so bad and develop acute respiratory disease syndrome and ventilator respiratory failure, so much that they would need a ventilator to survive.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, previously known by the provisional name 2019 novel coronavirus, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus.
Corona virus was first identified as a cause of the common cold in 1960. Until 2002, the virus was considered a relatively simple, nonfatal virus.Over the last three decades there have been three attacks of three different coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS CoV and the recent one 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
Orthodontic management of patients during covid 19Shrutika Chand
A brief knowledge of how to deal with patients during COVID-19. Safety measures and about the cases which falls under the category of "Dental emergencies"
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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2. CONTENTS
o Introduction
o CORONAVIRUSES ?
o Morphology
o transmission
o Pathogenesis
o Clinical features
o Oral manifestations
o Diagnosis
o Treatment
o Dentistry and COVID
o Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION – A TIMELINE
A 55 year old from Hubei province in china reported with pneumonia on
NOVEMBER 17 , 2019
South China Morning Post
Following November 17th case – 1 to 5 new cases – everyday
By December 15 cases reached 27 and by December 20 it reached - 60.
On December 1st 2019 a new
case was reported with no
link to sea food market.
4. Dr. ZHANG JIXIAN
H.O.D
RESPIRATORY DEPARTMENT
HUBEI PROVINCE HOSPITAL
DECEMBER 27TH
Scientists suspected SARS-COV coronavirus
By the time around
180 individuals were
infected
NOVEL
CORONA
VIRUS
5. Wuhan Municipal Health Commission, China, reported a cluster of cases
of pneumonia in Wuhan, Hubei Province. (WHO COUNTRY OFFICE )
31ST DECEMBER 2019
• Isolation of novel coronavirus – 7th January 2020
• First death in china – 11th January 2020
• First case outside china – 13th January 2020 ( Thailand )
• on January 30th WHO – PHEIC
• ( Public Health Emergency Of International Concern )
WHO ON MARCH 11th 2020
On FEBRUARY 11th 2020 – COVID-19
(COrona VIrus Disease of 2019 )
6. IN INDIA
• On 30 January, the first case was confirmed in Kerala's Thrissur district in a
student who had returned home for a vacation from Wuhan University in
China
• A 76-year-old man from the southern state of Karnataka is India's first
SARS-CoV-2 fatality. He had traveled to Saudi Arabia in the days before his
death.
8. CORONAVIRUSES ?
• FAMILY NIDOVIRALES - Arteviridae + Roniviridae +
Coronaviridae
• The Arteviridae family - swine and equine pathogens
• The Roniviridae family is composed of invertebrate
viruses
Coronaviruses are divided into three genera (I to III),
usually referred to as groups and based on serological
cross-reactivity
All three genera of viruses do not have only humans as
host instead they also have pigs, cats, mouse, chicken ,
turkey , cow etc.
9. • 229E
• NL63Group 1
• OC43
• HKU1
• SARS-COV
Group 2
•NO KNOWN HUMAN HOSTGroup 3
10. HISTORY OF INFECTIONS
• SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)- 2002/2003
Guangdong province of china
Beta coronaviruses
Transmitted from bats to civets to humans
Began in February 2003 and outbreak lasted till July 2003
> 8000 total cases , 774 deaths fatality rate -9.6 %
• MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (MERS)- 2012
Saudi Arabia
Beta coronaviruses
Transmitted from camels to humans
>2400 cases ,858 deaths, fatality rate – 34.4%
11. MORPHOLOGY
Enveloped viruses
Round and sometimes pleiomorphic
80 to 120 nm in diameter
Coronaviruses contain positive-strand RNA
( Largest RNA genome )
Genome RNA is complexed - basic nucleocapsid (N) protein to form a helical capsid found
within viral membrane
12. MORPHOLOGY
The membranes of all coronaviruses contain at least three viral proteins.
Type 1 glycoprotein- spike S
Membrane protein -M
Envelope protein – E
Hemagglutinin Esterase -HE
Nucleocapsid protein- N
All envelope proteins and N protein is present
in all virions but HE is only present in some beta
coronaviruses
13. SL.NO VIRAL PROTEINS FUNCTION
1. Spike protein (S) Virus entry, cell to cell spread, pathogenesis, morphologic
appearance
2. Membrane
protein (M)
Glycosylated form , regenerating virions in the cell
3. Nucleocapsid
protein (N)
It plays an important role in virion structure, replication
and transcription of coronaviruses
4. Envelope protein
(E)
Coronavirus E proteins play a critical role in the assembly
and morphogenesis of virions within the cell
16. PATHOGENESIS
Attachment to specific cellular receptors via spike proteins
Conformational change in structure of virus( TMPRSS2 enzyme)
Mediates fusion between virus and cell membranes
Release of nucleocapsid into cell
20. CLINICAL FEATURES
Recovery time: 3 weeks to 6 weeks
The incubation period for COVID-19, which is the time between
exposure to the virus (becoming infected) and symptom onset, is on
average 5-6 days, however can be up to 14 days.
During this period, also known as the “pre- symptomatic” period,
some infected persons can be contagious.
21.
22. CLASSIFICATION
Symptoms were categorized as follows:
● Mild cases: The majority (81%) of these coronavirus disease cases were mild cases
include all patients without pneumonia or cases of mild pneumonia.
● Severe cases: This includes patients who suffered from shortness of breath, respiratory
frequency ≥ 30/minute, blood oxygen saturation ≤93%, PaO2/FiO2 ratio <300,30 and/or
lung infiltrates >50% within 24–48 hours.
● Critical cases: Include patients who suffered respiratory failure, septic shock, and/or
multiple organ dysfunction or failure.
29. DIAGNOSIS
Travel history
CBC (leukopenia, seen in 30% to 45% of patients, and
lymphocytopenia, seen in 85% of the patients)
Chest X-Ray (cheaper & easier with 60% sensitivity)
PCR (30%-70% sensitivity)
Chest CT Scan (95% sensitivity, low specificity)
IgM/IgG combo test for COVID-19
30. • A nasopharyngeal (NP) swab and/or an
oropharyngeal (OP) swab are often recommended
for screening or diagnosis of early infection
• Saliva can also be used for analysis
• Sputum and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
specimens
Specimen collection
34. DIAGNOSIS
Current diagnostic tests for coronavirus include
• Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)
• Real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR)
• Reverse Transcription loop-mediated Isothermal amplification(RT-LAMP)
35. Treatment
1. Mild cases:
a. Supportive treatments (Antihistamine & Analgesics)
2. Moderate cases:
a. Oseltamivir (150 mg BID for 5 days)
b. Hydroxychloroquine, Chloroquine (500 mg BID for 14 days) or Ribavirin (for 5 days)
3. Severe cases:
a. Oseltamivir (150 mg BID for 5 days)
b. Kaletra (Lopinavir/Ritonavir) (for 5 days)
c. Hydroxychloroquine, Chloroquine (500 mg BID for 14 days) or Ribavirin (for 5 days)
4. Critical cases:
a. Oseltamivir (150 mg BID for 5 days)
b. Kaletra (Lopinavir/Ritonavir) (for 5 days)
c. Ribavirin (for 5 days)
d. d. Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine (for 14 days)
36. Prevention
● People can catch COVID-19 from others who have the virus.
● The disease can spread from person to person through small droplets from the nose or
mouth which are spread when a person with COVID-19 coughs or exhales. These droplets
land on objects and surfaces around the person. Other people then catch COVID-19 by
touching these objects or surfaces, then touching their eyes, nose or mouth.
● People can also catch COVID-19 if they breathe in droplets from a person with COVID-19
who coughs out or exhales droplets. This is why it is important to stay more than 1 meter (3
feet) away from a person who is sick
37. Prevention
● If someone sneezes with it, it takes about 10 feet before it drops to the
ground and is no longer airborne.
● If it drops on a metal surface it will live for at least 12 hours - so if you come
into contact with any metal surface - wash your hands as soon as you can with
a bacterial soap. On fabric, it can survive for 6-12 hours. normal laundry
detergent will kill it.
● Washing hands frequently as the virus can only live on hands for 5-10
minutes, but a lot can happen during that time - you can rub your eyes, pick
your nose unwittingly and so on.
38. Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include staying at home,
avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, washing hands with soap and
water often and for at least 20 seconds, practicing good respiratory hygiene, and
avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends covering the
mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and recommends using the
inside of the elbow if no tissue is available
49. The coronavirus (COVID-19) has challenged health professions and systems and has evoked different speeds of
reaction and types of response around the world.
The role of dental professionals in preventing the transmission of COVID-19 is critically important. While all routine
dental care has been suspended in countries experiencing COVID-19 disease during the period of pandemic, the need
for organized urgent care delivered by teams provided with appropriate personal protective equipment takes priority.
Dental professionals can also contribute to medical care.
Dental professionals felt a moral duty to reduce routine care for fear of spreading COVID-19 among their patients
and beyond.
CONCLUSION
50. Following the announcement of the disease outbreak by international or local authorities, dentists can play a significant role in
disrupting the transmission chain, thereby reducing the incidence of disease by simply postponing all non-emergency dental care
for all patients.
Dental professionals must be fully aware of 2019-ncov spreading modalities, how to identify patients with this infection, and,
most importantly, self-protection considerations..
A higher rate of virus exposure because of occupational commitments in health care workers is considered a key factor
associated with the increased risk of infection.
CONCLUSION
51. REFERENCES
Coronavirus disease 2019 : Wikipedia
www.cdc.gov
www.who.int/covid-19/info
Liu YC, Kuo RL, Shih SR. COVID-19: The first documented coronavirus pandemic in history. Biomedical
journal. 2020 May 5.
Weiss SR, Navas-Martin S. Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews. 2005 Dec 1;69(4):635-64.
Zhai P, Ding Y, Wu X, Long J, Zhong Y, Li Y. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.
International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2020 Mar 28:105955.
Hafeez A, Ahmad S, Siddqui SA, Ahmad M, Mishra S. A Review of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019)
Diagnosis, Treatments and Prevention.
52. Tok TT, Tatar G. Structures and functions of coronavirus proteins: Molecular modeling of
viral nucleoprotein. Int J Virol Infect Dis. 2017;2(1):001-7.
Chatterjee P, Nagi N, Agarwal A, Das B, Banerjee S, Sarkar S, Gupta N, Gangakhedkar RR.
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: A review of the current
evidence. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2020 Feb 1;151(2):147.
• Meng L, Hua F, Bian Z. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): emerging and future
challenges for dental and oral medicine. Journal of Dental Research. 2020
May;99(5):481-7.
• Martín Carreras‐Presas C, Amaro Sánchez J, López‐Sánchez AF, Jané‐Salas E, Somacarrera
Pérez ML. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Oral
Diseases. 2020.
53. • Ather A, Patel B, Ruparel NB, Diogenes A, Hargreaves KM. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19):
implications for clinical dental care. Journal of endodontics. 2020 Apr 6.
• Fallahi HR, Keyhan SO, Zandian D, Kim SG, Cheshmi B. Being a front-line dentist during the Covid-19
pandemic: A literature review. Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2020 Dec;42:1-9.
• Vinayachandran D, Balasubramanian S. Is gustatory impairment the first report of an oral
manifestation in COVID‐19?. Oral Diseases. 2020 Apr 25.
• Chaux-Bodard AG, Deneuve S, Desoutter A. Oral manifestation of Covid-19 as an inaugural
symptom?. Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery. 2020;26(2):18.
• dos Santos JA, Normando AG, da Silva RL, De Paula RM, Cembranel AC, Santos-Silva AR, Guerra EN.
Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: new signs or secondary manifestations?. International
Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020 Jun 9.
54. Let us all join hands to flatten the
curve which is the need of hour