biomolecules

1. BIOMOLECULES
Prepared by: Mr. Christian D. Catacutan, LPT

2. Objectives:
1. Recognize the major categories of
biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins and nucleic acids;
2. Differentiate the biomolecules from each
other in terms of their structure and function.

3. What are
BIOMOLECULES?
 Organic compounds made by
living things
 Compounds essential to life
 Also called biochemicals
 Some are very large - polymers
 There are thousands of different
biomolecules, but are separated
into 4 categories

4. FOUR CATEGORIES OF
BIOMOLECULES
■ CARBOHYDRATES
■ LIPIDS
■ PROTEINS
■ NUCLEIC ACIDS

5. CARBOHYDRATES
• The simplest biomolecules
• The word carbohydrate literally
means “HYDRATES OF CARBON”
(CH2O)n
• Contain 3 elements:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)

6. FUNCTIONS
• Carbohydrates provide energy and
regulation of blood glucose.
• It prevents the breakdown of
proteins for energy.
• Part of the structural material of
plants
• Carbohydrates also help with fat
metabolism. If the body has
enough energy for its immediate
needs, it stores extra energy as fat.

7. Representation of Carbohydrates

8. Breaking down into microscopic molecules
Loaf of bread Bread crumbs Polysaccharide
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide

9. Subtypes of Carbohydrates
MONOSACCHARIDES
(mono-“one” sacchar- “sugar”)
■ simple sugars and monomers of
carbohydrates
■ have a formula of (CH2​O)n​, and
they typically contain three to
seven carbon atoms.
Monosaccharide

10. EXAMPLES OF
MONOSACCHARI
DES
■ GLUCOSE
■ GALACTOSE
■ FRUCTOSE

11. Subtypes of Carbohydrates
DISACCHARIDES
■ form when two
monosaccharides undergo a
condensation reaction

12. EXAMPLES OF
DISACCHARIDES
■ MALTOSE
■ LACTOSE
■ SUCROSE

13. Subtypes of Carbohydrates
POLYSACCHARIDES
■ A long chain of
monosaccharides linked by
glycosidic bonds.
■ The typical polysaccharide is
between 200 and 2500
monosaccharides long.

14. EXAMPLES OF
POLYSACCHARIDE
S■ STARCH
■ GLYCOGEN
■ CELLULOSE

15. LIPIDS
• A class of biological molecules
defined by low solubility in water
• The word lipid is derived from a
greek word “lipos” which means FAT
• Contain 3 elements:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)

16. LIPIDS
■ But unlike carbohydrates, fats are
more complex & take much longer
to break down.
■ Lipids include:
– Fats
– Oils
■ are high-energy molecules that
plants and animals use to store
energy in reserves for longer
periods.

17. FUNCTIONS
• Energy source and storage
• structural components of cell
• Shock absorption and
insulation(maintains
homeostasis)
• Hormones

18. BUILDING
BLOCKS OF
LIPIDS

19. CLASSIFICATION OF
LIPIDS
■ Fats and Oils
■ Waxes
■ Phospholipids
■ Steroids
■ Prostaglandins

20. Fats and Oils
■ These are the most abundant of
the lipid compounds.
■ Triglycerides or triacylglycerols
– made up of a glycerol and 3
fatty acids
■ FATS – solid at room temperature
■ OILS – liquid at room
temperature
FATS
OILS

21. WAXES
■ Lipids that are harder and less
greasy compared to fats.
■ Have high melting point at
solid at room temperature.
■ Excellent coating material
due to their repellency,
impermeability, and low
toxicity. – Cuticle of plants

22. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• Form part of the structure of the
cell membrane
• Important in the transport of
lipids in the body
• Made up of a glycerol,
phosphate group and two fatty
acids

23. STEROIDS
• Also called sterols
• Lipids characterized by the
presence of four linked carbon
rings – 3 cyclohexane rings and 1
cyclopentane rings.
• Examples:
• Cholesterol
• Estrogen
• Testosterone

24. PROSTAGLANDINS
 Biochemically synthesized from the
fatty acid, arachidonic acid
 Produce fevers and inflammatory
reactions
 Functions:
 Stimulate constriction of
damaged blood vessels
 Induce labor and reproductive
processes
 Increase blood flow in kidneys
FATS
OILS

25. PROTEINS
 Also known as POLYPEPTIDES
 Important component of all living systems
and perform diverse functions inside the
cell
 formed by a linear combination of amino
acids monomers (among 20) by peptide
linkage
 Contain the following elements:
 Carbon Hydrogen
 Oxygen Nitrogen

26. FUNCTIONS
Function Description Example
Antibody
Antibodies bind
to specific
foreign particles
to help protect
the body.
Immunoglobuli
n G (IgG)
Enzyme
Enzymes carry
out almost all of
the thousands
of chemical
reactions that
take place in
cells.
Phenylalanineh
ydroxylase

27. FUNCTIONS
Function Description Example
Messenge
r
Messenger proteins
transmit signals to
coordinate biological
processes.
Insulin
Structural
compone
nt
These proteins
provide structure and
support for cells.
Actin
Transport
/storage
These proteins bind
and carry atoms and
small molecules.
Hgb

28. AMINO ACIDS
■ Think of proteins as being like a word.
Amino acids are the letters in that word.
Rearranging the letters makes words
with different meanings.
■ There are 20 amino acids required for
human life to exist.
■ 12 amino acids are made in our bodies,
but the other 8 must be obtained by
eating foods that contain them.

29. NUCLEIC ACIDS
 Also called as POLYNUCLEOTIDES
 Large molecules used by living organisms
for the storage and transmission of
genetic information.
 Contain information that cells
use to make proteins
 Made of:
 Carbon Oxygen
 Hydrogen Nitrogen
 Phosphorus

30. NUCLEOTIDES
 Monomers of nuclei acids
 Made up of three
components:
 A nitrogen-containing
base
 A five-carbon sugar
 Phosphate group

31. CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS