Biorestoration deals with restoring or bringing back to an original or near original state using living micro-organisms. Nature has a built in check and balance system in everything it does. If there is too much or too little of something nature will use various life forms to try to re-establish a balance

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SUBMITTED BY:
Jasleen Rajpal

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What is Bioremediation?
Bioremediation is the restoring of a surface or object to a
condition which is not harmful to plant or animal life.
There are four (4) subcategories of bioremediation:
1. Bio degradation
2. Bio restoration
3. Bio stimulation
4. Bio augmentation.

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Bio restoration
Biorestoration deals with restoring or bringing back to an original
or near original state using living micro-organisms. Nature has a
built in check and balance system in everything it does. If there is
too much or too little of something nature will use various life forms
to try to re-establish a balance.
This would mean that once requested by the government or a
land remediation authority, immediate action should be taken as
this can impact negatively on human health and the environment.

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Land contamination
Land may be affected by contamination as a result of historical
land use, principally from industrial processes, waste disposal and
accidental spillages. Land contamination may also be arising from
natural processes, such as where local geologic structures contain
naturally high levels of metals, or an increased potential for ground
gas due to the presence of peat. If land contamination is not dealt
with adequately it can pose risks to human health, the environment
and sustainable economic development.

5. Land Contamination
• Are defined as the introduction of a substance into the land so that its quality
and function are adversely affected.
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Chemicals
of
concern
Agricultural
waste,
Human
waste,
Industrial
waste
Metals (e.g.
lead, mercury),
Pesticides,
Petroleum
hydrocarbons
Salts,
Soil-acidifying
chemicals (e.g.
sulphur)

6. Health Effects
• Chronic exposure to chromium, lead and other metals, petroleum,
solvents, and many pesticide and herbicide formulations can be
carcinogenic.
• Chronic exposure to benzene at sufficient concentrations is known
to be associated with higher incidence of leukemia.
• Organophosphates and carbomates can induce a chain of
responses leading to neuromuscular blockage.
• Mercury linked to higher incidences of kidney damage.
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 The opencast mining has also resulted to destruction of
habitats, particularly for ground flora species, which is essential for
maintaining nutrient cycling and ecological balance.
 The ground flora species are themselves capable of modifying
site conditions to some extent.
 The floristic composition and luxuriance of ground flora in
degraded ecosystem are largely dependent upon the secondary
site conditions

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 As large forest have been clear felled for opencast mining of
coal, the major challenges include loss of top soil, reduction of
forest cover and destruction of habitats of ground flora species,
which is essential for maintaining nutrient cycling and ecological
balance. These are chemically, physically and biologically unstable
and deficient.
The ground flora forms an important structural component of
forest ecosystem. The ground flora community not only indicates
the fertility status but also gives an idea of the growth and
development of tree seedlings as it is intimately related to it

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11. Site Restoration Steps
Risk Assessment
Preliminary risk
assessment
Generic quantitative
risk assessment
Detailed quantitative
risk assessment
Options Appraisal
Identification
of feasible
remediation options
Detailed evaluation
of options
Developing the
remediation strategy
Implementation Of
The Remediation
Strategy
Preparation of the
implementation plan
Design,
implementation &
verification
Long-term monitoring
& maintenance
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12. Restoration Technologies
• Restoration technologies are many and varied but can
be categorized into ex-situ and in-situ methods.
• The more traditional remediation approach consists
primarily of soil excavation(disposal to landfill “dig and
dump”) and groundwater(pump and treat).
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13. Excavation or dredging
• Excavation processes can be as simple as hauling
the contaminated soil to a regulated landfill.
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Fig. 1 Excavated Area

14. SEAR-
surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation
• Also known as Solubilization and recovery, the Surfactant
Enhanced Aquifer Remediation process involves the injection
of hydrocarbon mitigation agents into the subsurface.
• In geological formations that allow delivery of hydrocarbon
mitigation agents, this approach provides a cost effective and
permanent solution.
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15. Solidification and Stabilization
• Stabilization - involves the addition of reagents to a
contaminated material (e.g. soil or sludge) to produce more
chemically stable constituents.
• Solidification - involves addition of reagents to impart
stability to contain contaminants in a solid product and reduce
access by external agents (e.g. air, rainfall).
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16. Soil vapor extraction
• SVE utilizes different technologies to treat the off-gas volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) generated after vacuum removal
of air and vapors (and VOCs) from the subsurface.
• Carbon is used for low (<500ppm) VOC concentration,
oxidation is used for moderate (up to 4,000 ppm) VOC
concentration, and vapor condensation is used for high
(>4,000 ppm) VOC concentration.
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17. • Vapor condensation involves cryogenically cooling the vapor
stream to below 40֯C such that the VOCs condensate out of
the vapor stream and into liquid form where it is collected in
steel containers.
• This recovered chemical can then be reused or recycled in a
more environmentally sustainable or green manner.
• This technology is also known as cryogenic cooling and
compression.
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