Topics included :- What are protozoans; list of diseases caused by them (Malaria, amoebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, balantidiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis, pneumocytosis); drugs in treating protozoan diseases
A pipette (also called a point or a pipettor) is a laboratory instrument used to transfer a measured volume of liquid.
Pipettes are commonly used in chemistry and molecular biology research as well as clinical biochemistry tests.
Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with different levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece flexible plastic transfer pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes.
A pipette works by creating a vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw and dispense liquid.
A discussion on the media and biochemical tests as discussed by Ms. Caryl Villalon, RN, MT. Covers the descriptions of the media and biochemical tests. How to perform the tests, properties of the tests, media and reagents used, and the results of the test. Pictures of positive and negative results are also shown in the slide.
Yeasts are unicellular and the most common fungi isolated. They reproduce by budding. The presentation is about identification of yeasts with special emphasis on Candida species.
Topics included :- What are protozoans; list of diseases caused by them (Malaria, amoebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, balantidiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis, pneumocytosis); drugs in treating protozoan diseases
A pipette (also called a point or a pipettor) is a laboratory instrument used to transfer a measured volume of liquid.
Pipettes are commonly used in chemistry and molecular biology research as well as clinical biochemistry tests.
Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with different levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece flexible plastic transfer pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes.
A pipette works by creating a vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw and dispense liquid.
A discussion on the media and biochemical tests as discussed by Ms. Caryl Villalon, RN, MT. Covers the descriptions of the media and biochemical tests. How to perform the tests, properties of the tests, media and reagents used, and the results of the test. Pictures of positive and negative results are also shown in the slide.
Yeasts are unicellular and the most common fungi isolated. They reproduce by budding. The presentation is about identification of yeasts with special emphasis on Candida species.
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Interpretation and Clinical Significance of some Clinical Laboratory Tests - ...Bigin Gyawali
Certainly, clinical laboratory tests play a crucial role in assessing the function and health of various organ systems in the body. Let's discuss the clinical significance of some common laboratory tests for each of the mentioned systems:
1. **Cardiovascular System:**
- **Complete Blood Count (CBC):** Evaluating red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels can help identify anemia, which may contribute to cardiovascular issues.
- **Lipid Profile:** Measures cholesterol levels (LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol), triglycerides, and can help assess the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
2. **Endocrine System:**
- **Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs):** TSH, T3, and T4 levels are assessed to diagnose thyroid disorders. An imbalance in thyroid hormones can affect metabolism and cardiovascular function.
- **Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c):** Monitors long-term glucose control and is essential in managing diabetes, a condition that can impact multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular and renal systems.
3. **Gastrointestinal System:**
- **Liver Function Tests (LFTs):** Assess the health of the liver by measuring enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), bilirubin, and proteins. Abnormalities may indicate liver disease or dysfunction.
- **Stool Tests (e.g., fecal occult blood):** Detects blood in the stool, which may indicate gastrointestinal bleeding or conditions such as colorectal cancer.
4. **Hematologic System:**
- **Coagulation Panel (PT, aPTT, INR):** Evaluates the blood's clotting ability. Abnormalities may suggest bleeding disorders or an increased risk of thrombosis.
- **Complete Blood Count (CBC):** Assesses the cellular components of blood, including red and white blood cells and platelets, helping to diagnose anemias, infections, and blood disorders.
5. **Renal System:**
- **Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine:** Evaluate kidney function. Elevated levels may indicate impaired renal function, suggesting acute or chronic kidney disease.
- **Urinalysis:** Examines urine for abnormalities such as protein, blood, or glucose, providing insights into kidney and urinary tract health.
6. **Respiratory System:**
- **Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis:** Assesses oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, helping diagnose respiratory and metabolic disorders.
- **Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs):** Measures lung function, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Interpretation of these tests requires a comprehensive understanding of the patient's medical history and clinical presentation. Abnormal results can guide further diagnostic investigations and help healthcare professionals develop appropriate treatment plans. Regular monitoring of these parameters is vital for managing chronic conditions and preventing complications.
Biochemistry is the study of the structure and function of biological molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living things. This includes organic molecules and their chemical reactions.
Biochemistry deals with body substance like enzymes, carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, proteins, hormones, DNA, RNA, pigments etc.
The major objective of biochemistry is the complete understanding of all chemical processes associated with living cells at the molecular level. Some of the objectives can be listed as follows:
1. Isolation, structural elucidation and the determination of mode of action of biomolecules.
2. Identification of disease mechanisms.
3. Study of in born errors of metabolism.
4. Study of oncogenes in cancer cells.
5. The relationship of biochemistry with the genetics, physiology, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology etc.
Biochemistry is related to almost all the life sciences and without biochemistry background and knowledge, a through understanding of health and well-being is not possible.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
3. INTRODUCTION
BioSystems S.A.
contributes to the improvement of the health of
people around the world by providing
instruments and reagents of leading technology
and the highest reliability to the laboratories of
clinical analyses.
Professional development of company
employees is a value of ever-increasing
importance.
They provide a series of products. 3
4. BIOSYSYEMS CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
PRODUCTS
BioSystems clinical chemistry products
Microcolumn chromatography-separation of components in a
sample in order to identify and determine the amounts of the
analytes without instruments.
Turbidimetry- to assess specific proteins.
Standards/Calibrators
- Standards are used in the clinical lab to “standardizeˮ
instruments in order to measure other solutions of unknown
concentration.
4
5. Biochemistry calibrators quantitatively calibrate
commonly used analytes on clinical chemistry
analyzers.
Coagulation-evaluates whether blood clots normally
and help to identify problems.
Biochemistry-studies chemical and biochemical
methods by measuring levels of biochemicals in
bodily fluids.
5
6. MICROCOLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ketosteroids, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, Hemoglobin A1
C, Hemoglobin A 2.
Turbidimetry
microalbumin, C-reactive proteins, apolipoprotein,
complement, ferritin, rheumatoid factor,
immunoglobulin. Blood disorders-Iron, folic acid,
transferrin, etc.
Coagulation
Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time,
thrombin time.
6
7. Standards/Calibrators
Biochemistry calibrator-for various biochemistry tests
Bilirubin Standards, Albumin standard, etc
Biochemistry
ACP, ALT, AST, ALP, Alpha Amylase, Bilirubin,
Calcium, Total Cholesterol, Cholesterol HDL/LDL
Precipitating Reagent, Cholesterol HDL/LDL Direct
Reagent, etc.
7
9. CHEMISTRY REAGENTS &
CHARACTERISTICS
9
1) Measuring Range: range of concentrations within
which the assay is accurate and precise.
2) Linear Range: concentration range over which
intensity of the signal obtained is directly
proportional to the analyte producing the signal.
3) Sensitivity: Minimum detectable level.
4) Stability: Ability of an in vitro diagnostic reagent,
when kept under specified conditions, to retain
throughout the shelf life its characteristics and
performance within limits specified by the
manufacturer.
10. BIOSYTEMS SEROLOGY PRODUCTS
Serology is a blood test carried on serum or other
body fluid to detect the presence of antibodies.
Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO), C-reactive proteins
(CRP), Rheumatoid factor (RF) and RPR-Carbon- all
use the latex agglutination method.
TPHA solution - uses hemaglutination method .
Widal kit (febrile antigens) also use agglutination
method but could be slide or tube tests.
10
12. ORDERING TESTS IN CHEMISTRY
Tests are sometimes categorized as general or routine
tests.
Ordered individually as single tests or they are
categorized as panels. Panels are sets of tests grouped to
look at problems in body systems.
The type of test required dictates what type of sample is
used.
The two most general screening panels are
12
13. Basic Metabolic Panel: serves as an initial broad
medical screening tool of kidney,
liver function, and electrolyte and fluid balance.
Comprehensive Metabolic Panel: same as BMP, but
more tests are included, maybe thyroid, calcium or
alkaline phosphatase.
NB. These tests are used to screen general health of a
patient. They aren’t used to follow the course of disease
and treatment.
13
14. PANELS OF TESTS IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
-THESE PANELS ARE DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
BODY SYSTEMS
14
Panel Tests
Electrolyte panel
Minerals
Kidney panel
Lipid panel
Liver panel
Thyroid panel
Cardiac panel
15. ELECTROLYTE PANEL
Electrolyte Panel: include sodium, potassium, chloride,
bicarbonate.
Electrolytes sometimes called "lytes" are important in the
transport of substances into and out of cells.
Measuring electrolytes can specifically indicate certain
metabolic and kidney disorders.
Kidneys help balance acids and bases in the body. While it may be
helpful to the doctor to know the specific CO2 level of a patient, the
other tests in an electrolyte panel work together to give a picture of acid-
base balance and hydration status of the patient.
