Biometrics uses measurements of physical and behavioral characteristics to authenticate identity. During enrollment, a biometric sample is taken and stored in a database. When authenticating, a new sample is taken and matched against stored data. If the samples match within a set threshold, access is granted. Common biometric traits include fingerprints, iris scans, facial recognition, voice recognition, and hand geometry. While effective, biometrics raise privacy and security concerns if biometric data is stolen or shared without consent. Implementation also faces challenges of user acceptance, high costs, and accuracy limitations. Overall, biometrics can reliably verify identities but organizations must consider implications and mitigate risks to privacy.

2. • Biometrics is the measurement and analysis of a person’s
measurable personal traits or characteristics.
• After measurement, this information can be used to
authenticate a person. This can also be used for other type of
measurements.
• The authentication system authenticates your identity and
verifies if you are the person you say you are. It, according to
the result, allows or denies access to the system.

3. • To make sure that a person is who he says he is, we take a
sample of the physical structure of the person and compare it
with the sample or record present in our database.
• Before comparison, a sign-up process is done, where a person
gives his biometric sample that is used later to compare and
authenticate a user, at the time of authentication.
• The sample at the time of sign-up is saved into the database of
the system. When the given sample matches the samples
existing in the database, user is authenticated and access is
given. And when the given sample does not match the
existing record the user is denied access to the system. This
process usually takes 2-3 seconds.

4. • In modern approach, Biometric characteristics
can be divided in two main classes:
– Physiological are related to the shape of the body and
thus it varies from person to person
Fingerprints, Face recognition, hand geometry and
iris recognition are some examples of this type of
Biometric.
– Behavioural are related to the behavior of a person.
Some examples in this case are signature, keystroke
dynamics and of voice . Sometimes voice is also
considered to be a physiological biometric as it varies
from person to person.

6. • Connect an apparatus to the computer and it scans the finger of a
person and authenticates identity of an individual. If it authenticates
the person, it will give the person the access to enter the system.
And if it doesn’t authenticate, you are not given access to the
system. Fingerprints vary from person to person.
• The have some special characteristics that make them different from
the finger print of other person. The fingerprints of a person remain
unchanged throughout life, except in case of some injury or damage.
• Fingerprint scanning can be done in a number of ways. There are
some systems that scan the distinct patterns on finger.
• Fingerprint systems should be cleaned regularly as dust may affect
the reading and the system may not be able to authenticate the user.

7. • The eye contains a certain structure surrounding the
pupil which is known as iris.
• Iris varies from person to person and two irises can
never be identical.
• Even the left and right eye irises are different from each
other. Here the user is asked to stand couple of inches of
inches away from the iris scanner, keeping eye in a
certain position
• Iris Scan is a bigger and expensive system, but is very
accurate.

8. • Hand geometry is basically the analysis and measuring
of both hands and fingers. The user is required to place
its hand at the hand-scanner with the fingers in proper
position as they were at the time of sign-up. A 32
thousand pixel digital camera is used to measure the
thickness, length and width of the hands and fingers.
There are many different types of hand devices available
in the market.

9. • Facial scan is done using the specific characteristics of a human’s
face.
• A camera is used to capture the features of a person. It doesn’t
compare the whole face’s data with the whole face. Instead
compares it from certain parts of the face to the person’s face during
the scan.
• Only parts like upper outlines of the eye socket or sides of mouth
are matched because these parts are difficult to change with plastic
surgery. So it doesn’t matter if the person loses little weight. This
technology works great at 320x240 resolutions and 3, 5 frames per
second.

11. • The voices of people vary from one to another. This fact
was used when devising voice scan technology. The voice
of a user is recorded using a microphone reading device.
And the system is able to recognize the voice later
because of the special characteristics of human voice. It is
important that the circumstances at the time of recording
and authenticating are same. Things like background
noise and equipment’s quality might influence the
system. The best part of using this technique is that it
requires no expensive equipment.

12. • This technique uses a special pen and tablet to capture
the way user signs its name. As much as the signature is
important there are other features that are considered
important. It measures when a user’s put the pen on the
tablet and when he removes it, the pressure on the
table, the speed by which he signs etc. This technique is
considered to be very accurate. And by using this
technique less people will object to this type of
authentication.

13. • Biometrics is an emerging technology. Less number of people must
have used security systems that combine with biometrics
techniques. This is because there is very little number of vendors
that manufacture these specialized products. And so the prices are
very high too. But as more people will get aware of these
techniques, the prices will definitely come down. As user acceptance
increases, more people will use these techniques in their everyday
lives.
• Access control
• Identity verification
• Law enforcement

14. • User acceptability
– User acceptability is one of the major issues faced by biometrics for various reasons. Most of
the people think that biometric techniques are an intrusion to their personal life. They are
concerned that in what ways this information can be used in the future. It might be possible
that government keeps track of such information without the users consent. Some might get
medical information from these samples. Iris and retina scans may indicate use of drugs. It is
certainly not the purpose of the systems detecting information. But the information might
fall in wrong hands. There is a possibility that certain contagious diseases might spread if
everybody use the same scanner.
• Technical problems
– Cost and accuracy are two major technical problems. In most of the cases, we will need new
hardware, software etc. to use a biometric technique. Cost depends on the type of technique
we are using. Iris scanner is a lot more expensive than finger print scanner. Finger print
scanners are very affordable. With time these techniques will become cheaper and more
efficient.
• Intrinsic problems
– Any trait can be stolen. Voices may be recorded and used anywhere. Once the biometrics is
stolen there is no way to get it back. Using finger print with PIN or password will be safer. If
somebody steals your finger print he will also need your pin or password.

15. • Biometric techniques have been quite successful in the
past few years. There are many advantages of this
system. But there are also some disadvantages.
Organizations need to think before implementing a
biometric solution. These are not just for everyone. One
day biometric techniques will become an important part
of our daily lives.

16. • Biometric Authentication: A Review by Debnath
Bhattacharyya1, Rahul Ranjan1, Farkhod Alisherov A.2, and
Minkyu Choi3
• Biometrics Authentication Techniques in ATM By 1Sandeep S.
Majge and 2Hanmant W. Kulkarni