15
16. MINERALS
Calcium-Used in coagulation and muscle contraction,
99% is in skeleton and is not metabolically active.
Hypercalcemia – occurs in parathyroidism, bone
malignancies, hormone disorders, excessive vitamin D,
and acidosis; may cause kidney stones.
Hypocalcemia – can cause tetany; occurs in
hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, poor dietary
absorption and kidney disease.
Phosphorus-80% in bone and rest in energy compounds
such as ATP.
The other two minerals are magnesium and potassium.16
17. KIDNEY PANEL
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and serum Creatinine
assess function of kidneys. Both are waste products
excreted by the kidneys.
If a BUN and creatinine tests are higher than normal, it
probably indicates that your kidneys aren't working
properly or poor kidney function respectively.
Serum creatinine is best test for overall kidney function
because it is not affected by diet or hormone levels.
Uric acid increases in kidney disease, but
most often used in the diagnosis of gout.
17
18. LIPID PANEL
Lipids are fats in the body. This panel gives a profile of
Total Cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (good cholesterol),
LDL-cholesterol (bad cholesterol), and triglycerides (fats).
Lipoproteins transport cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL,
LDL and VLDL, which are predictors of heart disease. A
patient can feel perfectly healthy but have a high risk for
cardiac problems if they have high levels of some of these
lipoproteins.
18
19. HDL carries cholesterol from the tissues to the liver to be
excreted. So high levels of HDL are good.
LDL carries cholesterol too, but deposits the cholesterol in
blood vessels. This increases the risk for strokes and heart
attacks.
Triglycerides-Main storage form of lipids, comprising
95% of fat tissue.
Hyperlipidemia – having high blood levels of triglycerides
may increase risk of heart attack.
19
20. PLAQUE DEPOSITS
You can see why it’s good to know lipid levels
when you see what plaque does to a vessel.
Which cholesterol type deposits plaque in the
vessels?
20
21. LIVER PANEL
Liver functions: i. Synthesizes glycogen from glucose
ii. Makes plasma proteins (albumin, lipoproteins,
coagulation proteins). iii. Forms cholesterol and degrades
it into bile acids, which emulsifies fats for absorption.
iv)Destroys old blood cells and recycles components of
hemoglobin.
21
22. LIVER PANEL CONTD
Total Bilirubin-Waste product of hemoglobin breakdown.
Increases in excessive RBC breakdown.
Liver Enzymes -Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP or AP) -
Greatly increased in liver tumors and lesions.
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) formally called
SGOT.
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT; formerly called
SGPT) - Increases up to 10x in cirrhosis, infections or
tumors and up to 100x in viral or toxic hepatitis.
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) - Often used to
monitor patients recovering from hepatitis and cirrhosis.
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD) - Increased in liver
disease and following heart attacks.
22
23. THYROID PANEL
Evaluate thyroid function and diagnose thyroid disease.
Commonly includes TSH, T4, T3
The thyroid gland is an important organ that
regulates body metabolism. It is located in the front of
the neck just below the voice box.
It secretes two main thyroid hormones – thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones allow the body to use energy.
If you have too little of these hormones, you have not used the possible
energy and are tired.
So, if the mechanisms are working badly, patient is feeling tired, they
could be suffering from hypothyroidism.
23
24. THE THYROID AND PITUATARY
GLANDS
Together these two glands work to regulate
metabolism. So, if the patient is always tired, a
Thyroid Panel may be ordered to assess hormone
levels.
24
25. CARDIAC PANEL
Cardiac Function Tests
Creatine Kinase (CK) - Widely used to diagnose and
monitor heart attacks.
Troponins
Only present in heart muscle, making it a more accurate
indicator of heart attack than CK.
Cardiac Troponin T (cTnT)
Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI)
25
26. SEROLOGICAL TESTS
CRP test
C-Reactive Protein is a Non-specific protein that appears in
serum as a response to inflammatory conditions.
Syphilis testing
• VDRL: flocculation, prone to false positives
Antigen composed of cardiolipin,
cholesterol, lecithin
• RPR-Carbon: modified VDRL with charcoal particles, more
sensitive.
• RF and ASO kit-Diagnosis of several rheumatoid diseases.
• Widal kit - Typhoid fever screening
26
28. CONCLUSION
BioSystems products remain one of the best in
the market due to their quality.
Hence we should promote quality products and
safe lives.
28